Modeling and Comprehensive Review of Signaling Storms in 3GPP-Based Mobile Broadband Networks:Causes,Solutions,and Countermeasures

Control signaling is mandatory for the operation and management of all types of communication networks,including the Third Generation Partnership Project(3GPP)mobile broadband networks.However,they consume important and scarce network resources such as bandwidth and processing power.There have been several reports of these control signaling turning into signaling storms halting network operations and causing the respective Telecom companies big financial losses.This paper draws its motivation from such real network disaster incidents attributed to signaling storms.In this paper,we present a thorough survey of the causes,of the signaling storm problems in 3GPP-based mobile broadband networks and discuss in detail their possible solutions and countermeasures.We provide relevant analytical models to help quantify the effect of the potential causes and benefits of their corresponding solutions.Another important contribution of this paper is the comparison of the possible causes and solutions/countermeasures,concerning their effect on several important network aspects such as architecture,additional signaling,fidelity,etc.,in the form of a table.This paper presents an update and an extension of our earlier conference publication.To our knowledge,no similar survey study exists on the subject.

Molecular mechanism of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma:The heterogeneity of cancer-associated fibroblasts and key signaling pathways

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma stands out as an exceptionally fatal cancer owing to the complexities associated with its treatment and diagnosis,leading to a notably low five-year survival rate.This study offers a detailed exploration of epidemiological trends in pancreatic cancer and key molecular drivers,such as mutations in CDKN2A,KRAS,SMAD4,and TP53,along with the influence of cancer-associated fibroblasts(CAFs)on disease progression.In particular,we focused on the pivotal roles of signaling pathways such as the transforming growth factor-βand Wnt/β-catenin pathways in the development of pancreatic cancer and investigated their application in emerging therapeutic strategies.This study provides new scientific perspectives on pancreatic cancer treatment,especially in the development of precision medicine and targeted therapeutic strategies,and demonstrates the importance of signaling pathway research in the development of effective therapeutic regimens.Future studies should explore the subtypes of CAFs and their specific roles in the tumor microenvironment to devise more effective therapeutic methods.

Effects of Bifidobacterium lactis BLa80 on fecal and mucosal flora and stem cell factor/c-kit signaling pathway in simulated microgravity rats

BACKGROUND Simulated microgravity environment can lead to gastrointestinal motility disturbance.The pathogenesis of gastrointestinal motility disorders is closely related to the stem cell factor(SCF)/c-kit signaling pathway associated with intestinal flora and Cajal stromal cells.Moreover,intestinal flora can also affect the regulation of SCF/c-kit signaling pathway,thus affecting the expression of Cajal stromal cells.Cajal cells are the pacemakers of gastrointestinal motility.AIM To investigate the effects of Bifidobacterium lactis(B.lactis)BLa80 on the intestinal flora of rats in simulated microgravity and on the gastrointestinal motility-related SCF/c-kit pathway.METHODS The internationally recognized tail suspension animal model was used to simulate the microgravity environment,and 30 rats were randomly divided into control group,tail suspension group and drug administration tail suspension group with 10 rats in each group for a total of 28 days.The tail group was given B.lactis BLa80 by intragastric administration,and the other two groups were given water intragastric administration,the concentration of intragastric administration was 0.1 g/mL,and each rat was 1 mL/day.Hematoxylin&eosin staining was used to observe the histopathological changes in each segment of the intestine of each group,and the expression levels of SCF,c-kit,extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK)and p-ERK in the gastric antrum of each group were detected by Western blotting and PCR.The fecal flora and mucosal flora of rats in each group were detected by 16S rRNA.RESULTS Simulated microgravity resulted in severe exfoliation of villi of duodenum,jejunum and ileum in rats,marked damage,increased space between villi,loose arrangement,shortened columnar epithelium of colon,less folds,narrower mucosal thickness,reduced goblet cell number and crypts,and significant improvement after probiotic intervention.Simulated microgravity reduced the expressions of SCF and c-kit,and increased the expressions of ERK and P-ERK in the gastric antrum of rats.However,after probiotic intervention,the expressions of SCF and ckit were increased,while the expressions of ERK and P-ERK were decreased,with statistical significance(P<0.05).In addition,simulated microgravity can reduce the operational taxonomic unit(OTU)of the overall intestinal flora of rats,B.lactis BLa80 can increase the OTU of rats,simulated microgravity can reduce the overall richness and diversity of stool flora of rats,increase the abundance of firmicutes in stool flora of rats,and reduce the abundance of Bacteroides in stool flora of rats,most of which are mainly beneficial bacteria.Simulated microgravity can increase the overall richness and diversity of mucosal flora,increase the abundance of Bacteroides and Desulphurides in the rat mucosal flora,and decrease the abundance of firmicutes,most of which are proteobacteria.After probiotics intervention,the overall Bacteroidetes trend in simulated microgravity rats was increased.CONCLUSION B.lactis BLa80 can ameliorate intestinal mucosal injury,regulate intestinal flora,inhibit ERK expression,and activate the SCF/c-kit signaling pathway,which may have a facilitating effect on gastrointestinal motility in simulated microgravity rats.

Traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of Helicobacter pylorirelated gastritis:The mechanisms of signalling pathway regulations

Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis(HPAG)is a common condition of the gastrointestinal tract.However,extensive and long-term antibiotic use has resulted in numerous adverse effects,including increased resistance,gastrointestinal dysfunction,and increased recurrence rates.When these concerns develop,traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)may have advantages.TCM is based on the concept of completeness and aims to eliminate pathogens and strengthen the body.It has the potential to prevent this condition while also boosting the rate of Helicobacter pylori eradication.This review elaborates on the mechanism of TCM treatment for HPAG based on cellular signalling pathways,which reflects the flexibility of TCM in treating diseases and the advantages of multi-level,multipathway,and multi-target treatments for HPAG.

Glucocorticoid receptor signaling in the brain and its involvement in cognitive function

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulates the secretion of glucoco rticoids in response to environmental challenges.In the brain,a nuclear receptor transcription fa ctor,the glucocorticoid recepto r,is an important component of the hypothalamicpituitary-a d renal axis's negative feedback loop and plays a key role in regulating cognitive equilibrium and neuroplasticity.The glucoco rticoid receptor influences cognitive processes,including glutamate neurotransmission,calcium signaling,and the activation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated pathways,through a combination of genomic and non-genomic mechanisms.Protein interactions within the central nervous system can alter the expression and activity of the glucocorticoid receptor,there by affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary-a d renal axis and stress-related cognitive functions.An appropriate level of glucocorticoid receptor expression can improve cognitive function,while excessive glucocorticoid receptors or long-term exposure to glucoco rticoids may lead to cognitive impairment.Patients with cognitive impairment-associated diseases,such as Alzheimer's disease,aging,depression,Parkinson's disease,Huntington's disease,stroke,and addiction,often present with dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and glucocorticoid receptor expression.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the functions of the glucoco rticoid receptor in the hypothalamic-pituitary-a d renal axis and cognitive activities.It emphasizes that appropriate glucocorticoid receptor signaling fa cilitates learning and memory,while its dysregulation can lead to cognitive impairment.This provides clues about how glucocorticoid receptor signaling can be targeted to ove rcome cognitive disability-related disorders.

Exploring the interaction between the gut microbiota and cyclic adenosine monophosphate-protein kinase A signaling pathway:a potential therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases

The interaction between the gut microbiota and cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)-protein kinase A(PKA)signaling pathway in the host's central nervous system plays a crucial role in neurological diseases and enhances communication along the gut–brain axis.The gut microbiota influences the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway through its metabolites,which activates the vagus nerve and modulates the immune and neuroendocrine systems.Conversely,alterations in the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway can affect the composition of the gut microbiota,creating a dynamic network of microbial-host interactions.This reciprocal regulation affects neurodevelopment,neurotransmitter control,and behavioral traits,thus playing a role in the modulation of neurological diseases.The coordinated activity of the gut microbiota and the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway regulates processes such as amyloid-β protein aggregation,mitochondrial dysfunction,abnormal energy metabolism,microglial activation,oxidative stress,and neurotransmitter release,which collectively influence the onset and progression of neurological diseases.This study explores the complex interplay between the gut microbiota and cAMP-PKA signaling pathway,along with its implications for potential therapeutic interventions in neurological diseases.Recent pharmacological research has shown that restoring the balance between gut flora and cAMP-PKA signaling pathway may improve outcomes in neurodegenerative diseases and emotional disorders.This can be achieved through various methods such as dietary modifications,probiotic supplements,Chinese herbal extracts,combinations of Chinese herbs,and innovative dosage forms.These findings suggest that regulating the gut microbiota and cAMP-PKA signaling pathway may provide valuable evidence for developing novel therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases.

Regulator of G protein signaling 6 mediates exercise-induced recovery of hippocampal neurogenesis,learning,and memory in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease

Hippocampal neuronal loss causes cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease.Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is reduced in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.Exercise stimulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rodents and improves memory and slows cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.However,the molecular pathways for exercise-induced adult hippocampal neurogenesis and improved cognition in Alzheimer’s disease are poorly understood.Recently,regulator of G protein signaling 6(RGS6)was identified as the mediator of voluntary running-induced adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mice.Here,we generated novel RGS6fl/fl;APP_(SWE) mice and used retroviral approaches to examine the impact of RGS6 deletion from dentate gyrus neuronal progenitor cells on voluntary running-induced adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognition in an amyloid-based Alzheimer’s disease mouse model.We found that voluntary running in APP_(SWE) mice restored their hippocampal cognitive impairments to that of control mice.This cognitive rescue was abolished by RGS6 deletion in dentate gyrus neuronal progenitor cells,which also abolished running-mediated increases in adult hippocampal neurogenesis.Adult hippocampal neurogenesis was reduced in sedentary APP_(SWE) mice versus control mice,with basal adult hippocampal neurogenesis reduced by RGS6 deletion in dentate gyrus neural precursor cells.RGS6 was expressed in neurons within the dentate gyrus of patients with Alzheimer’s disease with significant loss of these RGS6-expressing neurons.Thus,RGS6 mediated voluntary running-induced rescue of impaired cognition and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in APP_(SWE) mice,identifying RGS6 in dentate gyrus neural precursor cells as a possible therapeutic target in Alzheimer’s disease.

Netrin-1 signaling pathway mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases

Netrin-1 and its receptors play crucial roles in inducing axonal growth and neuronal migration during neuronal development.Their profound impacts then extend into adulthood to encompass the maintenance of neuronal survival and synaptic function.Increasing amounts of evidence highlight several key points:(1)Diminished Netrin-1 levels exacerbate pathological progression in animal models of Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease,and potentially,similar alterations occur in humans.(2)Genetic mutations of Netrin-1 receptors increase an individuals’susceptibility to neurodegenerative disorders.(3)Therapeutic approaches targeting Netrin-1 and its receptors offer the benefits of enhancing memory and motor function.(4)Netrin-1 and its receptors show genetic and epigenetic alterations in a variety of cancers.These findings provide compelling evidence that Netrin-1 and its receptors are crucial targets in neurodegenerative diseases.Through a comprehensive review of Netrin-1 signaling pathways,our objective is to uncover potential therapeutic avenues for neurodegenerative disorders.

Prolonged intermittent theta burst stimulation restores the balance between A_(2A)R-and A_(1)R-mediated adenosine signaling in the 6-hydroxidopamine model of Parkinson's disease

An imbalance in adenosine-mediated signaling,particularly the increased A_(2A)R-mediated signaling,plays a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.Existing therapeutic approaches fail to alter disease progression,demonstrating the need for novel approaches in PD.Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is a non-invasive approach that has been shown to improve motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease.However,the underlying mechanisms of the beneficial effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation remain unknown.The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent to which the beneficial effects of prolonged intermittent theta burst stimulation in the 6-hydroxydopamine model of experimental parkinsonism are based on modulation of adenosine-mediated signaling.Animals with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions underwent intermittent theta burst stimulation for 3 weeks and were tested for motor skills using the Rotarod test.Immunoblot,quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction,immunohistochemistry,and biochemical analysis of components of adenosine-mediated signaling were performed on the synaptosomal fraction of the lesioned caudate putamen.Prolonged intermittent theta burst stimulation improved motor symptoms in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned animals.A 6-hydroxydopamine lesion resulted in progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the caudate putamen.Treatment with intermittent theta burst stimulation began 7 days after the lesion,coinciding with the onset of motor symptoms.After treatment with prolonged intermittent theta burst stimulation,complete motor recovery was observed.This improvement was accompanied by downregulation of the e N/CD73-A_(2A)R pathway and a return to physiological levels of A_(1)R-adenosine deaminase 1 after 3 weeks of intermittent theta burst stimulation.Our results demonstrated that 6-hydroxydopamine-induced degeneration reduced the expression of A_(1)R and elevated the expression of A_(2A)R.Intermittent theta burst stimulation reversed these effects by restoring the abundances of A_(1)R and A_(2A)R to control levels.The shift in ARs expression likely restored the balance between dopamine-adenosine signaling,ultimately leading to the recovery of motor control.

Flash阵列无效块管理

Flash阵列在当今数据存储领域占据着重要地位,提高Flash阵列可靠性的关键在于提出合理的坏块管理方法。针对固有坏块,提出基于整合块的坏块管理方法和基于EEPROM查找表的坏块管理方法。对于在使用过程中出现的突发坏块,提出基于页跳过和页替换的突发坏块管理方法。经过实验分析表明坏块管理方法提高了NAND Flash数据存储的可靠性,在保证存储速度的情况下对NAND Flash存储空间得到最大化利用。

一种Flash故障检测算法的设计与验证

随着芯片制造工艺与逻辑复杂度的提升,对非易失性存储部件的要求越来越高。Flash存储部件由于高稳定性和性价比被广泛使用,且以IP形式集成到芯片内部,导致芯片原型样品测试时间成本和资源成本增加。为降低芯片样品测试时间和提高检测Flash的故障覆盖率,提出了一种新的Flash故障算法,通过对Flash存储器不同故障相同部分的敏化序列进行提取,提取内容替换部分March-like算法内容,再加入少量读写操作,达到符合所有故障敏化序列的要求,减少了算法步骤,使Flash存储单元通过自动测试设备(ATE)检测时,提高测试效率和所能探测的故障种类。实验结果表明,该算法在存储器规格一致的情况下,比较于March-like pFlash和March-like算法,测试效率分别提高39%与52%,故障覆盖种类分别增加2到3种。

闪光放射治疗(Flash-RT)技术的研究进展

经过多年发展,精准放射治疗技术已广泛应用,但现有技术仍受限于正常组织耐受剂量的限制,无法实现肿瘤治疗的最佳目标。闪光放射治疗(Flash-RT)是一种以超高剂量率射束(UHDR)进行照射的放射治疗技术,能够在显著降低正常组织辐射损伤的同时,最大限度地治疗肿瘤。但直到目前,Flash-RT的生物学机制、关键物理参数及触发机制等尚不明确,其原理及临床转化应用仍处于研究阶段。本综述通过归纳Flash-RT相关研究,阐明Flash-RT研究的技术进展及临床转化应用。

基于有限状态机的电口模块Flash初始化系统设计与实现

在10GBASE-T RJ45 SFP+模块生产过程中,常用的生产方式是在贴片前对Flash进行烧录,当出现固件更新、烧录出错的情况时,模块无法方便地实现反复烧录。分析并提出了一种基于有限状态机的初始化系统,并在自主设计的模块中进行了实验验证。在上位机之中存储固件数据,并对初始化流程进行整体控制;在MCU之中完成一个有限状态机,并通过MDIO控制PHY芯片,将数据写入到Flash之中,同时通过CRC完成固件数据的校验。测试结果表明,该系统能够实现模块在贴片后的重复烧录工作,减少88.55%的返工时间。

第3代双源CT-Turbo-Flash扫描模式下高心率CCTA成像可行性分析

目的:探讨分析第3代西门子CT Turbo Flash扫描模式下行高心率冠状动脉CT血管成像(CCTA)检查的可行性。方法:选取2022年4月—2023年5月于扬州大学附属医院行CCTA检查80例患者为研究对象,采用随机数表法分为A、B两组,每组40例。A组采用第3代双源CT前瞻性心电门控Turbo Flash模式扫描,B组采用第3代双源CT行回顾性心电门控模式扫描,评估两组图像主动脉根部(AR)、左冠状动脉主干(LM)、右冠状动脉(RCA)CT值、图像信噪比(SNR)、图像对比噪声比(CNR),以及CT图像质量主观评分与有效辐射剂量(ED)。结果:两组AR、LM、RCA图像的CT值、SNR和CNR以及LAD图像的CT值比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),而LAD图像的SNR、CNR比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。B组ED高于A组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。两组图像质量主观评分比较,差异有统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:高心率患者于Turbo Flash扫描模式下行CCTA检查的图像质量基本可用于冠状动脉评价,且辐射剂量较低。

Effects of flashing green on driver's stop/go decision at signalized intersection

The primary objective of this work is to explore how drivers react to flashing green at signalized intersections. Through video taping and data procession based on photogrammetry, the operating speeds of vehicles before and after the moment when flashing green started was compared using paired-samples T-test. The critical distances between go and stop decisions was defined through cumulative percentage curve. The boundary of dilemma zone was determined by comparing stop distance and travel distance.Amber-running violation was analyzed on the basis of the travel time to the stop line. And finally, a logistic model for stop and go decisions was constructed. The results shows that the stopping ratios of the first vehicles of west-bound and east-bound approaches are 41.3% and 39.8%, respectively; the amber-light running violation ratios of two approaches are 31.6% and 25.4%, respectively;the operating speed growth ratios of first vehicles selecting to cross intersection after the moment when flashing green started are26.7% and 17.7%, respectively; and the critical distances are 48 m and 46 m, respectively, which are close to 44 m, the boundary of dilemma zone. The developed decision models demonstrate that the probability of go decision is higher when the distance from the stop line is shorter or operating speed is higher. This indicates that flashing green is an effective way to enhance intersection safety,but it should work together with a strict enforcement. In addition, traffic signs near critical distance and reasonable speed limitation are also beneficial to the safety of intersections.

Nickel Sulfide/Graphene/Carbon Nanotube Composites as Electrode Material for the Supercapacitor Application in the Sea Flashing Signal System

This work presents NiS/graphene/carbon nanotube （NiS/GNS/CNT） composites as electrode material for the supercapacitor application in sea flashing signal systems. NiS nanosheets were closely anchored on the conductive GNS-CNT networks. As a result, the NiS/GNS/CNT electrode showed a high specific capacitance of 2 377 F.g^-1 at 2 mV.s^-1 and good cycling stability compared with the pure NiS （1 599F.g^-1）. The enhanced electrochemical performances are attributed to the synergetic effect between the conductive carbon and the pseudo-capacitive NiS. The high performance supercapacitor may provide application in the sea flashing signal system.

闪光放射治疗(Flash-RT)在肿瘤治疗中的研究进展

闪光放射治疗(Flash-RT)作为放射治疗技术基础领域的关键性突破,可能引起放疗领域新的大变革。本文综述了Flash-RT在肿瘤治疗中应用和机制探索的最新研究进展。目前研究发现无论是电子束和光子Flash-RT还是质子FlashRT相较于常规剂量率放疗均可以降低对正常组织的损伤,但相关机制还未明确,包括但不限于氧耗竭、DNA损伤、细胞衰老、凋亡和免疫反应等。Flash-RT在肿瘤组织与正常组织损伤间的差异进一步减少了放疗的局限性,相较于常规放疗减少了不良反应和并发症,具有广阔应用前景。

Flash片内数据的高速回读系统设计

针对导弹飞行后数据记录装置的部分接口受损而无法顺利回读飞行数据的问题,研发了可以高速回读存储芯片片内数据的Flash读写设备,在FPGA内置的LVDS收发器基础上利用Aurora协议设计了每通道速率可达1.5625 Gb/s的高速并行收发链路,以及在串/并转换的基础上设计了传输速度较慢的备用串行读数链路。系统实现了高速读数接口和备用读数接口皆可顺利将Flash芯片片内的数据无丢帧地回读传输至测试台进行评估、分析、利用,具有硬件设计简单、回读数据方便快捷的特点。

结合Roberta和Bi-FLASH-SRU的中文事件因果关系抽取

针对现有基于填表的事件关系抽取方法填表数目过多、表格特征获取不充分的问题,本文提出了结合Roberta和Bi-FLASH-SRU的中文事件因果关系抽取方法 TF-ChineseERE.该方法通过制定填表策略,利用文本中已标记关系,将其转化为带有标签的表格;借助Roberta预训练模型和本文提出的双向内置闪电注意力简单循环单元(bidirectional built-in flash attention simple recurrent unit,Bi-FLASH-SRU)获取主客体事件特征,再利用表格特征循环学习模块挖掘全局特征,最后进行表格解码获得事件因果关系三元组.实验采用金融领域两个公开数据集进行验证,结果表明,本文提出的方法 F_(1)值分别达到59.2%和62.5%,且Bi-FLASH-SRU模型训练速度更快,填表数目更少,证明了该方法的有效性.

超导回旋质子治疗系统FLASH照射模式下的辐射屏蔽安全评估

质子FLASH放疗作为新型放射技术可以更好地保护肿瘤患者的健康器官,并提高治疗效率。然而,其照射过程中伴随的超高质子流强可能成为辐射安全的隐患,展开相关临床研究前,须针对质子FLASH辐射安全进行必要的测量和评估。本研究以超导回旋质子治疗系统的旋转治疗室为研究实例,分别搭建穿透式和布拉格峰式质子FLASH放疗场景下,根据治疗室的布局和质子束流的方向,选取屏蔽体外若干关注点进行辐射场测量。考虑到FLASH放疗的照射时间短、剂量大,难以准确测量,本研究适量降低机头流强,延长出束时间,使用辐射探测器对各关注点位的中子和X/γ剂量率进行实测。同时探索并验证周围剂量当量率和治疗机头质子流强的线性关系,根据中子和X/γ剂量率实际测量结果进行计算和分析,以评估临床FLASH照射模式下关注点位的年有效剂量数值。分析结果表明,在保持现有屏蔽条件的旋转治疗室进行FLASH试验时,在高流强出束时间可控情况下,屏蔽体外工作人员的累积有效受照剂量是可接受的。