Optimized online filter stack spectrometer for ultrashort X-ray pulses

Currently,with the advent of high-repetition-rate laser-plasma experiments,the demand for online diagnosis for the X-ray spectrum is increasing because the laser-plasma-generated X-ray spectrum is very important for characterizing electron dynamics and applications.In this study,scintillators and silicon PIN(P-type–intrinsic-N-type semiconductor)diodes were used to construct a wideband online filter stack spectrometer.The X-ray sensor and filter arrangement was optimized using a genetic algorithm to minimize the condition number of the response matrix.Consequently,the unfolding error was significantly reduced based on numerical experiments.The detector responses were quantitatively calibrated by irradiating the scintillator and PIN diode with various nuclides and comparing the measuredγ-ray peaks.A prototype 15-channel spectrometer was developed by integrating an X-ray detector with front-and back-end electronics.The prototype spectrometer could record X-ray pulse signals at a repetition rate of 1 kHz.Furthermore,an optimized spectrometer was employed to record the real-time spectra of laser-driven bremsstrahlung sources.This optimized spectrometer offers a compact solution for spectrum diagnostics of ultrashort X-ray pulses,exhibiting improved accuracy in terms of spectrum measurements and repetition rates,and could be widely used in next-generation high-repetition-rate high-power laser facilities.

A rapid and convenient experimental method of absolutely calibrating transmission of x-ray flat-response filter

We develop a rapid and convenient experimental method of absolutely calibrating the transmission of an x-ray flatresponse filter. The calibration experiment is performed on a small laser-target facility, and a set of high resolution holographic flat-field grating spectrometers is used as a discrimination system of the laser-produced x-ray source. Given that the holographic flat-field grating has a relatively large width, the grating is divided into two regions for use in that direction,where one region has the filter added and the other region does not. The filter transmission is determined by dividing the x-ray signal counts detected when the filter is in the line of sight by those detected when the filter is out of the line of sight.We find that the calibration results of this experiment agree with the calibration results using a synchrotron radiation source,as well as simulation results. Our method is not only highly reliable but also rapid and convenient.

Electron Temperature Measurement Using PIN Diodes as Detectors to Record the X-ray Pulses from a Low-Energy Mather-Type Plasma Focus

In the experiment to determine the plasma electron temperature, a modifiedmultichannel PIN diodes assembly is used as detectors to record the X-ray pulses from a low-energyMather-type plasma focus device energized by a 32μF, 15 kV (3.6kJ) single capacitor, with deuteriumas a filling gas. The ratio of the integrated bremsstrahlung emission transmitting through foils tothe total incident flux as a function of foil thickness at various temperatures is obtained forfoil absorbers of material. Using 3 μm, 6 μm, 9 μm,12 μm,15 μm and 18 μm thick aluminiumabsorbers, the transmitted X-ray flux is detected. By comparing the experimental and theoreticalcurves through a computer program, the plasma electron temperature is determined. Results show thatthe deuterium focus plasma electron temperature is about 800 eV.

Design and experimental research on a self-magnetic pinch diode under MV

A self-magnetic pinch diode （SMPD） integrating an anode foil-reinforced electron beam pinch focus and a small high-dose x-ray spot output was designed and optimized. An x-ray focal spot measuring system was developed in accordance with the principle of pinhole imaging. The designed SMPD and the corresponding measuring system were tested under ~MV, with 1.75 ~ 2 mm2 oval x-ray spots （AWE defined） and forward directed dose 1.6 rad at 1 m. Results confirmed that the anode foil can significantly strengthen the electron beam pinch focus, and the local spot measuring system can collect clear focal spot images. This finding indicated that the principle and method are feasible.

New luminescent 10-oxybenzoquinolate complexes of rare earth metals

A series of Sc,Y,Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm,Eu,Gd,Tb,Ho,Er,Tm and Yb complexes with oxybenzoquinoline ligands(BQ) was synthesized by the reactions of 10-hydroxybenzo[h]quinoline with cyclopentadienides or tris(trimethylsilyl)amides of rare earth metals.The structure,as well as the photo-and electroluminescent(PL,EL) properties of these complexes in solutions and solid state were studied.In solutions,complexes of sodium and lanthanides exhibit double peaked ligand-centered PL of enol and keto forms of BQ with a quantum yield of 1%-8%.In the solid state the complexes of Sm,Eu,Ho,Nd,Er,and Yb along with the ligand-centered PL also exhibit a moderate-intensity metal-centered PL which is characteristic of the corresponding Ln^(3+) ions.Sc(BQ)_(3) complex shows bright green EL which has intensity comparable to the best results observed for scandium complexes with other organic ligands.

A Ga-doped ZnO transparent conduct layer for GaN-based LEDs

An 8μm thick Ga-doped ZnO（GZO） film grown by metal-source vapor phase epitaxy was deposited on a GaN-based light-emitting diode（LED） to substitute for the conventional ITO as a transparent conduct layer（TCL）. Electroluminescence spectra exhibited that the intensity value of LED emission with a GZO TCL is markedly improved by 23.6%as compared to an LED with an ITO TCL at 20 mA.In addition,the forward voltage of the LED with a GZO TCL at 20 mA is higher than that of the conventional LED.To investigate the reason for the increase of the forward voltage,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was performed to analyze the interface properties of the GZO/p-GaN heterojunction.The large valence band offset（2.24±0.21 eV） resulting from the formation of Ga_2O_3 in the GZO/p-GaN interface was attributed to the increase of the forward voltage.