Soybean seed protein, oil, fatty acids, and mineral composition as influenced by soybean-corn rotation

Effects of crop rotation on soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr.) seed composition have not been well investigated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of soybean-corn (Zea mays L.) rotations on seed protein, oil, and fatty acids composition on soybean. Soybeans were grown at Stoneville, MS, from 2005 to 2008 in five different scheduled cropping sequences. In 2007, following three years of rotation with corn, seed oleic acid percentage was significantly higher in any crop rotation than continuous soybean. The increase of oleic fatty acid ranged from 61 to 68% in 2007, and from 27 to 51% in 2008, depending on the rotation. The increase of oleic acid was accompanied by significant increases in seed concentrations of phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and boron (B). In 2007, the increase of P ranged from 60 to 75%, Fe from 70 to 72%, and B from 34 to 69%. In 2008, the increase of P ranged from 82 to 106%, Fe from 32 to 84%, and B from 62 to 77%. Continuous soybean had higher linoleic:oleic ratio and linoleic: palmitic + stearic + oleic ratio, indicating that relative quantity of linoleic acid decreased in rotated crops. The total production of protein, oil, stearic and oleic fatty acids was the lowest in continuous soybean. The total production of palmitic acid was inconsistent across years. The results show that soybean- corn rotation affects seed composition by consistently increasing seed oleic fatty acid, P, Fe, and B concentrations. Higher oleic acid, unsaturated fatty acid, is desirable for oil stability and long-shelf storage. The mechanisms of how these nutrients are involved are not yet understood.

Effects of chelating agents on protein, oil, fatty acids, and minerals in soybean seed

Soybean seed is a major source of protein and oil for human diet. Since not much information is available on the effects of chelating agents on soybean seed composition constituents, the current study aimed to investigate the effects of various chelating agents on soybean [(Glycine max (L.) Merr.)] seed protein, oil, fatty acids, and mineral concentrations. Three chelating agent [citric acid (CA), disodium EDTA (DA), and Salicylic acid (SA)] were applied separately or combined with ferrous (Fe2+) ion (CA + Fe, EDTA + Fe, and SA + Fe) to three-week-old soybean plants. After application, the plants were allowed to grow until harvest maturity under greenhouse conditions. The results showed that CA, DA, SA, and Fe resulted in an increase of oleic acid from 13.0% to 33.5%. However, these treatments resulted in a decrease of linolenic acid from 17.8 to 31.0%. The treatments with CA and SA applications increased protein from 2.9% to 3.4%. The treatments DA + Fe and SA + Fe resulted in an increase in oil from 6.8% to 7.9%. Seed macro- and micro-elements were also altered. The results indicated that the CA, SA, DA, and Fe treatments can alter seed protein, oil, fatty acids, and mineral concentrations. Further studies are needed for conclusive results.

Effect of Shade on Seed Protein, Oil, Fatty Acids, and Minerals in Soybean lines Varying in Seed Germinability in the Early Soybean Production System

The cause of poor seed quality (germination) of soybean produced in the Early Soybean Production System in the midsouth U.S.A. is still not completely understood. Temperature, solar radiation, and soybean genotype may all be important factors involved. The objective of this research was to evaluate seed composition, mineral level, and nitrogen assimilation in high and low germinability soybean plant introductions in a full-sunlight (unshaded) and a low-light intensity (shaded) environments. Shade netting was employed in field plots that reduced light intensity by about 50% and air temperature by about 10?F/6?C (10%). A two-year field experiment was conducted on soybean accessions with high germinability (PI 587982A and PI 603723), low germinability (PI 80480 and PI 84976-1), and on soybean cultivars (DSR-3100 RR STS and Pella 86). Results showed that shade resulted in higher total oil, linoleic and linolenic acids, and lower protein and oleic acid. Shade also resulted in lower nitrogen assimilation, leaf chlorophyll concentration, but unshade resulted in higher total seed boron, iron, and nitrogen concentrations. Seed structural boron was positively correlated with germination and protein. Structural boron percentage was consistently higher under shade than under unshade in PI 80480, PI 84976-1, DSR-3100 RR STS, and Pella 86, but consistently higher under unshade than under shade in higher germinability lines PI 587982A and PI 603723, suggesting that different distribution mechanisms of structural boron exist between genotypes. The positive correlation between germination and structural B and between protein and structural B signify a possible role of B in seed quality traits. Our research demonstrated that light intensity, combined with temperature, can alter seed constituents. Higher germinability lines had higher germination rates and lower percentages of hardseededness, desirable traits for soybean seed.

Soybean seed protein, oil, and fatty acids are altered by S and S + N fertilizers under irrigated or non-irrigated environments

Information on the effect of sulfur (S) or sulfur+nitrogen (S + N) on soybean seed composition is scarce. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of S, and S + N fertilizers on soybean [(Glycine max (L.) Merr.)] seed composition in the Early Soybean Production System (ESPS) under irrigated (I) and nonirrigated (NI) environments. Two separate field experiments were conducted from 2005 to 2007. One experiment was irrigated, and the second experiment was nonirrigated. Under I condition, S at a rate of 44.8 kg/ha alone or with N at 112 kg/ha resulted in a consistent increase in seed protein and oleic acid concentrations, and a decrease in oil and linolenic acid concentrations compared with the control (C). For example, in 2006 and compared with the C, application of S + N increased the percentage up to 11.4% and 48.5% for protein and oleic acid, respectively. However, oil concentration decreased by 3%. Protein and oleic acid increase were accompanied by a higher percentage of leaf and seed N and S. Under NI conditions, seed protein and oleic acid concentrations were significantly higher in C than in any S or S + N treatments, but the oil and linolenic acid concentrations were significantly lower. The results indicate that specific rate of S alone or S + N combined can alter seed composition under irrigated or nonirrigated conditions. This knowledge may help plant breeders to develop and release cultivars to suit specific target locations to grow new value-added soybeans or select for specific seed composition traits under specific environmental stress factors such as drought.

Seed protein, oil, fatty acids, and minerals concentration as affected by foliar K-glyphosate applications in soybean cultivars

Previous studies showed that glyphosate (Gly) may chelate cation nutrients, including potassium (K), which might affect the nutritional status of soybean seed. The objective of this study was to evaluate seed composition (protein, oil, fatty acids, and minerals) as influenced by foliar applications of K + Gly. A greenhouse experiment was conducted at Mississippi Valley State University, using two glyphosate-resistant soybean cultivars DK 4968 and Pioneer 95Y70 grown in a randomized complete block design. The treatments were foliar applications of K alone, Gly alone, K + Gly combined, and nontreated control (C). A single application of potassium (1.75% as K2SO4) was applied, and Gly was applied at a rate of 0.75 ae/ha at V5 stage. Leaf samples were harvested one week after treatment (1WAT) and 3WAT. Mature seeds were collected at harvest maturity (R8). The results showed that K, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) concentrations increased in leaves in K alone and K + Gly treatments at 1WAT, but significantly increased at 3WAT in all treatments. The concentration of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) showed a decrease in leaf concentration in Gly and K + Gly treatments compared to C. Boron (B) concentration increased in Gly treatment. Seed protein percentage was higher in all treatments in cultivar DK 4968, and the increase was about 4.0% in K treatment, 6.9% in Gly treatment, and 3.5% in K + Gly treatment compared to C. The opposite trend was observed in oil concentration, especially in Gly treatment where the percentage decrease was 11.2% compared to C. Stearic fatty acid was significantly higher in K + Gly treatment compared to K treatment for DK 4968. A higher percentage increase in linolenic acid was observed in DK 4968 in K treatment (an increase of 24.5%) and in K + Gly treatment (an increase of 29.5%) compared to C. In Pioneer 95Y70, the decrease in oil was 2.7% in K treatment and 2.3% in K + Gly treatment compared to C. Stearic acid in Pioneer 95Y70 was significantly higher in Gly treatment, an increase of 8.3%, compared to C. Our research demonstrated that foliar application of K and Gly altered mineral concentration in leaves and shifted seed composition towards protein and stearic concentration. Further research under field conditions is needed before final conclusions are made.

黔豆系列品种贮藏蛋白亚基组成及其含量分析

为明确黔豆系列大豆品种(品系)中大豆球蛋白组分及其各亚基组分含量,以促进营养或加工专用大豆新品种的选育与应用,本研究利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)对41份大豆品种(品系)的7S和11S球蛋白亚基组成、相对百分含量和11S/7S比值进行分析。结果表明,各品种间大豆蛋白及其亚基组分相对百分含量存在较大差异;41份供试品种(品系)的7S、11S球蛋白平均相对百分含量分别为26.93%、54.92%,变幅分别为15.58%~43.89%、37.10%~66.48%,变异系数分别为29.36%、13.57%;11S/7S值为0.85~4.05,平均值为2.28,变异系数为38.71%;7S蛋白的变异系数高于11S蛋白,7S蛋白β亚基的变异系数最大,11S蛋白B亚基的变异系数最大,表现出更丰富的遗传多样性;筛选出11S/7S值高于3的品种11份,其中高于4的品种2份;7S与11S球蛋白组分间存在极显著负相关;系统聚类将41份供试品种(品系)聚类为三类,第Ⅰ类群11S蛋白含量和11S/7S平均值最高,第Ⅱ类群A 4、A 1A 2亚基平均含量最高,第Ⅲ类群7S蛋白和A 3亚基的平均含量最高。

复合膳食纤维的制备及其在猪肉丸中的应用

在食品中添加适量的大豆膳食纤维(SDF),在一定程度上能够改善食品营养结构和延长货架期,但添加过量的膳食纤维又会影响食品的口感和风味。通过在大豆膳食纤维中添加大豆分离蛋白来改性膳食纤维,不仅能够改善食品的风味,而且能够改善食品的结构。该研究利用大豆分离蛋白(SPI)对大豆膳食纤维进行改性,并将其添加至猪肉丸中,改善猪肉丸的风味。大豆膳食纤维和大豆分离蛋白结合后的复合膳食纤维能够减少食品的能量密度,从而有助于控制体重和减少卡路里摄入,对于肥胖管理和健康饮食非常重要。另外,复合膳食纤维可以改善食品的质地和口感,改善食品的风味,从而提高食品的整体品质。通过研究和开发复合膳食纤维,大豆制品可以在市场上具有更多创新和竞争力,满足消费者对健康和高质量食品的需求。

维生素E-大豆蛋白微胶囊的制备及特性分析

为生产包封效率高、稳定性好的维生素E微胶囊产品,以大豆分离蛋白/硫酸葡聚糖复合颗粒或大豆分离蛋白与麦芽糊精作为复合壁材,大豆油和维生素E为芯材,通过冷冻干燥法制备维生素E-大豆蛋白微胶囊,通过对微胶囊包封效率、粒径、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、水分含量、润湿性、溶解度、吸湿性、堆积密度、振实密度、流动性、内聚性等理化性质的探究,考察壁材组成对微胶囊特性的影响。结果表明:壁材组成对微胶囊的理化性质具有显著影响;微胶囊最佳壁材组成为大豆分离蛋白/硫酸葡聚糖复合颗粒含量4 g/100 mL(以乳液体积计)和麦芽糊精含量12 g/100 mL(以乳液体积计),在此条件下微胶囊的包封效率为89.31%,粒径为1.39μm,且颗粒较为均一,水分含量较低,润湿性较低,溶解度较高,吸湿性较小,流动性较差,内聚性较强。综上,以大豆分离蛋白/硫酸葡聚糖复合颗粒和麦芽糊精作为复合壁材制备的维生素E-大豆蛋白微胶囊包封效率高,粉末特性好。

江西省菜用大豆蛋白营养评价及地区差异比较

为了给江西省菜用大豆的产业发展和生产消费提供具体的数据支撑,以来自江西省17个县市共111份菜用大豆为研究对象,采用国标方法测定各材料水分、粗蛋白和氨基酸组分含量,以FAO/WHO氨基酸模式为评价标准,采用氨基酸比值系数法评价江西各地菜用大豆蛋白质营养水平,利用统计学方法对江西省各地区的菜用大豆进行系统聚类分析。结果表明:江西省区域内的菜用大豆粗蛋白鲜重含量平均为11.0%,水分含量平均为72.4%,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸比例平均为33.7%;江西省各地菜用大豆第一限制性氨基酸为蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸,必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)平均值为92.7;不同地区的菜用大豆聚类为3类,蛋白质品质评价最好的是来自芦溪、高安和万载地区的菜用大豆,而萍乡安源、新余渝水和宜春地区采集的菜用大豆蛋白营养价值评价较差。研究结果表明江西省菜用大豆蛋白质营养价值存在地区差异,可能与江西省各地区品种、气候环境、土壤环境、田间管理习惯等因素相关。

挤压膨化对大豆浓缩蛋白物理特性和蛋白组分的影响

试验旨在研究挤压膨化工艺对大豆浓缩蛋白物理特性和蛋白组分的影响。利用大豆浓缩蛋白、小麦淀粉和磷脂制成配合饲料,进行一次膨化,随后取一部分饲料进行二次膨化。结果表明:在二次膨化中,饲料的醇溶蛋白、清蛋白和谷蛋白含量均显著降低(P<0.05);二次膨化的饲料球蛋白含量与一次膨化的饲料球蛋白含量无显著差异(P>0.05);二次膨化的饲料膨化率显著低于一次膨化(P<0.05),二次膨化的饲料溶解性显著低于一次膨化(P<0.05);一次膨化和二次膨化间饲料的容重、软化时间和吸水性均无显著差异(P>0.05)。说明在本试验条件下,一次膨化比二次膨化效果好,一次膨化能较好地发挥饲料中的蛋白组分含量和特性,具有较高的膨化率,提高在水体中的稳定性。

辣椒红色素对魔芋葡甘聚糖-大豆分离蛋白复合凝胶性质的影响

该研究以魔芋葡甘聚糖(konjac glucomannan,KGM)和大豆分离蛋白(soybean protein isolate,SPI)的复合凝胶为研究对象,探讨辣椒红色素的添加量对KGM-SPI复合凝胶性质的影响。结果表明,当辣椒红色素添加量为0.20%(质量分数)时,复合凝胶的各指标达到稳定,此时KGM-SPI复合凝胶色度的L值、a值、b值分别为对照组的78%、8倍、3倍;与对照组相比,凝胶的持水力、硬度、咀嚼性和胶黏性分别降低了1.74%、20.30%、15.79%和16.50%(P<0.05)。微观表征结果表明,该色素会通过改变氢键作用力等非共价键结合破坏KGM-SPI凝胶的网络结构,降低其热稳定性,当色素添加量为0%~0.20%时,随着色素添加量的增加,破坏的程度增大,在添加量为0.20%~0.30%时,体系的微观结构不再发生变化。综上,辣椒红色素可以作为理想的着色剂应用于KGM-SPI凝胶体系,在生产中应根据产品实际性质控制用量。

红薯淀粉和大豆分离蛋白对魔芋凝胶特性的影响及复合凝胶的制备

为探究蛋白质和淀粉对魔芋凝胶的影响,研究不同质量分数红薯淀粉(sweet potato starch,SPS)和大豆分离蛋白(soy protein isolate,SPI)对魔芋凝胶的质地、色泽、感官、水分分布、流变学特性和微观结构的影响。单因素试验结果表明,SPS质量分数从0%增加到2.5%对魔芋凝胶质构特性有显著影响(P<0.05),硬度和弹性分别上升86.43%和27.69%,凝胶强度和持水性显著上升(P<0.05);添加2%以下的SPI显著提高凝胶的L*值和b*值(P<0.05),硬度和弹性分别上升13.41%和15.38%,凝胶强度和持水性显著上升(P<0.05),但胶黏性降低54.19%。流变学分析结果表明,随着SPS和SPI质量分数增加,凝胶G’和G”值逐渐上升,表明凝胶结构更加牢固。低场核磁共振结果表明,二者的添加显著增加了凝胶体系中结合水含量(P<0.05),自由水和弛豫时间没有显著变化。综合评分实验结果表明,优化配比后的复合凝胶质构特性进一步提高。扫描电子显微镜结果表明,优化配比后的复合凝胶形成更为致密、结构连续的稳定结构。研究表明添加2.5%SPS和1.0%SPI为复合凝胶的最佳配比。总体来说,本研究结果为魔芋凝胶在方便即食食品的应用提供良好的实验参考和理论基础。

不同淀粉对大豆分离蛋白流变学及钙促凝胶特性的影响

为探究不同种类淀粉对蛋白质性质的影响,以大豆分离蛋白为原料,分别将大米淀粉、糯米淀粉、小麦淀粉、玉米淀粉、绿豆淀粉、豌豆淀粉、马铃薯淀粉和木薯淀粉8种淀粉添加到大豆分离蛋白中,利用流变仪和质构仪来研究不同淀粉对大豆分离蛋白流变学性质和钙促凝胶特性的影响。结果表明,添加淀粉能改变大豆分离蛋白的黏度,且不同淀粉形成的复合物黏度不同,其中添加糯米淀粉形成的复合物黏度最高。对于不同淀粉-大豆分离蛋白复合物形成的钙促凝胶,除豌豆淀粉外,其余淀粉的添加均能缩短大豆分离蛋白凝胶成胶时间,降低成胶温度,增加最终G′值,其中添加绿豆淀粉时最终G′值最高。同时,添加8种淀粉均能显著增加大豆分离蛋白凝胶的硬度(P<0.05),其中绿豆淀粉-大豆分离蛋白复合凝胶的硬度最大。此外,添加淀粉也能改变大豆分离蛋白凝胶的黏性、弹性、内聚性、胶着性和咀嚼性,添加不同淀粉其变化不同。该研究为淀粉-大豆蛋白植物基食品的开发提供了理论参考。

茶渣纳晶纤维素的制备及其对大豆分离蛋白膜性能的影响

该研究以茶渣为原料,通过碱处理、漂白处理提取茶渣纤维素,采用硫酸水解法制备茶渣纳晶纤维素(tea residue nanocrystalline cellulose,TRNC),利用显微成像技术、傅里叶变换红外光谱、X-射线衍射仪、热重分析仪等技术对TRNC的微观形貌、化学官能团、晶体结构、热稳定性等理化性质进行表征。探究TRNC对大豆分离蛋白膜机械性能、水蒸气透过率和水溶性的影响。结果表明,TRNC呈典型的针状结构,Zeta电位值为(-32.76±2.11)mV,结晶度为62.36%。经TRNC强化的大豆分离蛋白膜,拉伸强度、水蒸气阻隔性能和耐水性能均有显著提升,而断裂伸长率有所下降。TRNC有潜力用作蛋白基可食膜的结构增强剂。

双醛淀粉交联大豆分离蛋白/聚乙烯醇复合膜降解性和稳定性的研究

以普通大豆分离蛋白/聚乙烯醇复合膜为对照组,分析双醛淀粉交联大豆分离蛋白/聚乙烯醇复合膜的降解性和稳定性。结果表明,双醛淀粉交联作用不影响大豆分离蛋白/聚乙烯醇复合膜的降解;双醛淀粉交联后的大豆分离蛋白/聚乙烯醇复合膜拉伸强度、延伸率、水蒸气透过系数和透氧率的稳定性较普通大豆分离蛋白/聚乙烯醇复合膜的稳定性分别提高了40.38%,44.12%,40.03%和18.31%。

大豆分离蛋白的组成与功能性质

本文对国产和进口的两种大豆分离蛋白进行了分析 ,比较了它们的化学组成与功能性质。与进口的大豆分离蛋白相比 ,国产的大豆分离蛋白灰分较高 ,乳化能力较高 ,热变性时热焓较小 ,分子量较小 ;两种蛋白质水合能力和凝胶性质相近 ;国产大豆分离蛋白的溶解性好于进口产品 ,但分散性却低于进口产品 ;研究结果表明 :国产大豆蛋白在加工过程中解聚和降解较多 。

大豆蛋白与千叶豆腐品质特性的关系

本实验以16个品种的大豆蛋白为原料,通过氨基酸分析、傅里叶变换红外光谱、十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、质构分析、感官评定、扫描电子显微镜观察等方法研究了不同来源的大豆蛋白氨基酸组成、二级结构、亚基组成等蛋白特性和不同品种的大豆蛋白对千叶豆腐的质构、感官性质及微观结构等的影响,分析了大豆蛋白与千叶豆腐品质特性的关系。结果表明,当大豆蛋白含硫氨基酸相对含量高于(2.81±0.02)%、平行式β-折叠结构相对含量高于(39.96±0.57)%及11S/7S比例高于1.88±0.16时,可加工出品质优良的千叶豆腐产品。说明大豆蛋白特性,特别是含硫氨基酸含量、平行式β-折叠结构含量、11S/7S比例对千叶豆腐品质具有重要影响。

中国和越南大豆种质资源贮藏蛋白亚基组成的鉴定

利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法(SDS-PAGE)对收集于中国、越南的850份大豆资源贮藏蛋白的亚基组成进行分析。在222份中国栽培大豆品种中检测到14粒7S球蛋白β-亚基少型种子。在黑农35、黑农38和黑农41中筛选到11S球蛋白A3-、A4-亚基缺失或减少的类型。另外,利用越南β-少型种质选育到一个‘β-少’品系。两个越南渭公河流域的野生大豆不仅具有α′-及α-亚基的缺失变异特性,还具有根瘤成瘤性高,豆荚抗食心虫的特性,是大豆品质改良育种的重要基础材料。

干燥温度对大豆分离蛋白/羧甲基纤维素复合膜性能的影响

研究干燥温度对大豆分离蛋白/羧甲基纤维素复合膜的影响。结果显示90℃干燥复合膜的厚度较其他复合膜显著降低(p<0.05),密度显著提高(p<0.05),其抗拉伸强度是30℃干燥复合膜的2.64倍(p<0.05)、水蒸气透过率仅为30℃干燥复合膜的78%(p<0.05)。干燥温度90℃显著提高复合膜的性能。

大麻蛋白的营养评价

本文以脱脂大麻籽粉为原料,采用碱溶酸沉法提取大麻分离蛋白(HPI)及其11S组分(HPI-11S)、7S组分(HPI-7S),对其进行氨基酸组成分析,并应用胃蛋白酶-胰蛋白酶体外消化模拟实验评价大麻蛋白的营养价值,结果表明:与大豆分离蛋白相比,大麻蛋白富含人体所需的必需氨基酸,消化性能更优,属优质蛋白质。