A feedback control method for phase signal demodulation in fber-optic hydrophones

In the realm of acoustic signal detection,the identification of weak signals,particularly in the presence of negative signal-to-noise ratios,poses a significant challenge.This challenge is further heightened when signals are acquired through fiber-optic hydrophones,as these signals often lack physical significance and resist clear systematic modeling.Conventional processing methods,e.g.,low-pass filter(LPF),require a thorough understanding of the effective signal bandwidth for noise reduction,and may introduce undesirable time lags.This paper introduces an innovative feedback control method with dual Kalman filters for the demodulation of phase signals with noises in fiber-optic hydrophones.A mathematical model of the closed-loop system is established to guide the design of the feedback control,aiming to achieve a balance with the input phase signal.The dual Kalman filters are instrumental in mitigating the effects of signal noise,observation noise,and control execution noise,thereby enabling precise estimation for the input phase signals.The effectiveness of this feedback control method is demonstrated through examples,showcasing the restoration of low-noise signals,negative signal-to-noise ratio signals,and multi-frequency signals.This research contributes to the technical advancement of high-performance devices,including fiber-optic hydrophones and phase-locked amplifiers.

Testing an improved cymbal hydrophone

Cymbal hydrophones have small volume and high sensitivity, but their reception is not stable enough, and their reception is in too narrow a frequency band. In order to overcome these inadequacies, the structure of the cymbal hydrophone was improved. The single ceramic piezoelectric element was replaced with a double one, the radius of the ceramic piezoelectric element was reduced, and a parallel circuit was added. A static analysis of this new structure was developed, and then simulations were made of both the traditional and new hydrophone structure using finite element software. Tests were then conducted in a tank. The results showed that the improved hydrophone has reception in a wider frequency band, reception performance is stable within this frequency band, and sensitivity is still high.

A Bionic Fish Cilia Median-Low Frequency Three-Dimensional Piezoresistive MEMS Vector Hydrophone

A bionic fish cilia median-low frequency three-dimensional MEMS vector hydrophone is reported in this paper. The piezoresistive reasonable position was obtained through finite element analysis by ANSYS and the structure was formed by MEMS processes including lithography, ion implantation, PECVD and etching,etc. The standing wave barrel results show that the lowest sensitivity of the hydrophone is-200 d B and reach up to-160 d B(in which the voltage amplification factor is 300). It has a good frequency response characteristics in 25 Hz ～ 1500 Hz band. Directivity tests displayed that the hydrophone has a good "8"-shaped directivity,in which the resolution is not less than 30 d B, and asymmetry of the maximum axial sensitivity value is less than 1.2 d B.

Influence of array elements’ consistency on SNR of hydrophone array

The influence of array element’s consistency on the hydrophone array’s signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is studied. The consistency of array elements means the outputs of all the array’s elements are the same, that is to say, the outputs have the same phase and amplitude when their inputs are the same. The relationship between the SNR and the correlation coefficient of signal and the relationship between the SNR and the correlation coefficient of noise are given. Hydrophone array’s gain with the output of elements’ inconsistent phase and amplitude is analyzed theoretically. When the signal is single-frequency, the gain expression of two-elements array is deduced. Then the gain is calculated when the phase difference is 10° and the amplitude difference is 3 dB. The theoretical analysis is verified through simulation. The simulation results show the variation rule of array’s SNR when the consistency changes: the array SNR gain is greatly affected by the consistency of the elements’ output and the gain decreases as the consistency decreases and the gain may be negative when the amplitude response becomes worse.

Method for Measuring Self-noise of Vector Hydrophones

The Vector Hydrophone(VH) is widely used to remotely detect underwater targets. Accurately measuring the self-noise of the VH provides an important basis for evaluating the performance of the detection system in which it is utilized, since the ability to acquire weak signals is determined by the VH self-noise level. To accurately measure the VH self-noise level in actual working conditions, the Dual-channel Transfer Function Method(DTFM) is proposed to reduce ambient background noise interference. In this paper, the underlying principles of DTFM in reducing ambient background noise is analyzed. The numerical simulations to determine the influence of ambient background noise, and the sensitivity difference of the two VHs on the measurement results are studied. The results of measuring the VH self-noise level in a small laboratory water tank by using DTMF indicate that ambient background noise interference can be reduced effectively by employing DTMF, more accurate self-noise level can be obtained as well. The DTMF provides an effective method for accurately measuring the self-noise level of VHs and also provides technical support for the practical application of the VH in underwater acoustics.

A New Method for Matched Field Localization Based on Two-Hydrophone

The conventional matched field processing （MFP） uses large vertical arrays to locate an underwater acoustic target. However, the use of large vertical arrays increases equipment and computational cost, and causes some problems such as element failures, and array tilting to degrade the localization performance. In this paper, the matched field localization method using two-hydrophone is proposed for underwater acoustic pulse signals with an unknown emitted signal waveform. Using the received signal of hydrophones and the ocean channel pulse response which can be calculated from an acoustic propagation model, the spectral matrix of the emitted signal for different source locations can be estimated by employing the method of frequency domain least squares. The resulting spectral matrix of the emitted signal for every grid region is then multiplied by the ocean channel frequency response matrix to generate the spectral matrix of replica signal. Finally, the matched field localization using two-hydrophone for underwater acoustic pulse signals of an unknown emitted signal waveform can be estimated by comparing the difference between the spectral matrixes of the received signal and the replica signal. The simulated results from a shallow water environment for broadband signals demonstrate the significant locali- zation performance of the proposed method. In addition, the localization accuracy in five different cases are analyzed by the simulation trial, and the results show that the proposed method has a sharp peak and low sidelobes, overcoming the problem of high sidelobes in the conventional MFP due to lack of the number of elements.

Design and Benchmark Tests of a Multi-Channel Hydrophone Array System for Dolphin Echolocation Recordings

This paper describes in depth the design and application considerations of a computer based measurement system enabling 1 MS/s simultaneous sampling of 47 hydrophones for cross sectional recordings of echolocation beams of toothed whales (Odontocetes). An earlier prototype version of the system has previously only been presented as a brief proof of principle that did not offer a complete description of the software and hardware solution. Crucial hardware and software design considerations of the further developed system include the re-arm times of the burst mode sampling and the dual-core distributed execution of the software components. The rearm time was measured to 283 μs, using a 550 μs long sample window around each click. This enables burst mode sampling of clicks with an inter-click interval as short as 833 μs. It is shown through both synthetic benchmark tests of the system and through field measurements of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and a beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) that it is capable of acquiring, analyzing and visualizing data in run-time. It operates effectively also in highly reverberant surroundings like concrete pools and shallow waters. Burst mode sampling allows the system to block reflections with 0.3 - 0.5 m longer propagation paths than the direct path. It is suggested that the system’s compliance to reverberant recording sites makes it valuable in future dolphin echolocation studies.

An Improved Cymbal Hydrophone Made of Lanthanum-Modified Lead Zirconate Titanite

Lanthanum-modified lead zirconate titanite （PLZT） piezoelectric ceramics has higher piezoelectric and dielectric properties compared with the common lead zirconate titanite （PZT） ceramics. These properties endue the cymbal hydrophones made of PLZT usually with stable performance but lower receiving sensitivity. In order to improve the sensitivity, through a static analysis on hydrophone we did some changes for the PLZT hydrophone by reducing the radius of the piezoelectric ceramics and sealing its boundary. Furthermore, ANSYS simulations were made, and the experiments for the improved PLZT hydrophone and the original one were carried out in water pool. The results show that the receiving sensitivity of the improved cymbal hydrophone made of PLZT is 3 -4 dB higher than that of the original, and that the frequency response still keeps flat within 18 kHz band.

Low-radioactivity ultrasonic hydrophone used in positioning system for Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory

To satisfy the accurate positioning requirement of the calibration source in the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory, a Tonpilz-type hydrophone with low radioactivity and high electroacoustics is developed.The radioactivity of the proposed hydrophone is strictly controlled by selecting pure raw materials, especially active piezoelectric ceramics. The electroacoustic performance of the hydrophone is improved by making structural optimization. High sensitivity and aimed directivity are achieved using 33-mode piezoelectric ceramic rings arranged in series and improvement in the radiating head of the Tonpilz hydrophone, respectively. All electroacoustic performances are studied through finite element analyses.The simulations indicate that the electroacoustic performances of the hydrophones in linear alkylbenzene-based liquid scintillator can be approximately predicted according to the results in water because their differences caused by two types of acoustic media, water and liquid scintillator, are known. The tests show that the hydrophone prototype can achieve a maximum sensitivity of-209.3dB and a beamwidth of 132.2° at a frequency of 143 kHz.In addition, eight hydrophones only contributed to a background radioactivity level of 26 ± 4 mHz in the neutrino analysis.

FBG Hydrophone: Theory and Experiment

A fiber Bragg grating （FBG） hydrophone with enhanced sensitivity is demonstrated. A novel piston-like diaphragm with a hard core fixed at the center is used as the sensing element. Theoretical analysis shows that the Young＇s modulus of the diaphragm and the radius of the hard core have significant effect on the pressure sensitivity. Experiments are carried out to test this effect and the performance of the hydrophone. The static measure- ment result is in good agreement with the theoretical result and an acoustic sensitivity of 7 nm/MPa has been achieved.

九轴MEMS微型AHRS设计及其在矢量水听器中的应用

为了精确测量矢量水听器的姿态,设计了一种体积为20 mm×20 mm×5 mm、重量为1.8 g的微型航姿参考系统(AHRS)。利用微机电系统(MEMS)陀螺仪测定角速度,用四元数等效旋转矢量算法求解姿态角;采用扩展卡尔曼滤波器对姿态角估计值进行修正,并估计出MEMS陀螺仪的角速度漂移量。测试结果表明,所提AHRS的俯仰、横滚和航向角误差均方根值分别为0.04°、0.04°和0.34°。最后,将AHRS集成到矢量水听器中,并在加窗直方图统计波达方向估计算法中加入姿态修正。海上实验结果表明,对于航速为8 kn的目标船,经AHRS修正后的单矢量水听器方位角误差均方根值约为3.8°,减小了平台运动导致的方位测量误差。

波浪滑翔器声通机椭圆导流罩减阻性能分析

针对波浪滑翔器声通机载荷减阻问题,设计水声通信机导流罩,并采用流体力学软件分析确定其设计参数;在直航状态下,仿真得到椭圆导流罩最优轴长比;然后在虚拟锚泊状态下优化其前缘长度;最后通过海上试验验证仿真可靠性。结果表明:相比于圆柱形外形,本文提出的导流罩的截面轴长比为3时,导流罩具有最佳减阻效果;在直线和虚拟锚泊运动时分别减阻82.2%和54%。该研究可为低速(雷诺数为3×10^(5))水声通信机导流罩设计和优化提供参考和借鉴。

MEMS矢量水听器敏感结构的后CMOS释放工艺研究

纤毛式微机电系统(MEMS)矢量水听器可探测水下质点振速等矢量信息,与互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)集成能够很大程度地提升其性能。针对纤毛式MEMS矢量水听器的CMOS集成提出了一种方案,该方案在MEMS后处理工艺中,利用侧墙保护和各向异性湿法腐蚀从正面释放水听器的十字梁敏感结构。整个后处理过程不需要光刻,降低加工难度的同时,保证了加工结构的精确性。设计出了一种验证性的工艺流程,具体分析了4种不同结构的湿法腐蚀过程。最终完成了这4种结构的工艺流片,对实验结果进行了分析。实验验证了该方案的可行性,为纤毛式MEMS矢量水听器的CMOS集成奠定了基础。

基于单矢量水听器时频声强法的非合作水声跳频信号多维参数估计

针对传统方法对水下非合作跳频信号的多维参数估计效果不佳的问题,提出一种基于单矢量水听器时频声强法的非合作水声跳频信号空时频参数估计方法。利用矢量水听器声压通道与振速通道的接收信号建立时频域的短时互谱分布,分析噪声与信号在时频域分布的差异,通过迭代去噪法与连通域方法,对噪声进行抑制并平滑每跳的能量分布;采用复声强法对短时互谱矩阵进行处理,得到清晰稳定的跳频信号空时频分布;提取空时频分布的脊线并利用Haar小波变换对脊线进行奇异点检测,估计出信号的多维参数。仿真和水池试验结果表明,当信噪比大于-5 dB时,所提方法得到的参数估计归一化均方根误差小于0.05。

基于MEMS水听器的水下探测系统设计与实现

微电子机械系统(MEMS)水听器作为声呐的核心部件,具有灵敏度高、低频特性好的优势,在进行水下探测时,可同时得到水下声场的声压及振速信息,被广泛应用于声呐浮标、无人水下航行器(UUV)等水下平台,实现对水下目标的实时探测。以现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)为控制核心,基于MEMS水听器,选择合理的存储协议和能量检测算法,设计并实现了一套应用于声呐浮标的水下探测系统,并开展了室内测试与室外湖试实验。室内测试结果显示,MEMS水听器的矢量通道灵敏度约为-210 dB@100 Hz,可测带宽为10~2000 Hz,具有平滑的“8”字指向性;标量通道具有全向性,灵敏度为-189.5 dB@100 Hz,可测带宽为10~1250 Hz;系统功耗约1.55 W,同步采样率为10 kHz,存储容量为64 GB,可实现信号的实时检测以及对3路模拟信号和3路数字信号的存储。湖试实验结果表明,该系统在水下能够稳定工作,可以连续工作约23 h,经数据处理分析,系统采集到的水声信号正常,对目标信号的探测性能良好。

振动液柱管中不同尺度水听器灵敏度补偿方法

针对不同尺度的球型和圆管型测量水听器,通过仿真软件COMSOL建立管中声场模型,分析不同尺度水听器对声场的干扰,进而对不同尺度水听器声压灵敏度补偿修正。通过振动液柱校准装置,在校准频段100~1000 Hz对不同尺度水听器灵敏度标定,与补偿后的水听器灵敏度值比对结果表明:水听器的尺寸会扰乱周围声场分布,导致管中声场分布不均匀;当敏感元件尺寸接近声管内径时,圆管型测量水听器甚低频段干扰接近2.28 dB,而高频段干扰最高达5 dB。同尺寸的圆管水听器相较于球型水听器对声场的干扰较大。补偿后的水听器灵敏度不确定度在0.52 dB以内,满足振动液柱法校准的指标要求。

一种低频矢量水听器内嵌式电荷放大器

针对压电式传感器输出阻抗高,需要放大器做好匹配,国外使用了IEPE传感器解决这一问题,但是国内很少将IEPE传感器应用于水听器的问题,本文设计了一种内置于水听器的电路,以达到低输出阻抗且两线制的目的,并开展了电路特性分析和硬件电路的制作,验证了电路传感器性能,得到了电路的放大倍数、幅频特性等数据。实验表明:该电路可以满足一般水听器2Hz~20kHz的使用范围,且内置电路具有两线制、输入阻抗高和输出阻抗低的优点,达到了电路小型化、测试系统简单化的目的,对水听器放大电路设计有参考意义。

高灵敏度低频振速梯度水听器设计

目前振速梯度水听器存在灵敏度低、频带窄等缺点,限制其在工程上的应用。为解决以上问题,基于电化学换能原理,采用电极微机械加工工艺,设计了一种电化学换能振子,并制成高灵敏度、低频振速梯度水听器。所设计的电化学振子振速灵敏度达到2500 V/(m/s),较动圈振子的振速灵敏度提高了19 dB,工作频带由20 Hz~200 Hz扩展到5 Hz~400 Hz,表明其具备更高的灵敏度和更宽的工作频带。振速梯度水听器在100 Hz~400 Hz频段内进行校准,结果显示纯偏导通道x和y方向的灵敏度以及混合偏导通道的灵敏度均满足每倍频程6 dB增长规律,且分别具有偶极子指向性和四极子指向性。纯偏导通道和混合偏导通道的灵敏度和指向性的测试值与理论值基本一致。

基于微纳光纤结型谐振腔的低频水声传感器

通过将谐振腔置入有利于将声压变化有效传导到谐振腔的材料中,可以实现基于光学微纳结型谐振腔的水声传感器。提出了一种基于微纳光纤技术的结型谐振腔水声传感器,其尺寸更小,对于低频信号有出色的探测能力。将直径为3.5μm的光学微纳纤维制备成曲率半径为550μm的结型谐振腔,采用聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)薄膜将其以上、下包裹的形式封装到镂空玻璃基底上,完成水声传感器的制备。PDMS具有比SiO_(2)低的折射率,并表现出良好的传输性能。采用PDMS封装谐振腔提高了传感器的品质因数(1.45×10^(4)),也有利于在水下更好地保护谐振腔。采用滤波放大技术来解调接收到的声信号,测试结果表明,该传感器在12.5~100 Hz内的灵敏度均值为-148.6 dB,信噪比均值为40 dB。

基于MEMS矢量水听器的水下目标方位探测系统设计

本文设计了一种结构、尺寸均适配于微型浮标的小型化水下目标方位探测系统,针对水下固定频率的声目标方位获取进行研究,主要适用于水下目标主、被动双基地探测。测试系统利用微机电系统(MEMS)矢量水听器作为核心传感器,设计现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)读写控制电路,一方面,采集的数据存储于SD卡中;另一方面,则将数据暂存在随机存取存储器(RAM)中,以备数据回传需求。通过驻波管实验证明:搭建的小型化目标方位探测系统稳定可靠,根据其所采数据在有效范围内可以获得目标的方位估计,驻波管内角度误差估计小于2°,误差小且定向准确。