Microstructure and mechanical behavior of Ti/Cu/Ti laminated composites produced by corrugated and flat rolling

Ti/Cu/Ti laminated composites were fabricated by corrugated rolling(CR) and flat rolling(FR) method.Microstructure and mechanical properties of CR and FR laminated composites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, numerical simulation methods, peel and tensile examinations. The effect of CR and FR was comparatively analyzed. The results showed that the CR and FR laminated composites exhibited different effective plastic strain distributions of the Ti layer and Cu layer at the interface. The recrystallization texture, prismatic texture and pyramidal texture were developed in the Ti layer by CR, while the R-Goss texture and shear texture were developed in the Cu layer by CR. The typical deformation texture components were developed in the Ti layer and Cu layer of FR laminated composites. The CR laminated composites had higher bond strength, tensile strength and ductility.

Interface structures and mechanical properties of corrugated + flat rolled and traditional rolled Mg/Al clad plates

The corrugated + flat rolling(CFR) and traditional rolling(TR) methods were used to prepare Mg/Al clad plates using AZ31 B Mg and 5052 Al plates, and the interface morphologies and mechanical properties of the resulting clad plates were compared. Examination of the microstructures of the plates showed that the TRed Mg/Al clad plate presented a straight interface, while a corrugated interface containing fractured intermetallic particulates was observed for the CFRed plate due to the inhomogeneous strain induced by the corrugated roller. During the CFR process, the corrugated roller can accelerate the rupture of the substrate work-hardening layers and facilitate the mutual extrusion of fresh metals to enhance the interface bonding. Compared with the traditional basal texture of the Mg alloy, the CFR process can change the texture morphology, thereby enhancing the plastic deformation ability of the Mg plate. Tensile tests showed that the CFRed Mg/Al clad plate exhibited a higher ultimate tensile strength(UTS, 316 MPa), which was~ 8% higher than that of the TRed plate(293 MPa). In addition, the bending curve of the CFRed clad plate was smooth and there was no stress sudden drop phenomenon in the bending process. The higher UTS and excellent bending properties of the CFRed clad plate could be attributed to the enhanced coordinated deformation ability of the substrates induced by the corrugated interface, grain refinement, and the change in the Mg alloy texture morphology.

Research and Application of Flat Roll Technology in the Downstream Stands for CSP

CVC mills are generally used in the whole stands of CSP（Compact Strip Product）.Their special ＂s＂ curve of work roll contour and shifting strategy aimed at controlling strip shape,and the characteristics of continuous casting and rolling production,which make the work roll wear in downstream stands seriously uneven,and easily form abnormal transverse profile at the rolling end.As a result,CVC mill configuration in the downstream stands can not meet the profile and flatness control requirement for schedule free rolling,and bring some difficulties in profile and flatness control for the subsequent cold rolling.Based on the characteristics of the shape control system of CSP production line,and combined with the theory of flat roll technology,a kind of technology solution of using flat roll in the downsteam stands for CSP hot strip mills was proposed.At last,industrial test was carried out in the last stand of Masteel CSP,and good results were obtained.

Strain hardening rate dependency of deformation shape,strain distribution,and contact pressure during wire flat rolling

The effect of the strain hardening exponent(n)of a material on the changes in shape,strain inhomogeneity,and contact pressure was investigated during wire flat rolling to understand its effect on the deformation behavior of a flat-rolled wire and to determine the optimal working conditions with materials.The deformation behaviors of wires with various n values were systematically compared using finite element method.The shape of the deformed wire was found to depend on the n value of the material.Both the contact width and lateral spreading of the wire decrease with increasing n,resulting in a large reduction in area with the n value.The strain homogeneity of the wire increases with the n value of the wire.The improvement in the strain homogeneity with the n value is attributable to two factors:a lower strain concentration in the central region and a higher overall elongation as n increases.In addition,the average effective strain of the wire cross section decreases with the n value of a material during wire flat rolling.The contact pressure distribution on the surface of the wire differs significantly depending on the n value.In materials with a low n value,the contact pressure exhibits a higher value at the entry and edge zones of the contact surface.By contrast,materials with high n values exhibit a higher contact pressure at the exit zone.This behavior can be explained by the strain hardening behavior of the material during wire flat rolling.

Application of Crown-Flatness Vector Analysis in Plate Rolling Schedule

A simple plate crown model was introduced,and the crown-flatness vector analysis method was analyzed.Based on the plate rolling technology,the rolling schedule design of elongation phase is divided into three steps.First step is to calculate the reductions of first pass of elongation making full use of the mill capability to decrease the total pass number.The second step is to calculate the pass reduction for the last three or four passes to control crown and flatness by crown-flatness vector analysis method.In the third step,the maximum rolling force limit and the total pass number are adjusted to make the plate gauge at exit equal to target gauge with satisfactory flatness.The on-line application shows that this method is effective.

Development and application of cold strip rolling flatness control system in Ansteel

In this paper,the flatness control technology AnShaper^(TM) for cold-rolling mill and industry application are introduced.AnShaper^(TM) includes;partitioning piezomagnetic shape meter for flatness measurement for cold-rolling strip;flatness measured signals processing system based on digital signal processing(DSP);flatness feedback control model system based on the control efficiency of flatness control actuators and model adaptive function.The application verifies that strip flatness can meet the need of high quality product by using AnShaperTM.The average flatness quality is about 5Ⅰ-unit and the 0.18 mm ultrathin thickness strip flatness is 10Ⅰ-unit.

SI-FLAT板形仪激振频率设定

SI-FLAT板形仪是国内宽带钢冷连轧机首次采用的非接触式工业用板形仪,但实际使用过程中发现,对于常轧规格的带钢,其激振频率设定始终为同一固定值,激振力仅随张应力的变化而变化,导致板形控制不稳定,激振频率的设置严重影响着板形检测的精度.本文在分析现场实际生产数据的基础上,提出了激振频率的设置应该遵循的两个基本原则,即振幅控制原则和检测间隔控制原则.为了对带钢振动进行固有频率和受迫振动振幅的分析和计算,采用大型有限元软件ANSYS12.0建立了带钢振动仿真模型,分析了带钢板形、宽度、厚度、张应力等因素所导致的带钢固有频率波动对带钢振幅的影响.研究发现,张应力和板形对带钢固有频率的影响较大.最后,基于振幅控制原则和检测间隔控制原则提出了可行性方案,即通过限制最小张应力,减小板形对测量结果的影响;同时为了控制最小检测间隔,便于对板形的在线控制,激振频率的大小应根据带钢速度进行调节设定.

An upper bound analysis of rolling process of non-bonded sandwich sheets

Rolling process of symmetrical non-bonded sandwich sheets was investigated by the method of upper bound. A deformation model was proposed and the mathematical relations of the velocity components were developed. The internal, shear and frictional power terms were derived and used in the upper bound model. Through the analysis, the rolling force, mean contact pressure and final thickness of each layer were determined. The validity of the proposed analytical model was discussed by comparing the theoretical predictions with the experimental data found in the literatures. Effects of various rolling conditions such as the flow stress ratio, initial thickness ratio of the raw sheets and total thickness reduction upon the rolling torque were analyzed. The accuracy of the developed analytical model was very high.

非接触型板形仪Si-flat的测量原理及应用

板形仪是冷轧生产线上的重要设备,其工作效果对带钢表面质量有很大影响。目前冷轧线上使用的板形仪多为接触式,其使用有一定的缺陷。Si-flat板形仪克服了这些缺陷,并能达到测量要求。对Si-flat板形仪结构和测量过程进行了描述,并对其关键的元件进行了详细的讨论,突出Si-flat板形仪测量的特点。

Research and Application of Non-symmetrical Roll Bending Control of Cold Rolling Mill

The existing research of the flatness control for strip cold rolling mainly focuses on the calculation of the optimum adjustment of individual flatness actuator in accordance with the flatness deviation, which can be used for general flatness control. However, it does not work for some special rolling processes, such as the elimination of ultra single side edge-waves and the prevention of strip break due to tilting roll control overshooting. For the purpose of solving these problems, the influences of non-symmetrical work roll bending and intermediate roll bending on flatness control were analyzed by studying efficiencies of them. Moreover, impacts of two kinds of non-symmetrical roll bending control on the pressure distribution between rolls were studied theoretically. A non-symmetrical work roll bending model was developed by theoretical analysis in accordance with practical conditions. The model was applied to the revamp of a 1250 6-H reversible universal crown mill (UCM) cold mill. Theoretical study and practical applications show that the coordination utilization of the non-symmetrical work roll bending control and tilting roll control was effective in flatness control when there appeared bad strip single side edge waves, especially when the incoming strip was with a wedge shape. In addition, the risk of strip break due to tilting control overshooting could be reduced. Furthermore, the non-symmetrical roll bending control can reduce the extent of uneven distribution of pressure between rolls caused by intermediate roll shifting in flatness control and slow down roll wear. The non-symmetrical roll bending control technology has important theoretical and practical significance to better flatness control.

Backup roll contour in finishing trains of hot rolling based on hybrid genetic algorithm

On the basis of integrating two-dimensional varying thickness finite elementmethod with hybrid genetic algorithm, a precise model was developed to design ideal backup rollcontour (Varying Contact Backup Roll, in short VCR) in finishing rains of hot rolling rapidly andefficaciously. Additionally, a lot of good actual effects of VCR, such as evident improvement ofprofile and flatness of strip, remarkable decrease of roll consume, excellent maneuverability andmaintenance, and so on, were validated by long-term industrial tests in hot rolling strip plant ofWuhan Iron and Steel Group Corporation (WISCO).

Simulation of Hot Strip-Rolling Process Based on Dislocation Density Variation

Flatness and profile are important quality indexes of strip. Combining the influence function method to solve the elastic deformation of roll system with the variational method to solve the lateral flow of metal, the flatness and profile of the strip during cold continuous rolling were simulated. The B 3 spline function was used to analogize the lateral distribution of strip thickness. The transverse distributions of the exit thickness and the front tension stress for each pass were obtained. Compared with the measured results, it is proved that using the spline function to analogize the lateral distribution of strip thickness can improve the calculation accuracy of flatness and profile largely.

Flat-band voltage shift in metal-gate/high-k/Si stacks

In metal-gate/high-k stacks adopted by the 45 nm technology node, the fiat-band voltage （Vfb） shift remains one of the most critical challenges, particularly the flat-band voltage roll-off （Vfb roll-off） phenomenon in p-channel metal- oxide-semiconductor （pMOS） devices with an ultrathin oxide layer. In this paper, recent progress on the investigation of the Vfb shift and the origin of the Vfb roll-off in the metal-gate/high-k pMOS stacks are reviewed. Methods that can alleviate the Vfb shift phenomenon are summarized and the future research trend is described.

Analysis on Width Spread of Cold Rolled Strip

Width spread is usually considered in hot rolling, nevertheless, it can be ignore in cold rolling. In order to control the crown and flatness better simultaneously and realize the decoupling of crown and flatness, the transverse displacement function of strip is defined and deduced. The factors that affects the width spread are analyzing with the function. According to the unchanged principle of volume before and after rolling, the flatness model which considers the width spread is deduced. Through the model, the transverse metal flowing of different stands and different thickness is analyzing, it is found that the width spread is biggest in cold rolling at the No. 1 stand because of the maximum thickness and reduction and the minimum deformation resistance. It gives a good foundation for the decoupling of crown and flatness.

新一代高技术宽带钢轧机电工钢高精度板形控制研究进展

自由规程轧制是实现柔性一体化生产组织和追求最大生产效率的必要途径,板形控制一直是制约电工钢自由规程轧制的瓶颈难题。阐述了国际上对新一代高技术宽带钢轧机机型的不断探索与板形控制技术特征及其日趋复杂化的进展研究;基于热模拟与数学模型构建了电工钢完整轧制过程的高温本构关系,建立了电工钢热塑性变形过程集成仿真模型,原创构建了电工钢自由规程轧制完整过程中可同时控制不均匀变形和不均匀磨损的非对称自补偿轧制作用机制、提出了一种由数据与机理融合驱动的电工钢自由规程轧制形性协同的非对称自补偿轧制轧辊辊形、液压窜辊和液压弯辊的高精度融合控制方法。结合生产实际提出了新一代高技术热连轧自由规程轧制过程的全板形融合π机型与板形控制创新技术,突破性实现了高效低成本对新一代高技术宽带钢轧机自由规程轧制的高精度板形控制,为现场工业生产提供了理论基础和创新实现路径。最后展望了宽幅电工钢高精度板形控制的创新发展趋势。

高性能高精度铜合金带材六辊冷轧机组的研发与应用

针对高性能高精度铜带材生产的技术难点,首次开发了800 mm小辊径六辊可逆中精轧机组。介绍了机组的工艺设备组成、主要工艺技术参数配置和装机水平;重点阐述了开发的新技术:紧凑式弯辊小辊径六辊轧机、高精度自动厚度控制技术、高精度板形自动控制系统以及高效除油装置。机组投入使用后,产品质量得到有效提高,对于厚度为0.175 mm,宽度为620 mm的铜带,成品厚差不大于±1μm,板形均方差不大于0.55I。

超薄宽镀锌家电板生产工艺优化

针对超薄宽家电板在生产过程中产生的板形、表面质量和性能等方面问题,通过微中浪控制轧制配合拉矫机两弯两矫,实现板形优化;通过优化气刀工艺参数及气源、辊系轴瓦轴套及辊面材质等措施,改善表面质量;通过成分设计、退火工艺参数控制等,满足性能要求。为超薄宽镀锌家电板的稳定高效生产提供理论依据及实践经验。

带钢热轧过程中残余应力的数值模拟

带钢内部纵向残余应力沿宽度分布不均会造成平坦度缺陷,严重影响带钢的板形质量在传统的残余应力解析计算方法中,大都忽略金属横向流动的作用为了解决这一问题,采用有限元方法,基于某1780mm热轧生产线,建立了三维弹塑性有限元计算模型,充分考虑金属横向流动对残余应力的影响,探究了残余应力在机架间的演变以及不同比例凸度变化下带钢的残余应力状态结果表明:残余应力在机架间发生反转金属横向流动会减小纵向应变差,从而达到减小纵向残余压应力的目的,当比例凸度增加至05%~115%时,残余压应力最小.

Theoretical and numerical research on effect of tension mechanisms in strip flatness electromagnetic control rolling mills

To achieve stable rolling,the influence of a tension mechanism of a large diameter ratio roll system on the rolling process of a strip flatness electromagnetic control rolling mill is studied.Through the analysis of the rolling deformation zone,the deformation zone composition form of a large diameter ratio roll system and a calculation formula of neutral angle under tension are proposed.To analyze the effect of front and post tensions on the rolling characteristic and the strip flatness control characteristic,a three-dimensional rolling finite element(FE)model of a large diameter ratio roll system with the function of roll profile electromagnetic control is established by FE software and verified by a strip flatness electromagnetic control rolling mill.Based on the model,the strip thickness characteristic,metal transverse flow,strip flatness state,and adjustment range of the loaded roll gap are analyzed for different front and post tensions setting values.The results show that changing the front or post tension setting values can improve the single-pass reduction rate of a large diameter ratio roll system and have little effect on the flatness control ability of the strip flatness electromagnetic control rolling mill.

连涂极板电池化成效率影响因素的探究

对比分析了连续涂板工艺中引入花辊和平辊、装配压力大小及不同涂板纸对连涂极板电池化成效率的影响。花辊和平辊在涂板过程中对极板压力的大小直接影响着极板的孔率,从而影响着极板的充电接受能力。花辊、平辊轻压相比于重压对极板的充电接受能力较好。装配压力在45~55 kPa时电池的存酸量、初始容量等电池指标较好。涂板纸的材质、工艺不同带来涂板纸透气度等参数的不同。涂板纸厚度的选用和覆膜方式不同也给极板的化成效率带来差异。经验证,极板双面覆膜且透气度指标高的涂板纸有益于电池性能。