Degree of style coiling is associated with corolla-tube length in the nectarless flowers of Roscoea schneideriana

The plant-pollinator‘arms race’model posits that a major driver of the evolution of elongated corollas in flowers is reciprocal selection for‘morphological fit’between pollinator-tongue length and access distance to nectar(usually corolla-tube length).Evidence for the pollinator-mediated selection on tube length and evolution of multiple,correlated floral traits remains inconclusive.To gain possible insights into the strength of stabilizing selection by assessing standing phenotypic variation,we measured a series of functionally important floral traits,including corolla tube length and‘effective’tube depth and degree of style coiling.We then calculated coefficients of variation(CV)for these traits in three field populations of R.schneideriana.Unlike in most long-tubed flowers,the bottom part of the corolla tube is completely occupied by the style,with no room for nectar.The length of this portion of the corolla tube was more variable(higher CV)than the upper part of the corolla tube,suggesting that functional tube depth was under stronger stabilizing selection.The degree of style coiling was negatively related to the corolla-tube length in all three populations of R.schneideriana,suggesting that there may be conflicting selection acting on style length and corolla-tube length,which are otherwise usually tightly correlated.Given the lack of nectar in the flowers of this species,the long corolla tubes and long styles may represent morphological holdovers from ancestors that were pollinated by long-tongued pollinators,as is still seen in related species in the western Himalayas.

寄主植物及猎物对杂食性天敌烟盲蝽若虫存活和发育的影响

杂食性昆虫烟盲蝽是多种害虫的重要捕食性天敌,它在猎物缺乏时可通过取食一些植物维持生存。因此,了解烟盲蝽在不同植物上的生物学特性以及有无猎物对其生物学特性的影响,是利用烟盲蝽创建储蓄植物系统开展害虫生物防治的基础。本研究通过室内离体叶片添加或不添加猎物烟粉虱、以及整株植物饲喂若虫的方法,测试了烟盲蝽在芝麻、香雪球和荞麦3种蜜源植物以及棉花和小白菜两种作物上的存活、发育及性比。结果表明,无猎物时,烟盲蝽若虫在芝麻和小白菜离体叶片上能发育至成虫,成虫获得率分别是85.2%和80.0%,若虫发育历期分别为15.0d和19.2d,但在荞麦、香雪球、棉花离体叶片和清水对照上分别只发育至4龄、3龄、3龄和2龄。添加猎物时,烟盲蝽若虫在5种植物离体叶片上都能发育至成虫,其中在芝麻上的若虫期最短,为11.8d,成虫获得率最高,为83.3%。烟盲蝽若虫在几种整株植物上的存活和发育与离体叶片上的结果相似,即只能在芝麻和小白菜上发育至成虫,成虫获得率分别为93.3%和66.7%。所有测试条件下饲养的烟盲蝽雌性比都在0.6左右,且雌、雄虫的若虫发育历期差异不显著。最后讨论了利用烟盲蝽这一重要杂食性天敌创建储蓄植物系统实施害虫生物防治的可行性。

基于北京休闲农业发展需求的唇形科蜜源植物筛选研究

基于北京市休闲农业发展需求,通过引进6种唇形科蜜源植物,结合观赏期、生长情况及访花昆虫等方面的观测,筛选适合北京休闲农业领域推广种植的蜜源植物种类。结果表明:荆芥和密叶牛至综合景观效果好,可以提供更长的持续花期,同时在吸引访花昆虫的总数和昆虫多样性方面理想,可以为自然观察、科普研学等需求提供更好的支撑。因此,推荐这2种植物应用于北京地区休闲农业园区、乡村民宿及城市农园的美化和科普性种植。

广西不同油茶物种花蕊花蜜糖含量分析

油茶(Camellia)为异花虫媒授粉树种,自花授粉基本不育,结果依赖传粉者。为探讨油茶花蕊花蜜中的糖含量与蜜蜂访花的关系,以陆川油茶(C.vietnamensis)、广宁红花油茶(C.semiserrata)、普通油茶(C.oleifera)和香花油茶(C.osmantha)盛开期的花朵为研究对象,采用离子色谱法分析不同油茶物种花蕊花蜜中的糖类(半乳糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖、果糖和阿拉伯糖)含量。结果表明,离子色谱法可有效、准确地对油茶花蕊花蜜中的糖含量进行分析;不同油茶物种花蕊花蜜中的糖含量存在明显差异,但均以果糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖和麦芽糖为主,均未检出阿拉伯糖;果糖在各油茶物种花蕊花蜜中的含量均最高。香花油茶花蕊花蜜中的果糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖和麦芽糖含量均明显高于其他3个油茶物种,分别为19.62、8.39、14.79、0.25和0.18 mg/g。香花油茶花蕊花蜜中的果糖、蔗糖和葡萄糖含量高是其吸引中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana)访花的因素之一。

东北地区早春蜜源植物传粉昆虫多样性研究

为了揭示蜜源植物与传粉昆虫的关系,科学的保护和利用传粉昆虫资源,本研究选取东北地区早春常见蜜源植物柳树Salix、延胡索Corydalis和银莲花Anemone为研究对象,对其传粉昆虫种类和访花行为进行调查,分析不同蜜源植物的传粉昆虫种类、优势类群、多样性和访花行为。结果表明:东北地区早春蜜源植物传粉昆虫共采集726头,隶属于5目14科53种,其中膜翅目4科35种,双翅目5科13种,鳞翅目3科3种,同翅目1科1种,鞘翅目1科1种。柳树的优势传粉昆虫为蜂类,延胡索的优势传粉昆虫为熊蜂类,银莲花的优势传粉昆虫为蝇类。延胡索的传粉昆虫多样性、均匀度和丰富度均最高。蜜蜂对柳树单位时间内访花次数和单花停留时间最高,为94.33次和18.90 s。熊蜂对延胡索单位时间内访花次数和单花停留时间最高,为76.42次和15.37 s,熊蜂在采集延胡索花时有明显的盗蜜行为,该行为有利于其它传粉昆虫生存。东北地区保护生物多样性和传粉昆虫资源,应结合蜜源植物保护,可在早春时期补种柳树、延胡索和银莲花,并合理搭配,为传粉昆虫提供良好食物源和栖息地。

Comparisons of Nectar Quantity and Sugar Concentration of Pomegranate Blossom in a Day

[Objective] The aim was to research the rules of nectar quantity and sugar concentration of perfect and staminate flowers in a day. [Method] Based on nine Tianguang Yan pomegranate trees, nectar quantity and sugar concentration of per- fect and staminate flowers were measured and analyzed in morning and afternoon. [Result] Average nectar quantity and sugar concentration differed insignificantly in morning and afternoon of perfect flowers, which could also be applied to staminate flowers. However, average nectar quantity of perfect flower was 64.09 μI and of staminate flower was 44.07 μl. It is obvious that the two were of extremely signifi- cant differences （t=4.642, P〈0.01）, and the former was significantly higher by 45,43%. On the other hand, average sugar concentration of perfect flower was 48.44% and of staminate flower was 37.16%. The two were of extremely significant differences and the former is higher by 30.36%, compared with the latter. These suggested that nectar quantity and sugar concentration would maintain unchanged in different periods for a day, if nectars are not consumed by pollinators, such as bees and butterflies. In the same period, nectar quantity and sugar concentration of per- fect flowers were higher than those of staminate flowers. [Conclusion] The research provides references for benefits increase of bee farmers and fruit farmers, as well as exploration of bee pollination.

滇水金凤花蜜相关SWEET7和SWEET16的克隆及表达分析

植物SWEET(Sugars will eventually be exported transporter)基因家族是一类重要的糖转运蛋白,参与开花植物的花蜜合成。本研究以野生型和突变型滇水金凤(Impatiens uliginosa)为材料,基于课题组前期的花距转录组数据,通过筛选和RT-PCR技术克隆得到花蜜相关基因SWEET7和SWEET16,分别命名为IuSWEET7和IuSWEET16,其cDNA分别为741 bp和903 bp,分别编码246和300个氨基酸。生物信息学分析表明:IuSWEET7为疏水性不稳定蛋白,IuSWEET16为疏水性稳定蛋白,二者均含有2个典型的MtN3/saliv保守结构域;IuSWEET7和IuSWEET16基因的氨基酸序列与杜鹃花(KAG5539487.1)、一串红(XP_042052415.1)等植物同源序列的相似性均在54.15%~71.48%;系统进化分析表明,IuSWEET7和IuSWEET16处于两个不同分支。qRT-PCR分析表明两个基因在野生型和突变型滇水金凤花距的3个时期中均有表达,且在不同部位中表达模式不同。其中IuSWEET7基因在野生型滇水金凤中其表达量从花苞期至盛花期逐渐上升;在突变型2距和3距中其表达量从花苞期至盛花期先上升后下降,且在始花期表达量最高;而IuSWEET16基因在野生型和突变型3距中其表达量从花苞期至盛花期均逐渐上升,但在突变型2距中其表达量从花苞期至盛花期先上升后下降,也在始花期时达到最高。

贵州蓝莓蜜TaqMan探针实时荧光PCR检测方法的建立与应用

该研究利用TaqMan特异性探针实时荧光PCR检测手段,建立了高效、精准鉴别贵州特色(中蜂)蓝莓蜜的方法。对贵州白竹林、麻卡和乌卡坪三个地域的蓝莓种植区蓝莓蜜进行采集(包括意蜂蓝莓蜜),同时购买市售蜂蜜及加拿大蓝莓蜜,该方法通过采集贵州麻江县白竹林地区蓝莓种植园及蜂场周围蓝莓同花期26种植物样本,基于植物基因组中trnL基因序列的多序列比对,设计蓝莓trnL基因特异性引物,并进行TaqMan探针验证。结果表明,本研究设计的TaqMan探针特异性强,建立的TaqMan探针实时荧光PCR检测方法能检测到蓝莓花粉DNA最低浓度为0.3 ng/μL;利用建立的方法对11种市售蜂蜜和贵州蓝莓蜜样本进行检测,发现贵州蓝莓蜜的Ct值为24~26,蓝莓花粉数在800~1700颗,其余蜂蜜Ct值在30以上,表明该方法能够有效实现贵州蓝莓蜜和其他蜂蜜的区分,具有良好的应用前景。

龙须藤(Bauhinia championii)开花泌蜜习性及花蜜测量研究

为了解栽种的龙须藤其开花泌蜜习性、泌蜜量和花蜜糖含量,于2022~2023年在阳朔县对栽种的龙须藤进行调查,开展龙须藤开花泌蜜习性和花蜜测量研究。结果表明,龙须藤花期为8月中旬~10月中旬,花朵开放当天即泌蜜,单花泌蜜平均2~3d,在日间和夜间均泌蜜;采用套保鲜袋法测量:泌蜜量为11.8μL~25.8μL/朵·d,花蜜糖含量为7.0%~13.0%;在自然状态下,不套袋的龙须藤花朵其花蜜糖含量为10.5%~53.0%。

枸杞开花生物学及传粉特征研究

授粉不足是导致枸杞落花落果的直接原因之一,为了解枸杞的生殖生物学特点,以‘宁杞10号’为研究材料,测定其花期不同阶段的花部色态、柱头可授性和花粉活力等开花特性及泌蜜规律,并对其常见传粉昆虫的单次访花时长、柱头花粉沉降数等传粉特征进行分析。结果表明,在开花后12~24 h,花瓣颜色变为浅紫色和白紫色时,柱头可授性、花粉活力和泌蜜量均最高,相比其他几个阶段差异显著(P<0.05)。常见传粉昆虫单次访花后的柱头花粉沉降数(螟蛾>蜜蜂>无垫蜂)与自然传粉相比差异显著,蜜蜂对紫色花的访花时长均值为4.1 s,与对黄色花的访花时长(均值为1.7 s)相比差异极显著(P<0.01);从整体效率和传粉昆虫访问数量而言,建议引入传粉昆虫(如蜜蜂)以加强枸杞辅助授粉,提高枸杞的坐果结实率。研究结果为制定枸杞辅助授粉措施提供科学依据。

中国柃木属植物资源概述

为厘清我国柃木属(Eurya)植物资源概况,以便更好地开发和利用我国柃木属植物资源,为我国养蜂业提供优质的柃木属蜜源条件,本文对我国柃木属植物的分类历史进行系统概述,并分析和介绍我国柃木属植物分类明细,对我国柃木属植物主要著作和正式发表的论文中柃木属植物进行分类统计。结果表明,到目前为止我国柃木属植物有88种12变种,总计100种及种以下类群。我国拥有丰富的柃木属植物资源,大部分种类为冬春季优良蜜粉源植物,具有很高的开发利用价值。

《四部医典》药浴方剂配伍特点及其适应症浅析

目的:探讨《四部医典》药浴方剂特点、适应症以及对后世文献的影响。方法:搜集整理《四部医典》药浴相关内容,构建药浴数据库,规范名词术语;通过Cran R软件,分析高频入方药、频繁项集及其适应症;通过文献研究方法,探讨《四部医典》药浴方剂对后世古籍文献的影响。结果:《四部医典》注明药浴功效的共140次,注明配方者共83个;含酒精类物质(青稞酒、酒糟和酒曲)和坎巴蒿、水柏枝、麻黄、刺柏、烈香杜鹃、碎骨、无毒花类等药材在药浴方剂中的使用率最高;在支持度为0.15时发现了坎巴蒿-水柏枝-麻黄-刺柏-烈香杜鹃等频繁项集;该频繁项集为目前使用最多的药浴基本方“五味甘露”,以苦味药和甘味药为主配伍,主要用于清热、解毒排毒、镇痛之目的。结论:《四部医典》药浴方剂较多,但主要以“五味甘露”为主,该方剂为藏药浴的发展奠定了理论和实践基础。

炼蜜栓成型工艺研究

目的:实验优化得到炼蜜栓的最佳成型工艺,为其规模生产提供理论和实验依据。方法:通过单因素实验考察,采用对比试验,摸索不同的基质,按照药典标准以外观、性状、重量差异、融变时限等为综合指标,优选出炼蜜栓剂的最佳成型工艺。结果:炼蜜栓的最佳成型工艺为采用热熔法制备,以聚乙二醇6000为基质,注模温度为70℃,最大含药量为46.6%,本品外观为淡橙色,硬度适中,完整无缺的鱼雷形,重量差异稳定控制在±7.5%以内,融变时限测定于35~40min内完全溶出。结论:通过工艺优化,炼蜜栓的成型工艺简单,稳定可行,栓剂稳定性好,适合工业化生产。

花粉蜜源对异色瓢虫生物学特性的影响

异色瓢虫为重要的捕食性天敌昆虫,在生长发育过程中常取食一些花粉或花蜜作为食物。为了明确花粉蜜源对异色瓢虫生物学特性的影响,设置花粉+蚜虫、花粉、蚜虫、清水4个处理,主要研究了花粉蜜源对异色瓢虫成虫产卵量、寿命、存活率、幼虫捕食率、发育历期等指标的影响。结果表明:补充花粉蜜源可显著提高该虫的成虫产卵量、寿命以及存活率。但单独以其为食物,成虫产卵量与取食蚜虫的处理相比显著降低,表明蜜源不能替代蚜虫为异色瓢虫的繁殖提供必要的营养。花粉蜜源对该虫的幼虫捕食量、发育历期无显著影响。花粉蜜源对异色瓢虫成虫有显著影响,但对幼虫影响不显著。

高加索三叶草花蜜腺发育解剖及小花糖分变化研究

【目的】高加索三叶草是优良的蜜源植物,了解其花蜜腺形态特征、组织结构及其发育规律对认识其小花糖分变化规律和合理利用该植物资源具有重要意义。【方法】取5个发育时期的高加索三叶草小花,石蜡切片观察细胞组织结构,毛细管法和生理试剂盒测定花蜜量和糖分含量。【结果】(1)单个小花的花蜜量为(0.394±0.095)μL,每1 m^(2)草地花蜜量为(4536.93±1319.34)μL。(2)蜜腺位于9枚合生雄蕊的花丝内侧基部,为雄蕊蜜腺。蜜腺组织在整个泌蜜过程中淀粉粒分布有明显的动态变化,属于淀粉型蜜腺。(3)可溶性糖含量在盛花期最高,为7.978 mg/g;可溶性糖各组分中果糖占比最大,超过50%,在小花的整个发育过程中呈逐渐下降趋势;淀粉占全糖含量的81%~82%,其中盛花期最高,为35.173 mg/g。【结论】高加索三叶草花蜜腺属于雄蕊蜜腺,由分泌表皮和泌蜜组织构成。原蜜由花托维管束提供,经泌蜜组织加工成蜜汁,后由表皮的气孔泌出。小花的可溶性糖含量在盛花期最高,其中果糖占比最大。

鹅掌柴(Heptapleurum heptaphyllum)开花泌蜜习性及花蜜测量研究

为了解栽种鹅掌柴的开花泌蜜习性、泌蜜量和花蜜糖含量,在阳朔县对栽种的鹅掌柴进行调查,开展了鹅掌柴开花泌蜜习性、花蜜测量等研究。结果表明,鹅掌柴花期为11月中旬~翌年1月下旬,花朵开放当天即泌蜜,单花泌蜜10~11 d;通过给花序套保鲜袋观测:鹅掌柴蜜腺日间泌蜜,夜间不泌蜜;泌蜜量为1.9μL~15.5μL/朵·d,平均6.35μL±3.27μL/朵·d;花蜜的糖含量为8.5%~15.5%,平均11.13%±2.01%;访花蜜蜂有中华蜜蜂和西方蜜蜂,访花高峰期为11:30~16:00。可得出结论,在阳朔县栽种的鹅掌柴能正常开花泌蜜,花蜜丰富,可作为阳朔县冬季重要蜜粉源加以利用。

早期藏文茶经《甘露之海》新探

《甘露之海》是目前所见藏茶文献中最早的藏文茶经之一。目前发现有七种不同的版本,其中达仓·班觉桑布撰修于公元1434年的版本,是最为详尽的一版。该文献详细记载了茶叶由汉地引人藏地的历史,介绍了生长在藏地的16种茶树的异名、生长环境、茶树性状、茶叶特征、茶汤颜色、吃茶口感、烹饮方式、功效,以及茶叶人碗后所呈现的各种影像来问卜吉凶的饮茶习俗等,反映了藏地茶叶及茶叶文化兴起的历史,也是研究汉藏文化交往交流交融的另一隅。

Differential volatile organic compounds in royal jelly associated with different nectar plants

The aim of this work was to distinguish volatile organic compound（VOC） profiles of royal jelly（RJ） from different nectar plants. Headspace solid-phase microextraction（HS-SPME） was used to extract VOCs from raw RJ harvested from 10 nectar plants in flowering seasons. Qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of VOCs extracts were performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS）. Results showed that VOC profiles of RJ from the samples were rich in acid, ester and aldehyde compound classes, however, contents of them were differential, exemplified by the data from acetic acid, benzoic acid methyl ester, hexanoic acid and octanoic acid. As a conclusion, these four VOCs can be used for distinguishing RJ harvested in the seasons of different nectar plants.

Identification of summer nectar plants contributing to outbreaks of Mythimna separata(Walker)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in North China

The presence of adequate nectar sources along the migratory pathway is a prerequisite for moths of oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata, to reach target habitats and lay eggs. Identification of plant species and assessment of their suitability as wild nectar sources along the summer migration pathway of adult M. separata are critical steps in making effective forecasts of second-and third-generation armyworm outbreaks in North China. We explored five aspects of moth-nectar source relationships：（1） Field investigations in 2014 and 2015 showed that the florescence of chaste tree, Vitex negundo var. heterophylla, a primary nectar plant in apiculture, coincided with the summer migration of oriental armyworm moths. The flowers of chaste tree opened day and night and M. separata moths were found actively flying around and resting on tree.（2） Identification of moth-borne pollen by scanning electronic microscopy（SEM） micrographs in 2015 and 2016 revealed that 15.4% of 369 moths trapped by blacklight traps, 17.1% of 557 moths captured by vertical-pointing searchlight traps and 24.4% of 311 moths caught by pheromone traps were found with pollen attached to their proboscis. A total of 228 pollen-carrying individuals out of 1237 armyworm moths were captured by the three types of traps. The three highest percentages of pollen-bearing armyworm moths were carrying pollen of Toona sp.（59.65%）, Ligustrum sp.（27.19%） and Syringa sp.（4.39%）. In total, 14 types of pollen were detected where three were identified to species, 10 to genus and one as an unknown species.（3） Analysis of geographical distribution, flowering periods and relative abundances of candidate nectar plants suggested that Chinese toon, Toona sinensis, and privet, Ligustrum lucidum, were two important nectar plant species.（4） Analysis on relationship between pollen and ovarian development showed that 14, 15 and 10 females carrying pollen of T. sinensis had ovaries at developmental stages Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ, respectively. Many T. sinensis pollen grains were present on the proboscises of female moths.（5） Comparison of trap effectiveness between blacklight and vertical-pointing searchlight traps indicated blacklight traps caught the highest proportion（35.2%） of female in ovarian stage Ⅴ, whereas vertical-pointing searchlight traps caught the highest proportion（43.5%） of female in ovarian stage I with additional proportions of decreasing percentages for stages Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ. Integrated analysis on these five aspects suggests that T. sinensis is an important, suitable summer nectar source that potentially influences migration and reproduction of M. separata moths andthus contributes to outbreaks of this pest. The vertical-pointing searchlight trap was the most effective tool for monitoring the migratory flight of adult M. separata. Privet, Ligustrum lucidum, and clove, Syringa sp., are possible suitable summer nectar plants that need further study to elucidate their importance. The reason why field investigation results on chaste tree differed from the results of moth-borne pollen analyses was discussed.

Nectar secretion of RN-type cytoplasmic male sterility three lines in soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.]

Significant progress has been achieved in the use of heterosis in soybean and several soybean hybrids have been released in China. However, broad use of hybrid soybean seed is limited due to low seed setting of female parents. Breeding cytoplasmic male sterile（CMS） lines with high out-crossing rate is necessary to solve the problem. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between out-crossing rate of CMS lines and their nectar secretion. The daily nectar secretion rhythm, meteorological effect on nectar secretion, and differences in nectar secretion among genotypes and years were investigated in 27 soybean CMS lines（A-lines） with their maintainers（B-lines） and restorers（R-lines）. The correlation between out-crossing rate of CMS lines and nectar production was also evaluated. Nectar secretion had diurnal variation. Secretion initiated at about 06：00 for most materials and reached a peak at 07：00–08：30 after flower opened, then the nectar secretion decreased gradually. A sub-peak appeared at about 13：00, while the nectar could not be detected at 17：00. Nectar secretion was greatly influenced by the weather conditions. The amount of nectar secretion increased gradually over time during periods of high temperature and no rainfall for several days. Rainy weather and low temperatures inhibited nectar secretion. There were obvious variations of nectar amount among different genotypes tested. Significant nectar variation within a genotype among years was also observed, and the highest nectar secretion was 3-fold higher than the lowest. The amount of nectar secretion from R-lines was significantly higher than that of A-and B-lines. There was no significant difference in nectar secretion between A-and B-lines. A-and B-lines with higher out-crossing rates secreted more nectar. The amount of nectar secretion of A-and B-lines were significantly positively correlated with the out-crossing rate of A-lines.