Visual Study on Flow and Operational Characteristics of Flat Plate Closed Loop Pulsating Heat Pipes

This paper presents an experimental study including visualization on a flat plate closed loop pulsating heat pipes.It consists of a total of 40 channels with square cross section(2 mm×2 mm,165 mm long) machined directly on an aluminum plate(180 mm×120 mm×3 mm) covered by a transparent plate.The working fluid employed is ethanol.As a result,various flow patterns and their transitions are observed and found to be related to the fluid fill ratio,input heat load and the device orientation.Also the operational characteristics and working mechanism are discussed.

Parametric Influence on Thermal Performance of Flat Plate Closed Loop Pulsating Heat Pipes

This paper presents an experimental study on a flat plate closed loop pulsating heat pipes. It consisted of total 40 channels with square cross section （2 × 2 mm^2, 165 mm long） machined directly on an aluminum plate（180×120×3 nm^2）, which was covered by a transparent plate. The working fluid employed was ethanol. As the results, the influence parameters of thermal performance were investigated, such as filling ratio, heat load and operational orientations etc. Filling ratio was found to be a critical parameter, and its effect was rather complicated. According to its values the PHP plate could have four distinct working zones with different operational characteristics and heat transfer performance. The effect of heat load on thermal performance was found to be positive, and in general, iucrcasing the heat load would improve heat transfer performance. In order to analyze the effect of gravity on thermal performance, three different heat modes and total seven tilt angles were tested and compared. Successful operation at all orientations with respect to gravity was also achieved.

Two-Phase Flow Modeling in a Single Closed Loop Pulsating Heat Pipes

Mathematical modeling of pulsating heat pipes through ‘first’ principles is a contemporary problem which remains quite elusive. Simplifications and assumptions made in all the modeling approaches developed so far render them unsuitable for engineering design. In this paper, a more realistic modeling scheme is presented which provides considerable try for thought toward the next progressive step. At high enough heat flux level, closed loop pulsating heat pipes experience a bulk internal unidirectional fluid circulation. Under such a condition, conventional two-phase flow modeling in capillary tubes may be applied. This has been attempted for single-loop PHPs. A homogeneous model and a separated two-fluid flow model based on simultaneous conservation of mass, momentum and energy, have been developed for an equivalent ‘open flow’ system. The model allows prediction of two-phase flow parameters in each sub-section of the device thereby providing important insights into its operation. The concept of ‘void fraction constraint’ in pulsating heat pipe operation is introduced and its relevance to future modeling attempts is outlined.

Experiment investigation on visualization and operating characteristics of closed loop plate oscillating heat pipe with parallel channels

Using ethanol or acetone as the working fluid, visualization of oscillations in steady state was observed visually by high-speed cameras, and temperature oscillating and heat transfer characteristics of closed-loop plate oscillating heat pipe with parallel channels(POHP-PC) were experimentally investigated by varying liquid filled ratios(50%, 70%, 85%), section scales(1 mm×1 mm and 1 mm×1.5 mm), inclination angles, working fluids and heating inputs. It was found that during operating there was mixed flow consisting of plug flow and annular flow in channels of oscillating heat pipe at steady-state. There was an equilibrium position for working fluid of condenser during oscillating, and periodic oscillations occurred up and down in the vicinity of equilibrium position. With heat input increasing, equilibrium position rose slowly as a result of vapor pressure of evaporation.Evaporation temperature oscillating amplitude possessed a trend of small-large-small and frequency trend was of small-large during steady-state. It may be generally concluded that temperature, whether evaporator or condenser, fluctuated sharply or rose continuously when oscillating heat pipe coming to dry burning state. Simultaneously, it was found that temperature difference of cooling water possibly dropped with heat input rising during dry burning state. Thermal resistance of No. 2 with acetone was lower than that of No. 1 during experiments, but No. 2 achieving heat transfer limit was earlier than No. 1. However, with ethanol, thermal resistance of No. 1 and No. 2 were similar with the heating input less than 110-120 W and filling ratios of 50% and 70%. And with filling ratio of 85%, heating transfer performance of No. 2 was better compared to No. 1 during all the experiments.

倾角对平板型LHP 运行性能的影响

通过改变内部毛细芯结构达到改善环路热管性能、减小环路热管体积的目的,取消储液腔,将传统的长矩形蒸汽槽道更改为特斯拉阀形状,并且将蒸发器进出口设置在蒸发器两侧。研究该热管在不同倾角下的启动性能、运行特性。结果显示:相对于0°倾角运行,倾角的存在能够减少环路热管的启动时间,降低蒸发器温度,存在倾角的条件下启动特性差别不大。随着功率的增加,不同倾角的环路热管热阻减小,仅在倾角(10°以下)较低时有较大的热阻。随着倾角的增加,环路热管热阻随功率的变化无较大改变。

平板型环路热管研究现状及发展趋势

平板型环路热管是一种具有平板蒸发器的环路结构热管器件,其利用气液相变原理进行高效热传递。由于平板型环路热管更符合先进电子技术的发展趋势,并具有优异的远距离热传输性能,在航天飞行器、电子设备冷却、余热回收利用等领域具备广阔的应用前景。因此,文章综述了近年来研究者在平板型环路热管的吸液芯、工质、工作特性、理论模型以及异型结构等方面所做出的努力,总结了平板型环路热管上述方向的发展现状,提出平板型环路热管的未来发展趋势,助力先进两相散热技术发展。

常温闭环脉动热管性能影响因素研究综述

常温闭环脉动热管依靠工质在管内脉动和相变传热,具有传热效率高、结构简单、成本低等优点,广泛应用于电子元件散热。将影响脉动热管启动和传热性能的因素分为3类展开综述:结构参数、操作参数和工质物性参数。首先对结构参数中管径、截面形状、弯头数以及各段长度比等因素的研究进行总结,其次分析操作参数中加热功率、倾斜角度和充液率的影响,最后将工质物性参数分为影响流动和传热两方面进行归纳。为提升脉动热管启动和传热性能,未来需对临界弯头数开展深入研究;为适应小倾角和负角度工况,需要提升热管抗重力性能;为描述工质物性对热管性能的影响,需构建物性参数综合评价指标。

Influence of Filling Ratio and Working Fluid Thermal Properties on Starting up and Heat Transferring Performance of Closed Loop Plate Oscillating Heat Pipe with Parallel Channels

Using ethanol or acetone as the working fluid, the performance of starting up and heat transfer of closed-loop plate oscillating heat pipe with parallel channels(POHP-PC) were experimentally investigated by varying filling ratio, inclination, working fluids and heating power. The performance of the tested pulsating heat pipe was mainly evaluated by thermal resistance and wall temperature. Heating copper block and cold water bath were adopted in the experimental investigations. It was found that oscillating heat pipe with filling ratio of 50% started up earlier than that with 70% when heating input was 159.4 W, however, it has similar starting up performance with filling ratio of 50% as compared to 70% on the condition of heat input of 205.4 W. And heat pipe with filling ratio of 10% could not start up but directly transit to dry burning. A reasonable filling ratio range of 35%-70% was needed in order to achieve better performance, and there are different optimal filling ratios with different heating inputs- the more heating input, the higher optimal filling ratio, and vice versa. However, the dry burning appeared easily with low filling ratio, especially at very low filling ratio, such as 10%. And higher filling ratio, such as 70%, resulted in higher heat transfer( dry burning) limit. With filling ratio of 70% and inclination of 75°, oscillating heat pipe with acetone started up with heating input of just 24 W, but for ethanol, it needed to be achieved 68 W, Furthermore, the start time with acetone was similar as compared to that with ethanol. For steady operating state, the heating input with acetone was about 80 W, but it transited to dry burning state when heating input was greater than 160 W. However, for ethanol, the heating input was in vicinity of 160 W. Furthermore, thermal resistance with acetone was lower than that with ethanol at the same heating input of 120 W.

Experimental investigations on operating characteristics of a closed loop pulsating heat pipe

The operating mechanism of the pulsating heat pipe （PHP） is not well understood and the present technology cannot predict required design parameters for a given task. The aim of research work presented in this paper is to better understand the operation regimes of the PHP through experimental investigations. A series of experiments were conducted on a closed loop PHP with 5 turns made of copper capillary tube of 2 mm in inner diameter. Two different working fluids viz. ethanol and acetone were employed. The operating characteristics were studied for the variation of heat input, filling ratio （FR） and inclination angle of the tested device. The results strongly demonstrate the effect of the filling ratio of the working fluid on the operational stability and heat transfer capability of the device. Important insight into the operational characteristics of PHP has been obtained.

倾角及冷却工况对多通路并联回路板式脉动热管传热性能的影响

针对多通路并联回路板式脉动热管建立实验台,采用铜质模块加热和水浴冷却方式作为热工条件,着重考察脉动热管在不同倾角(90°,75°,60°)及冷却工况(4.5 g·s-1和9.0 g·s-1)下的传热性能,通过壁面温度的振荡和传热热阻来评价其传热效果。实验结果表明,重力对多通路并联回路板式脉动热管传热性能的影响较大,随着倾角的减少,工质的回流变弱,传热热阻变大,传热极限变低;脉动热管的加热功率与冷却能力是相互匹配的,匹配度越高,脉动热管越不易干烧,传热极限越高,在有倾角的工况下提高传热极限表现得更为明显;脉动热管运行时存在一个最佳水流量,在最佳冷却工况下,脉动热管的运行热阻最低。

板式脉动热管内气液两相流流型演化及传热分析

基于VOF方法建立了板式脉动热管内气液两相流动和相变传热的三维非稳态数学模型,并进行了数值求解.研究了该型热管内气液两相流流型演化和相变传热特性,比较了不同加热功率条件下热管内的流型和温度分布.研究结果表明:该板式脉动热管在运行过程中出现的主要流型有泡状流、柱塞流、环状流;当加热功率为100和120 W时,启动工况下热管内总气相含气率会出现飞升;稳定循环运行工况下热管各点温度随时间做有规律的周期性脉动,加热段脉动幅度最大,绝热段次之,冷却段最小,温度脉动频率随着功率的增大而升高.

微型热管的研究进展

微型热管是伴随微电子技术的发展而发展起来的一门新兴技术,是有效冷却高热流密度电子器件的主要途径之一。阐述常用的微型热管即脉动热管、微槽平板热管、环路热管的研究现状和进展,总结微型热管研究所面临的困难和挑战,指出微型热管的发展趋势,认为必将广泛应用于电子器件冷却、航空航天及计算机等领域。

多通路并联回路板式脉动热管可视化及启动性能试验研究

针对多通路并联回路板式脉动热管搭建试验台，选用无水乙醇作为工质，在不同的充液率、倾斜角度和加热功率情况下，观测工质的流型以及流动方式的变化，分析脉动热管的启动特性。结果表明，工质的流型为泡状流，汽液塞间隔分布的塞状流，塞状流与环状流并存的混合流，整个通道中不存在完全是环状流的流型；充液率为10％时，工质主要分布在脉动热管的中间部位，充液率为35％-85％，工质分布的均匀性增强；运行过程中工质以塞状流（靠近冷凝端）和环状流（靠近加热端）并存的混合流形式存在，随着加热功率的增加，环状流的平衡位置逐渐向冷凝端移动；启动方式为温度渐进式，启动时间随着加热功率的升高而缩短，倾角的减少而增加，在竖直状态下，脉动热管能够较快启动，正常启动范围为60°-90°，倾角为45°和30°时不能稳定启动。

闭式脉动热管启动性能的实验研究

实验研究了以乙醇为工质的闭式脉动热管在不同工况下的启动性能,分析了充液率、倾斜角、热负荷对脉动热管启动性能的影响。研究发现脉动热管具有两类启动方式:温度飞升式启动和温度渐进式启动。脉动热管启动性能最优的最佳充液率范围在41%～52%之间。相同热负荷下,随着倾斜角在0°～90°范围内逐渐增大,热管启动性能将得到改善。随着热负荷的增大,启动时间缩短但最高启动温度随之升高。

平板式小型环路热管的实验研究

设计一套蒸发器尺寸为74 mm(D)×14 mm(H)的平板式小型环路热管(mLHP),工质为甲醇,冷凝方式采用冰水混合物冷却,研究其换热性能。实验表明,该环路热管能够实现重力和无重力辅助启动。倾角为18°、充灌率为60%时,热负荷从20 W增加到140 W,整个环路热管热阻从2.58℃/W减小到0.44℃/W。无重力辅助启动时,mLHP能够散去130 W的热量而壁面温度低于80℃。当热负荷一定,无重力辅助启动时的蒸发器壁面温度高于重力辅助启动时的壁面温度。在保证系统启动的工质裕量前提下,减少工质充灌量有利于降低蒸发器壁面温度。mLHP运行存在低热负荷区和高热负荷区,在低热负荷区,蒸发器和补偿腔温度随着热负荷的增加降低;在高热负荷区,蒸发器和补偿腔温度随着热负荷的增加升高。

强制冷却下闭式回路脉动热管启动性能的试验研究

针对闭式脉动热管搭建试验平台,用紫铜管做试件,管内径2.7mm,全长1384mm,6弯头,丙酮为工质,采用底部电加热、上部分别采用强制对流冷却和自然对流冷却,分析了强制对流下脉动热管的启动特征及性能,对比了不同冷却方式对脉动热管启动性能的影响。结果表明,脉动热管在强制冷却下存在两种启动方式:低功率下呈现间歇性温度突变型启动特征;高功率下呈现光滑缓慢连续启动特征并可以稳定运行。强制对流冷却方式不仅能够改善脉动热管传热,更有助于脉动热管的稳定运行。

负压式平板型环路热管试验

为解决高热流密度电子器件的散热问题,设计了一套负压式铜-甲醇环路热管,其蒸发器设计成平板型。研究表明,该平板型环路热管具有较高的散热能力,能够在无重力姿态和重力姿态下顺利启动。当重力倾角分别为0°、18°和30°,热负荷为160W时,蒸发器壁面温度分别达到85.8℃、66.3℃和64.6℃。按照环路热管启动状态,其启动过程可分为3个阶段:加热阶段、预启动阶段和后启动阶段。在低热负荷区域,环路热管会出现温度波动现象。增大重力倾角,有利于降低蒸发器壁面温度和热阻。当重力倾角为30°,热负荷从10W递增到160W时,环路热管的热阻从4.97℃/W降低到0.39℃/W。

汞-水混合工质脉动热管实验研究

在恒定加热功率条件下,考察了不同倾斜角时蒸发段壁面温度的脉动情况,发现了汞-水脉动热管微倾角起振的特性;在相同充液比下,对比了汞-水混合工质与纯水工质脉动热管在微倾角时的运行特性;对比了不同倾斜角下汞-水脉动热管的传热性能。实验结果表明:工质汞的掺入能够有效辅助脉动热管的微倾角起振,增加了脉动热管应用的灵活性。传热热阻随加热功率的增加而减小,而在高加热功率下,热阻大小基本不受倾斜角影响。实验中还发现汞-水脉动热管起振的临界热通量与热载荷施加的历史有关。

多通道并联回路型脉动热管运行特性的试验研究

针对回路型脉动热管进行了管路结构形式调整,制作了多通道并联回路型脉动热管并建立试验系统,选用丙酮和无水酒精作为工质,在相近热力工况下通过试验考察多通道并联回路型脉动热管和典型回路脉动热管在不同加热工况下的运行情况,并进行比较.结果表明:多通道并联回路型脉动热管与典型回路型脉动热管具有相似的启动特征,但其在运行中具有更好的稳定性,不易出现干烧现象;其传热效果也优于典型回路型脉动热管,具有较低的运行热阻,低充液率(34%)时的传热效果优于高充液率(51%、68%)时,具有较高的传热极限.

板式脉动热管的实验与应用研究进展

板式脉动热管具有结构简单、成本低、适应性好、传热性能极佳、易于微小型化等优点,因此作为微小设备冷却系统更具竞争力,也吸引了众多研究者的关注,但目前仍缺乏有效的设计准则指导工程应用。本文在介绍了脉动热管的工作原理及特点基础上,综述了近年来针对板式结构所开展的研究,以水力直径变化为主线总结了传热性能的研究,包括管内流型和振荡特征、主要参数的影响以及进一步提高传热性能的途径;回顾了有关启动特性的研究,涉及启动条件、启动过程时间与温度的关系及相关理论分析;介绍了目前传热极限发生机理的分析,同时简述了板式脉动热管应用方面的研究进展;最后指出了目前未能解决的关键问题,特别是为充分发挥板式结构微小型化的优势,对影响启动条件的参数研究至关重要。