On“The Five-Step Method”in Teaching Junior English for China

Junior English for China’ is based on the ’Five-Step’ teachingmethod: Revision, Presentation, Drilling, Practice, Consolidation. Each step has itsown particular methodology and requires the teacher to adopt a certain role. Thispaper is a discussion of the "Five-Step Method".

Consistency and Validity of the Mathematical Models and the Solution Methods for BVPs and IVPs Based on Energy Methods and Principle of Virtual Work for Homogeneous Isotropic and Non-Homogeneous Non-Isotropic Solid Continua

Energy methods and the principle of virtual work are commonly used for obtaining solutions of boundary value problems (BVPs) and initial value problems (IVPs) associated with homogeneous, isotropic and non-homogeneous, non-isotropic matter without using (or in the absence of) the mathematical models of the BVPs and the IVPs. These methods are also used for deriving mathematical models for BVPs and IVPs associated with isotropic, homogeneous as well as non-homogeneous, non-isotropic continuous matter. In energy methods when applied to IVPs, one constructs energy functional (I) consisting of kinetic energy, strain energy and the potential energy of loads. The first variation of this energy functional (δI) set to zero is a necessary condition for an extremum of I. In this approach one could use δI = 0 directly in constructing computational processes such as the finite element method or could derive Euler’s equations (differential or partial differential equations) from δI = 0, which is also satisfied by a solution obtained from δI = 0. The Euler’s equations obtained from δI = 0 indeed are the mathematical model associated with the energy functional I. In case of BVPs we follow the same approach except in this case, the energy functional I consists of strain energy and the potential energy of loads. In using the principle of virtual work for BVPs and the IVPs, we can also accomplish the same as described above using energy methods. In this paper we investigate consistency and validity of the mathematical models for isotropic, homogeneous and non-isotropic, non-homogeneous continuous matter for BVPs that are derived using energy functional consisting of strain energy and the potential energy of loads. Similar investigation is also presented for IVPs using energy functional consisting of kinetic energy, strain energy and the potential energy of loads. The computational approaches for BVPs and the IVPs designed using energy functional and principle of virtual work, their consistency and validity are also investigated. Classical continuum mechanics (CCM) principles i.e. conservation and balance laws of CCM with consistent constitutive theories and the elements of calculus of variations are employed in the investigations presented in this paper.

Evaluation of working fluids for organic Rankine cycles using group-contribution methods and second-law-based models

The group-contribution (GC) methods suffer from a limitation concerning to the prediction of process-related indexes, e.g., thermal efficiency. Recently developed analytical models for thermal efficiency of organic Rankine cycles (ORCs) provide a possibility of overcoming the limitation of the GC methods because these models formulate thermal efficiency as functions of key thermal properties. Using these analytical relations together with GC methods, more than 60 organic fluids are screened for medium-low temperature ORCs. The results indicate that the GC methods can estimate thermal properties with acceptable accuracy (mean relative errors are 4.45%-11.50%);the precision, however, is low because the relative errors can vary from less than 0.1% to 45.0%. By contrast, the GC-based estimation of thermal efficiency has better accuracy and precision. The relative errors in thermal efficiency have an arithmetic mean of about 2.9% and fall within the range of 0-24.0%. These findings suggest that the analytical equations provide not only a direct way of estimating thermal efficiency but an accurate and precise approach to evaluating working fluids and guiding computer-aided molecular design of new fluids for ORCs using GC methods.

Random failure mechanism method for assessment of working platform bearing capacity with a linear trend in undrained shear strength

A bearing capacity evaluation for the surface strip foundation on a working platform modelled on a twolayered substrate is considered in the study.The upper layer is assumed as man-made and wellcontrolled and thus non-variable.The lower layer modelling natural cohesive soil is subjected to spatial variability of undrained shear strength.The random failure mechanism method(RFMM)is used to evaluate the bearing capacity.This approach employs a kinematic assessment of the critical load and incorporates the averaging of three-dimensional(3 D)random field along dissipation surfaces that result from the failure mechanism geometry.A novel version of the approach considering an additional linear trend of undrained shear strength in the spatially variable layer is proposed.The high efficiency of the RFMM algorithm is preserved.The influences of foundation length,trend slope in the spatially variable layer,fluctuation scales,and thickness of the homogenous sand layer on the resulting bearing capacity evaluations are analysed.Moreover,for selected cases,verification of the RFMM based assessment obtained using random finite difference method(RFDM)based on 3 D analysis is provided.Two types of analyses are performed using RFDM based on associated and non-associated flow rules.For associated flow rule which corresponds to RFMM,the RFMM is conservative and efficient and thus it seems preferable.However,if RFDM employs non-associated flow rule(much lower dilation angle for sand layer),the efficient RFMM is no longer conservative.For this situation,a combined approach that improves the efficiency of the numerical method is suggested.

THE VIRTUAL WORK PRINCIPLE AND LINEAR COMPLEMEN-TARY METHOD FOR COUPLING ANALYSIS OF ELASTO-PLASTIC DAMAGE STRUCTURE

The virtual displacement principle of elasto-plastic damage mechanics is presented. A linear complementary method for elasto-plastic damage problem is proposed by using FEM technique. This method is applicable to solving the damage structure analysis of hardened and softened nonlinear material.

Analysis of Software Development and Enhancement Projects Work Effort per Unit Based on the COSMIC Method with Regard to Technological Factors—Case Study

This paper aims to present a case study that consists in the analysis of work effort per unit of software systems Development and Enhancement Projects (D&EP) depending on technological factors. That analysis was commissioned by one of the largest public institutions in Poland. This is the COSMIC (Common Software Measurement International Consortium) function points method that is chosen by this institution as a point of reference for size of software systems developed/enhanced for supporting its functions and therefore this method is the base for the analysis of D&EP work effort per unit with regard to technological factors.

Research on the theories and methods of the specialization of the college counselor＇s work

The research proposition of this article is to do a brief analysis of the specialized theories and the systems of the methods of the college counselors＇ work under the perspective of the professional theories of the college counselors, and discuss the way of the realization of the specialization of the college counseling work, to achieve the professional orientation of the work of the college counselors. With the use of the specialized ways of work, we can make the college counselors develop themselves in the strict professional training and the continuous autonomous learning. They should use their own professional knowledge to equip themselves, to be the teachers and management personnel able to correctly guide the healthy growth of the university students.

Optimization of micro milling electrical discharge machining of Inconel 718 by Grey-Taguchi method

The optimization of micro milling electrical discharge machining（EDM） process parameters of Inconel 718 alloy to achieve multiple performance characteristics such as low electrode wear,high material removal rate and low working gap was investigated by the Grey-Taguchi method.The influences of peak current,pulse on-time,pulse off-time and spark gap on electrode wear（EW）,material removal rate（MRR） and working gap（WG） in the micro milling electrical discharge machining of Inconel 718 were analyzed.The experimental results show that the electrode wear decreases from 5.6×10-9 to 5.2×10-9 mm3/min,the material removal rate increases from 0.47×10-8 to 1.68×10-8 mm3/min,and the working gap decreases from 1.27 to 1.19 μm under optimal micro milling electrical discharge machining process parameters.Hence,it is clearly shown that multiple performance characteristics can be improved by using the Grey-Taguchi method.

FNM method for estimating reliability of existing bridges

Combined with current specifications and stress characteristics of concrete filled steel tubular （CFST） arch bridges, the determination principle of safe-middle-failure threestage mode is given. Accordingly, damage probability and failure probability and the corresponding reliability indices are calculated; a direct relationship between reliability indices and three-stage working status is made. Based on the three-stage working mode, a combined FNM （finite element-neural network- Monte-Carlo simulation） method is put forward to estimate the reliability of existing bridges. According to time-dependent reliability theory, subsequent service time is divided into several stages; minimum samples required by the Monte-Carlo method are generated by random sampling; training samples are calculated by the finite element method, and the training samples are extended by the neural network; failure probability and damage probability are calculated by the Monte-Carlo method. Thus, time dependent reliability indices are obtained, and the working status is judged. A case study is investigated to estimate the reliability of an actual bridge by the FNM method. The bridge is a CFST arch bridge with an 83.6 m span and it has been in operation for 10 years. According to analysis results, in the tenth year, the example bridge is still in safe status. This conclusion is consistent with the facts, which proves the feasibility of the FNM method for estimating the reliability of existing bridges.

Solid Works环境下牙嵌离合器标准件库开发

在Solid Works环境下开发的面向《机械设计手册》的标准件库由尺寸参数数据库、交互式用户界面和建模功能函数组成.根据国家标准中的尺寸表格形式,设计出简洁清晰的牙嵌离合器尺寸数据库.由符合设计人员思维模式的用户界面调用尺寸参数库,并采用参数化的程序驱动法在建模功能函数和尺寸参数库之间建立数据传递关系,达到尺寸驱动的目的.实现了用户界面友好、可扩充、使用方便的牙嵌离合器标准件库.本文所采用的方法是在Solid Works环境下实现通用三维标准件库的良好途径.

基于ANSYS Workbench的结构应力分析的子模型法

提出了在ANSYS Workbench中使用子模型的一种新方法。首先创建一个包含远端区,过渡区和子模型区的几何模型;然后对此几何模型进行分析得到粗糙模型的结果,并把过渡区的节点位移导出;整理导出结果形成ANSYS APDL命令;最后基于过渡区和子模型区得到子模型,在子模型中加载命令流从而形成新的边界条件,通过对子模型区的反复细化从而得到问题的收敛解。使用ANSYS中的一个算例进行考察,并与经典方法进行比较,结果表明:该方法具有很高的精度,计算结果正确,且操作简易,适合在复杂零件仿真中使用。

基于COSMOSWorks的作业架横梁有限元分析

阐述了根据某作业架的工作情况和结构,对其关键部件横梁进行了理论计算分析,采用有限元分析方法,建立了三维计算模型,运用COSMOSWorks软件对作业架横梁进行有限元分析,分析结果与理论计算分析一致,为优化横梁尺寸结构提供理论依据。对数据进行了分析,提出改进横梁结构尺寸的措施,分析改进后的横梁,结果表明,改进后的横梁既节省材料又安全可靠。

基于Solidworks的激光去溢料机固定架有限元分析

通过Solidworks软件建立固定架重件的三维模型,依据物料抓取对机械手的运动状态,对其进行静态有限元分析,发现零件结构设计存在的缺陷并捉出有效的改进措施。通过模拟机械手动作过程中的振动情况,找出固定架零件在设备运行中可能发生破坏的频率。实践表明,采用有限元分析的方法进行零件结构强度和振动分析,有效地提高了机械设计产品的准确性和稳定性。

基于LS-dyna和HyperWorks的大客车正面碰撞仿真分析

以某企业提供的6120型客车为研究对象,使用Hypermesh建立大客车的有限元模型。使用LS-dyna进行仿真计算,模拟出大客车在碰撞过程中的变形和加速度随时间的变化情况。根据仿真发现的问题,提出改进措施,并进行验证。结果证明:局部的结构改善能提高客车的防撞性能,但要彻底的改善大客车的防撞性能,需要在客车整体结构上有较大改动。

基于Adams与SolidWorks的单斗反铲液压挖掘机工作装置设计及仿真

通过对单斗反铲液压挖掘机工作装置原理的分析,运用比拟法寻找待设计机器与同类型样机的比拟关系,参照样机来确定工作装置各部件上的铰接点位置并且确定工作装置结构方案和主要特性参数以及各部件的具体结构形式和尺寸参数并对其进行校核。然后运用虚拟样机设计法,借助计算机可视化技术及三维设计软计技术,建立待设计机型的三维模型。在设计阶段即可观察到机器的装配关系、运动关系,以及进一步分析机器的动力学特性等各项性能。

基于Solid works对称零件建模方法的总结

对称是机械零件的常见形态。基于Solid works总结了在三维CAD软件中零件对称的主要设定方法,提高相关零件建模的效率和准确性。

基于solid works的环面蜗杆副三维表达方法的研究

基于solid works的环面蜗杆副三维表达的理论基础,介绍了具体的建模过程,并通过具体实例,对此进行详细的介绍和分析。实践表明,基于solid works的环面蜗杆副三维表达方法是正确可靠的,适应了实际工作的需要,不仅操作简单方便,而且提高了工作效率,值得进一步推广和运用。

Optimal arrangement for pressure measurement points in working chamber of earth pressure balance shield

In order to exactly provide scientific basis for pressure dynamic balance control of working chamber of earth pressure balance shield (EPBS),study on optimal arrangement of pressure measurement points in working chamber was conducted. Based on mathematical description of optimal arrangement for pressure measurement points,fuzzy clustering analysis and discriminant analysis were used to divide pressure regions of nodes on bulkhead. Finally,the selection method of optimal measurement points was proposed,and by selecting d6.28 m EPBS as study object,the case study was conducted. By contrast,based on optimal arrangement scheme of pressure measurement points,through adopting weighted algorithm,the absolute error mean of equivalent pressure of working chamber is the smallest. In addition,pressure curve of optimal arrangement points presents parabola,and it can show the state of pressure distribution on bulkhead truly. It is concluded that the optimal arrangement method of pressure measurement points in working chamber is effective and feasible,and the method can provide basis for realizing high precision pressure control of EPBS.

Thermal Behaviors of Work Roll in Finishing Trains of Hot Rolling

In order to analyze the thermal field and thermal contour of work roll in finishing trains of hot rolling in rolling process, a quasi two-dimension implicit finite difference model is developed. To improve the calculating speed and precision, some special solutions are introduced, including the development of this model, the simplification of boundary conditions and the computation of heat transfer coefficients. The results show that these solutions of thermal behaviors of work roll are very much efficient and the model can be used as an on-line profile and fatness control model of large industrial mills.

Improved edge lightweight YOLOv4 and its application in on-site power system work

A“cloud-edge-end”collaborative system architecture is adopted for real-time security management of power system on-site work,and mobile edge computing equipment utilizes lightweight intelligent recognition algorithms for on-site risk assessment and alert.Owing to its lightweight and fast speed,YOLOv4-Tiny is often deployed on edge computing equipment for real-time video stream detection;however,its accuracy is relatively low.This study proposes an improved YOLOv4-Tiny algorithm based on attention mechanism and optimized training methods,achieving higher accuracy without compromising the speed.Specifically,a convolution block attention module branch is added to the backbone network to enhance the feature extraction capability and an efficient channel attention mechanism is added in the neck network to improve feature utilization.Moreover,three optimized training methods:transfer learning,mosaic data augmentation,and label smoothing are used to improve the training effect of this improved algorithm.Finally,an edge computing equipment experimental platform equipped with an NVIDIA Jetson Xavier NX chip is established and the newly developed algorithm is tested on it.According to the results,the speed of the improved YOLOv4-Tiny algorithm in detecting on-site dress code compliance datasets is 17.25 FPS,and the mean average precision(mAP)is increased from 70.89%to 85.03%.