Germanium Based Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystals: The Hexagonal and Honeycomb Lattices

The properties of two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) composed of germanium (Ge) are discussed. We investigate polarization-dependent photonic band diagrams (transverse electric and transverse magnetic polarizations), gap maps, surface plots, contour maps, etc. for 2D PCs with Ge rods in air and vice versa for two different lattices geometries, namely hexagonal and honeycomb lattices. The obtained graphs for the four possible combinations are presented in this paper. All the graphs depict clear photonic band gaps. The conditions for the largest TE and TM band gaps are described. The honeycomb lattice of Ge rods in air background offers a large complete photonic band gap Δω/ωm greater than 8% (for rod radius of r = 0.2 μm). Using these data, new Ge based photonic devices can be fabricated to confine, control and manipulate light in a more useful way.

Reconfigurable(4, 6^(2)) and(4, 8^(2)) Archimedean plasma photonic crystals in dielectric barrier discharge

Archimedean photonic crystal has become a research area of great interest due to its various unique properties. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the realization of reconfigurable(4, 6^(2))and(4, 8^(2)) Archimedean plasma photonic crystals(APPCs) by use of dielectric barrier discharges in air. Dynamical control on both the macrostructures including the lattice symmetry and the crystal orientation, and the microstructures including the fine structures of scattering elements has been achieved. The formation mechanisms of APPCs are studied by time-resolved measurements together with numerical simulations. Large omnidirectional band gaps of APPCs have been obtained. The tunable topology of APPCs may offer new opportunities for fabricating multi-functional and highly-integrated microwave devices.

A novel optical beam splitter based on photonic crystal with hybrid lattices

A novel optical beam splitter constructed on the basis of photonic crystal（PC） with hybrid lattices is proposed in this paper.The band gap of square-lattice PC is so designed that the incident light is divided into several branch beams.Triangular-lattice graded-index PCs are combined for focusing each branch.Computational calculations are carried out on the basis of finite-different time-domain algorithm to prove the feasibility of our design.The waveguide is unnecessary in the design.Thus the device has functions of both splitting and focusing beams.Size of the divided beam at site of full-width at half-maximum is of the order of λ/2.The designed splitter has the advantages that it has a small volume and can be integrated by conventional semiconductor manufacturing process

Analysis of the Effect of Air Hole Diameter and Lattice Pitch in Optical Properties for Hexagonal Photonic Crystal Fiber

We have investigated the different optical properties such as confinement loss, waveguide dispersion of a five rings hexagonal photonic crystal fiber under varied air hole diameter (d), lattice pitch (Λ), and air hole diameter to lattice pitch ratio for three different materials fused quartz glass, borosilicate glass and sapphire glass. We observed low confinement loss and high negative dispersion at higher d/Λ. Achieving high d/Λ can be done in two ways: increasing the air hole diameter or decreasing the lattice pitch. It has been observed, increasing the air hole diameter has significant effect over reducing lattice pitch in achieving low confinement loss. On the other hand, decreasing the lattice pitch over increasing the air hole diameter has significant effect in achieving high negative dispersion. It has also been found that, effective refractive index (neff) decreases significantly when lattice pitch decreases.

Study on ceramic photonic bandgap structure with three-dimensional diamond lattice

A novel process, which was based on powder injection molding, was investigated for the fabrication of ceramic photonic bandgap structure with three-dimensional diamond lattice. The SiO2-TiO2 ceramic powder was mixed with a water-soluble agent to produce slurry. The slurry was then injected into an epoxy mold with inverse diamond lattice, fabricated by the stereolitographic rapid prototyping process. To increase the density of the green compact, cold isostatic pressing was applied on the unit. Using thermal debinding, the water-soluble agent and the epoxy were extracted at 360 and 650 K, respectively. Sintering was immediately done at 950 K for 5 h and the desired three-dimensional ceramic structure was obtained. The calculated band diagram for this structure indicated the existence of an absolute photonic bandgap for all wave vectors. At 14.7-18.5 GHz, a complete band gap was located with a maximum attenuation of 30 dB at 17 GHz, when transmission was measured in the 〈100〉 direction between 10 and 20 GHz.

Tailoring topological corner states in photonic crystals by near-and far-field coupling effects

We explore the behaviors of optically coupled topological corner states in supercell arrays composed of photonic crystal rods,where each supercell is a second-order topological insulator.Our findings indicate that the coupled corner states possess nondegenerate eigenfrequencies at theΓpoint,with coupled dipole corner states excited resonantly by incident plane waves and displaying a polarization-independent characteristic.The resonance properties of coupled dipole corner states can be effectively modulated via evanescently near-field coupling,while multipole decomposition shows that they are primarily dominated by electric quadrupole moment and magnetic dipole moment.Furthermore,we demonstrate that these coupled corner states can form surface lattice resonances driven by diffractively far-field coupling,leading to a dramatic increase in the quality factor.This work introduces more optical approaches to tailoring photonic topological states,and holds potential applications in mid-infrared topological micro-nano devices.

Lattice constant effects of photonic crystals on the extraction of guided mode of GaN based light emitting diodes

We have fabricated a series of square-lattice hole photonic crystal (2PhC) arrays simultaneously at the un-current injection region on a special sample of GaN based light emitting diode (LED) by using focus ion beam milling (FIBM). The lattice constants of the 2PhC arrays vary from 230 to 1500 nm,while the 2PhC arrays have a constant area of about 9 μm×18 μm and a fixed depth of 150±10 nm which approaches but does not penetrate the active layer. Microscopic electroluminescence images and spectral measurements consistently confirm that the top emitting intensities from different 2PhCs are all enhanced compared with the unpatterned region. It is demonstrated that the output coupling of propagating guided modes is realized by the diffracted transmission of the 2PhCs. The enhancement factors of the guided modes compared with the unpatterned region are plotted as function of the lattice constant. It is found that the highest enhancements for the extraction of guided modes were obtained for the lattice constant of 230 and 460 nm of 2PhCs. The results are discussed by the two-dimensional rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA).

Absolute band gaps of a two-dimensional triangular-lattice dielectric photonic crystal with different shapes

Absolute band gaps of a two-dimensional triangular-lattice photonic crystal are calculated with the finite-difference time-domain method in this paper.Through calculating the photonic band structures of the triangular-lattice photonic crystal consisting of Ge rods immersed in air with different shapes,it is found that a large absolute band gap of 0.098 (2c/a) can be obtained for the structures with hollow triangular Ge rods immersed in air,corresponding to 19.8% of the middle frequency.The influence of the different factors on the width of the absolute band gaps is also discussed.

Multiple super-resolution imaging in the second band of gradient lattice spacing photonic crystal flat lens

Based on the triangular lattice two-dimensional photonic crystal(PC), the lattice spacing along the transverse direction to propagation is altered, and a gradient PC(GPC) flat lens is designed. The band structures and equal frequency curves of the GPC are calculated;then, the imaging mechanism and feasibility are analyzed. The imaging characteristics of the GPC flat lens are investigated. It is observed that the GPC can achieve multiple types of super-resolution imaging for the point source. This GPC lens is allowed to be applied to imaging and other fields such as filtering and sensing.

Photonic band gap of 2D complex lattice photonic crystal

It is of great significance to present a photonic crystal lattice structure with a wide photonic bandgap. A two-dimension complex lattice photonic crystal is proposed. The photonic crystal is composed of complex lattices with triangular structure, and each single cell is surrounded by six scatterers in an hexagon. The photonic band gaps are calculated based on the plane wave expansion (PWE) method. The results indicate that the photonic crystal has tunable large TM polarization band gap, and a gap-midgap ra...

Design and analysis of superlens based on complex two-dimensional square lattice photonic crystal

We theoretically demonstrate the imaging properties of a complex two-dimensional(2D) face-centered square lattice photonic crystal(PC) made from germanium cylinders in air background. The finitedifference time-domain(FDTD) method is employed to calculate the band structure and simulate image construction. The band diagram of the complex structure is significantly compressed. Negative refraction occurs in the second energy band with negative phase velocity at a frequency of 0.228(2πc/a), which is lower than results from previous studies. Lower negative refraction frequency leads to higher image resolution. Numerical results show that the spatial resolution of the system reaches 0.7296λ, which is lower than the incident wavelength.

Analysis of band gap of non-bravais lattice photonic crystal fiber

This article designs a novel type of non-bravais lattice photonic crystal fiber.To form the nesting complexperiod with positive and negative refractive index materials respectively,a cylinder with the same radius and negative refractive index is introduced into the center of each lattice unit cell in the traditional square lattice air-holes photonic crystal fiber.The photonic band-gap of the photonic crystal fiber is calculated numerically by the plane wave expansion method.The result shows that compared with the traditional square photonic band-gap fiber(PBGF),when R=Λis 0.35,the refractive index of the substrate,airhole,and medium-column are 1.30,1.0,and–1:0,respectively.This new PBGF can transmit signal by the photonic band-gap effect.When the lattice constantΛvaries from 1:5μm to 3:0μm,the range of the wavelength ranges from 880 nm to 2300 nm.

Study of ultraflattened dispersion square-lattice photonic crystal fiber with low confinement loss

A new type ultraflattened dispersion square-lattice photonic crystal fiber with two different air-hole diameters in cladding region is proposed and the dispersion is investigated using a compact 2-D finite difference frequency domain method with the anisotropic perfectly matched layers (PML) absorbing boundary conditions. Through numerical simulation and opti- mizing the geometrical parameters, we find that the photonic crystal fibers proposed can realize ultraflattened dispersion of 0±0.06 ps/(km·nm) in wa...

Ultrasonic generation via direct interaction between photons and phonons in anharmonic lattice of ionic crystals

A theory of ultrasonic generation via direct interaction of transverse optic (TO) phonons with photons in anharmonic lattice of ionic crystals is presented. There are two methods of supplying light energy for the excitation of TO lattice wave as a high frequency ultrasound: (A) incident light comes from the source outside the cavity? fulfilled with ionic crystal medium, (B) photon mode of the cavity possesses the gain of amplification by stimulated radiation of active atoms doping in the medium. More attention is drawn to the case (B). The working system of case (B), as a mixture of lasing action and ultrasonic generation, has the threshold phenomena like usual laser. And the linear stability analysis shows that the nonlineax phonon-photon coupling and the interaction among phonons themselves, both of which reflect the anharmonicity of lattice vibration, are necessary to the stable ultrasonic output. So this laser-ultrasonic generation mixture would be also a measure to investigate the lattice-dynamic nonlinearity and correlated electromagnetic properties of ionic crystals.

Research development on fabrication and optical properties of nonlinear photonic crystals

Since the lasers at fixed wavelengths are unable to meet the requirements of the development of modern science and technology,nonlinear optics is significant for overcoming the obstacle.Investigation on frequency conversion in ferroelectric nonlinear photonic crystals with different superlattices has been being one of the popular research directions in this field.In this paper,some mature fabrication methods of nonlinear photonic crystals are concluded,for example,the electric poling method at room temperature and the femtosecond direct laser writing technique.Then the development of nonlinear photonic crystals with one-dimensional,two-dimensional and three-dimensional superlattices which are used in quasi-phase matching and nonlinear diffraction harmonic generation is introduced.In the meantime,several creative applications of nonlinear photonic crystals are summarized,showing the great value of them in an extensive practical area,such as communication,detection,imaging,and so on.

基于光子晶体异质结的高效太阳能电池反射器研究

设计了一种可用于太阳能电池反射器的二维三角晶格光子晶体异质结结构.采用传输矩阵法对该结构在可见至近红外波长范围入射电磁波的反射率进行了模拟计算,并比较了不同入射方向下反射率的变化.结果表明,光线垂直入射时,该结构光子晶体对近红外波段入射光可实现完全反射;随着偏转角度的增大,在整个可见-近红外波段均显示出极高的反射特性.该结构有望用于制作覆盖整个可见光-近红外波段的高效全方位反射器.

棱镜全息干涉法制作二维光子晶体的研究

模拟了top-cut棱镜全息干涉生成的各种光学晶格结构,为棱镜法制作光子晶体提供参考。用全息干涉理论分析了top-cut六棱镜多光束干涉生成的光学晶格结构,考虑了光束数目、偏振方向以及位相的不同对晶格结构的影响。改变光束数目可以生成不同周期的正六角、斜六角光学晶格;改变光束偏振特性则影响光学晶格格点的形状;改变光束初位相可以生成蜂窝状结构等。另外还模拟了top-cut五棱镜所生成的十重旋转对称光学准晶结构。并且用平面波展开法计算了六角和蜂窝结构的有机光子晶体带隙图,证明了蜂窝结构更容易产生大的光子带隙。

太赫兹波在二维正方晶格光子晶体中的传播特性

本文用平面波展开法研究了太赫兹波（THz）在二维正方晶格光子晶体中的传播特性。分析了晶格常数为a=0.1mm的正方晶格介质柱二维光子晶体,在0~1.8THz频段范围内,通过数值计算,发现当介质圆柱半径r=0.2a时,E偏振出现最大绝对光子带隙,带隙位于0.283-0.400THz,带隙宽度为0.117THz,相应的带隙波长范围为84.9μm至120μm,处于THz波段,并分析了随着相对介电常数差值的增大出现的TM带隙宽度增大。研究结果为THz器件的开发提供了理论依据。

二维硅薄膜光子晶体波导的设计及制作

为了制作可用于通信波段的二维硅光子晶体波导,研究了光子晶体波导的设计方法及制作工艺。应用平面波展开法计算了两种空气孔型光子晶体结构的TE波禁带,经筛选采用了三角晶格空气孔结构。同样利用平面波展开法计算了引入缺陷后二维三角晶格空气孔型光子晶体波导结构的TE波禁带,经对比发现归一化频率为0.295 7的缺陷态最适宜用来制备光子晶体波导,并据此设计了用于1.55μm波长的二维三角晶格空气孔型光子晶体波导,其晶格周期为458nm,空气孔直径为339 nm。对设计的结构参数进行了容差计算,结果表明误差在-3.95~5.65 nm方能满足设计要求。最后使用聚焦离子束刻蚀工艺,制作了所设计的波导结构,并进行了测试。测试结果表明,样品实际晶格周期为463nm,空气孔直径为344 nm,比设计值大5 nm,在容差允许范围内,满足设计要求。

一种高双折射高负平坦色散压缩型光子晶体光纤

设计了一种具有高负平坦色散特性的压缩型高双折射光子晶体光纤。为了获得高双折射特性,光纤包层采用压缩三角格子和椭圆空气孔的结构;为了提高控制色散的灵活性,在纤芯加入小的缺陷空气孔。基于超格子构造法,详细地模拟分析了光纤的双折射、色散特性。研究结果表明:在波长1.3~1.8μm的宽波段范围内,可获得高负平坦色散且色散值约为-667 ps·nm^(-1)·km^(-1),色散值在±7 ps·nm^(-1)·km^(-1)的范围内变化;双折射在波长研究范围内都实现了10^(-2)的高数量级,且在1.55μm处可达到2.21×10^(-2)。基于此种光纤的高负色散特性和高双折射在光传输系统及光纤传感有广泛应用。