Epidemiological Predicting of the Fleas on Rattus norvegicus

[Objective]To predict prevalence of fleas via a simple epidemiological model.[Method]The field investigation was carried out in 23 locations in Yunnan Province.A simple epidemiological model was involved mean abundance and variance of abundance.[Result]The prevalence of fleas increased with their mean abundance in logistic curve.A linear correlation of the predicted prevalence against observed prevalence did not differ significantly from unity.[Conclusion]Prevalence could be explained simply by their mean abundance.

An Analysis of the Readers' Roles in the Construction of Meaning in John Donne's The Flea under Reader-Oriented Theory

Among the sundry studies in China on John Donne's The Flea,there has been none done from the perspective of Reader-Oriented Theory to probe into the readers' roles in the construction of meaning.The present article under Wolfgang Iser's theories,in a further pursuit of the expansion of the gestalt of such studies on the poem,aims at exploring the readers' active roles in complementing,completing and recreating the textual meaning,and differentiating the implied reader and the actual reader through the poem as well as attempting to fulfill the construction of the reading cognitive model through the interpretation of the conceit the flea.

Extreme human annoyance caused by ctenocephalides felis felis(cat flea)

The authors report a case of human dermal complications by Ctenocephalides fills felis(cat flea)in a 28 years old woman who dwell in rural area in Mazandaran province,Iran.Furthermore,in the current report clinical manifestations,etiology and different aspects of infestation were discussed elaborately.And the importance of controlling fleas was highlighted as well.

Evaluation of a <i>Brassica napus</i>Auxin-Repressed Gene Induced by Flea Beetle Damage and <i>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</i>Infection

Biotic stresses negatively affect canola growth and production. Flea beetle damage and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (S. sclerotiorum) infection are two of the worst biotic stresses for canola. Auxin Repressed Proteins (ARPs) responsive to several abiotic stresses have been reported. However, information about ARPs induced by Flea beetle damage and S. sclerotiorum infection, their roles in biotic stress tolerance are still lacking in canola. ESTs for an Auxin Repressed Protein 1 (BnARP1) were highly represented (expressed) in a Brassica napus subtractive library developed after leaf damage by the crucifer flea beetle (Phyllotreta cruciferae). Expression of this gene was under different developmental control in B. napus, and it was co-induced in B. napus by flea beetle feeding, S. sclerotiorum infection, drought and cold. A total of 25 BnARP genes were represented in different B. napus stress and development EST libraries and indicated larger, diversified families than known earlier. Dwarf phenotypes, primary root growth inhibition, lateral root enhancement, reduced sensitivity to 2, 4-D, and reduced PIN1 and LOX expression in transgenic Arabidopsis expression lines suggest that BnARP1 is an auxin repressor that prevents auxin transport and supports an interaction between the auxin and jasmonate signalling pathways. And the increased survival after S. sclerotiorum infection in transgenic over-expression Arabidopsis suggests that BnARP1 could play a role in S. sclerotiorum tolerance through connecting auxin and jasmonate signalling pathways.

Comparison of Two Pour-On Formulations of Ivermectin against Gastrointestinal Worms, Fleas and Lice in Naturally Infected Stray Dogs

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of two commercial pour-on ivermectin formulations against intestinal parasites (IP), fleas and lice in naturally infested stray dogs. Eighteen crossbreed dogs with eggs of IP as well as adult fleas and lice were included in the trial. On day 0, the dogs were randomly divided into 3 groups of 6 animals each: a group receiving a single pour-on treatment with 0.5% ivermectin (500 mcg/kg), a group treated similarly with 0.2% iver-mectin (200 mg/kg), and a control group. Fecal and skin analyses were carried out on days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 to determine the reduction of eggs and the number of fleas and lice. Weight gain was also measured on day 28. On day 30, the dogs were humanely sacrificed in order to count adult IP. Efficacy was measured as the percentage of the reduction of eggs per gram fecal mass (EPGF), of adult IP, fleas and lice relative to the control group. For the eggs of IP, ivermectin at 0.5% showed an efficacy of 100% against ascarids and 79% against Ancylostoma caninum. ivermectin at 0.2% removed 90.2% of the ascarids and 50.4% of A. caninum. For adult IP, the efficacy of 0.5% iver-mectin against Toxocara canis and A. caninum was 100%, and for 0.2% ivermectin it was 62.4% and 76.4% for T. canis and A. caninum, respectively. Both compounds were 100% effective against lice and 96% and 71.1% efficacious against fleas, respectively. However, neither treatment was effective against Dypilidium caninum. Weight gain in treated dogs was statistically different from that of the controls (p < 0.05). We concluded that 0.5% pour-on ivermectin showed better efficacy than 0.2% pour-on ivermectin in the reduction of eggs and adult intestinal parasites and fleas;it was similarly efficacious against lice.

红辣椒乐队BASS手FLEA新添一签名款

受爵士音乐和朋克摇滚影响的天才型贝司手Flea（Michael Balzary）,作为美国摇滚乐队Red Hot Chili Peppers（红辣椒乐队）不可或缺的灵魂人物之一,他那出色的演奏风格促使红辣椒乐队走向摇滚巅峰而且重新赋予了贝司手在现代的定义。 在过去的四十年里,Flea以其独特的演奏方式为摇滚音乐带来耳目一新的景象,并激发无数贝司手在开拓新技巧时要在音色上恰当融入时髦元素。

Comparative Efficacy of Three Commercial Ectoparasiticides against Fleas in Naturally Infested Dogs

Fleas that infest pets are considered important parasites of both animals and humans. These insects cause irritation and can also transmit zoonotic diseases. Research has led to a rapid expansion in the development of flea control products. In the face of a market that offers dozens of commercial ectoparasiticides for dogs and cats, pet owners and veterinarians must be provided with evidence to support their decision to select a product to control fleas. To compare the efficacy of three commercially available products against companion animal fleas, a trial was conducted on naturally-infested dogs in order to validate their pulicidal activity. Thirty-two flea-infested dogs with fleas were divided into 4 groups (n = 8) for each treatment. Group 1 received one pipette of permethrin as a spot-on dose of 650 mg/ml. The second group received 9.7% fipronil as a spot-on formulation. Group 3 was treated with a spot-on formulation of permethrin 7.40% plus piperonyl butoxide at 7.40%. Group 4 remained as the untreated control. Fleas of all experimental dogs were examined and counted on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 to determine the percentage of flea reduction. Results showed a 100% efficacy for all tested products. Identified species were: Ctenocephalides felis (75.7%), Ctenocephalides canis (15.9%) and Pulex irritans (9.5%). Based on these results, it was concluded that the three anti-flea products evaluated under the conditions of this study, produced an excellent efficacy as from the third day after treatment.

"The Flea" and "A Valediction:Forbidding Mourning"

John Donne is a representative of 17th century English metaphysical poets.Donne's poetry embraces a wide range of secular and religious subjects.His poetry is full of philosophical metaphor,and quick thinking activities are lively and strong passions-love passion and the passion of religious integration,which created a new harmony.Reading Donne's poetry is like participating in a mental game,only use our brains in order to catch up with speeding on the poet's imagination,his exquisite taste of the speculation.The Flea is one of representative works by John Donne.A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning is the most famous works of Donne's works.Both "The Flea" and "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning" are famous love poems by John Donne.The two poems have something in common and something different.Although the two poems are similar and also different to each other,they both set their own situation properly and impressively.

The combined effect of bromadiolone and ivermectin (iBr) in controlling both rodents and their fleas

Rodent pests not only cause severe agricultural loss but also spread zoonotic pathogens to human beings.Antico-agulant rodenticides are widely used to decrease the population densities of rodents but often lead to the spillover of ectoparasites becausefleas and ticks may gather on surviving rodents.Therefore,it is necessary to killfleas and ticks before culling rodents to minimize the risk of pathogen transmission.In this study,we used a mixture of ivermectin(an antiparasitic drug)and bromadiolone(an anticoagulant rodenticide)to control both rodent andflea/tick abundances.We found that in a laboratory test,0.01%ivermectin bait was not lethal for greater long-tailed hamsters after 7 days of treatment,while 0.1%ivermectin bait was lethal for approximately 33%of treated rodents.In afield test,bait containing 0.001%,0.005%,0.01%,and 0.05%ivermectin decreased the number offleas per vole of Brandt’s voles to 0.42,0.22,0.12,and 0.2,respectively,compared with 0.77 in the control group,indicating that 0.01%ivermectin bait performed best in removingfleas.In another laboratory test,bait containing a 0.01%ivermectin and 0.005%bromadiolone mixture caused the death of all voles within 6–14 days after the intake of the bait.In thefield test,the bait containing 0.01%ivermectin and 0.005%bromadiolone reduced the average number offleas per vole to 0.35,which was significantly lower than the 0.77 of the control group.Our results indicate that a 0.01%ivermectin and 0.005%bromadiolone mixture could be used to control both rodents andfleas to minimize the spillover risk of disease transmission when using traditional rodenticides.

Latitudinal gradients in body size and sexual size dimorphism in fleas:males drive Bergmann’s pattern

We tested for the effects of latitude and geographic range size(GRS)on body size,leg length,and sexual size dimorphism(SSD)across 103 species offleas,taking into account phylogenetic between-species relationships.When the data on body size were combined for males and females,the positive correlation between body size and latitude,but not GRS,was revealed.When the analysis was restricted to one sex only,the effect of latitude appeared to be non-significant for females,whereas male body size increased with an increase in latitude.Intraspecific body size variation was not associated with either the latitude or the latitudinal span of the geographic range,independently of which data subset was analyzed.No evidence of association between size-independent tibia length and latitude was found for either females,males,or both sexes combined.The degree of SSD decreased with a decrease in latitude but was not affected by GRS.We conclude that macroecological patterns might be manifested differently in males and females.This should be kept in mind while searching for these patterns.

MATING BEHAVIOR OF THE CAT FLEA,CTENOCEPHALIDES FELIS BOUCHE(SIPHONAPTERA:PULICIDAE) AND MALE RESPONSE TO FEMALE EXTRACT ON AN ARTIFICIAL FEEDING SYSTEM

The mating behavior of cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche) was studied on an artificial feeding device. Male and female can mate repeatedly with same partner or different ones. In the situation of male: female ratio of 1:5, each mating lasted an average of 6.6 min, with a mean interval between matings at 2.5 min., compared to 11.1 min and 12.1 min respectively in a cell with 5 males and 1 female. As many as 48 mating events were observed for one male during an 8 h period. One female mated 27 times in 7 h with 5 males in the same cell. Newly emerged males and females can not mate before blood meal and about 24 h blood feeding is required for successful mating. Newly emerged males can not mate with fed females (fed for 48 h), but fed males can mate with newly emerged females who are feeding the blood. Significantly more male contacts and male male mating attempts were observed after the paper treated with female extract was introduced into the cell. The paper contacts and mating attempts were 16.75-32.25 times and 15.75-31.38 times, respectively, on average during a period of 20 min when different doses (FE) of extract were provided.

典型草原两种优势鼠种体表寄生蚤群落的影响因素

寄生蚤是多种流行病的媒介,对全球生态和公共卫生安全具有特殊的重要性。布氏田鼠和达乌尔黄鼠是典型草原常见的啮齿动物,是多种蚤类的宿主,也是鼠疫菌的主要携带者。本研究于2021年5月、7月、9月和2022年5月分别在内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟东乌珠穆沁旗和正镶白旗对布氏田鼠和达乌尔黄鼠体表寄生蚤进行群落监测,分析两种优势鼠种寄生蚤群落结构与群落多样性的影响因素,以期为鼠疫防控提供参考依据。结果显示,布氏田鼠体表寄生蚤共2科5属8种,其中光亮额蚤、近代新蚤东方亚种和原双蚤田野亚种是常见种;达乌尔黄鼠体表寄生蚤共3科3属5种,其中方形黄鼠蚤蒙古亚种是优势种,阿巴盖新蚤和光亮额蚤是常见种。布氏田鼠和达乌尔黄鼠体表寄生蚤群落多样性指数存在季节差异。布氏田鼠体表寄生蚤群落多样性指数与体重呈极显著正相关(Shannon-Wiener多样性指数:r=0.174,P<0.001;Pielou均匀度指数:r=0.164,P<0.001),达乌尔黄鼠体表寄生蚤群落多样性指数与平均温度呈极显著负相关(Shannon-Wiener多样性指数:r=−0.430,P=0.004;Pielou均匀度指数:r=−0.425,P=0.004)。综上所述,环境因素和宿主的生物学因素是导致寄生蚤群落多样性特征变化的影响因素。

米曲霉FleA基因的原核表达及纯化

目的研究米曲霉FleA基因克隆菌株的构建及米曲霉凝集素(Aspergillus oryzae lectin, AOL)蛋白表达。方法培养米曲霉RIB40,TRIzol法提取米曲霉RNA,用反转录试剂盒合成FleA全基因,设计引物扩增FleA基因,并将此片段与PJET克隆质粒连接构建克隆菌株,经双酶切筛选出阳性克隆菌株送去测序,将序列正确的克隆菌与表达载体pET-28a(+)分别经过双酶切后连接,转化到宿主菌E.coil BL21,IPTG诱导AOL目的蛋白表达,SDS-PAGE检测分析。结果 PCR成功扩增获得FleA基因,大小约950 bp,成功连接至PJET克隆载体后,经双酶切回收后又与pET-28a(+)成功连接,经过IPTG诱导后SDS-PAGE检测结果显示目的基因成功表达。结论该研究成功构建了米曲霉FleA基因,获得了表达蛋白,为今后结构和功能研究奠定了一定的基础。

1970—2019年宁夏盐池县鼠疫自然疫源地监测分析

目的分析1970—2019年宁夏盐池县动物鼠疫监测及调查数据,为该地区自然疫源性疾病的防控提供科学指导。方法鼠疫主要宿主密度调查采用坑式布夹法,夜行鼠调查采用5 m夹线法;鼠体蚤的调查采取梳检鼠体表方法;取血进行鼠疫血清学检测;收集1970—2019年鼠疫相关调查数据和资料,并进行统计分析。结果1970—2019年长爪沙鼠总平均密度为2.62只/hm^(2),各年度平均密度波动在0.48~40.59只/hm^(2)之间。夜行鼠调查总平均捕获率为7.57%。各年度小型鼠捕获率波动在3.13%~15.26%之间。鼠体总平均染蚤率为20.28%,各年度鼠体染蚤率波动范围在5.51%~66.42%之间;总平均蚤指数为0.41,各年度蚤指数波动在0.16~1.46之间。检出鼠疫菌267株,其中动物检菌233株,鼠疫媒介检菌34株。鼠血清学检测阳性49份,阳性为0.27%。结论盐池县动物鼠疫流行分布在花马池镇、高沙窝镇和王乐井乡,核心区在花马池镇;动物间鼠疫共发生10个年次的流行,存在明显的间隔期,最长的为16年,最短的4年。

Rodent hosts and flea vectors in Brazilian plague foci:a review

Plague,caused by the Yersinia pestis bacterium,has several foci scattered throughout a large area from the Brazilian territory that ranges from the Northeastern State of Cearáto the Southeastern State ofMinas Gerais and another separated area at the State of Rio de Janeiro.This review gathers data from plague control and surveillance programs on the occurrence and geographic distribution of rodent hosts and flea vectors in the Brazilian plague areas during the period of from 1952 to 2019.Furthermore,we discuss how the interaction between Y.pestis and some rodent host species may play a role in the disease dynamics.The absence of human cases nowadays in Brazil does not mean that it was eradicated.The dynamics of plague in Brazil and in other countries where it was introduced during the 3rd pandemic are quite alike,alternating epidemics with decades of quiescence.Hence,it remains an important epidemic disease of global concern.The existence of a large animal reservoir and competent vectors demonstrate a need for continuous surveillance to prevent new outbreaks of this disease in humans.

丹东地区鼠类及其体外寄生蚤类的调查

目的调查丹东地区鼠类及其体外寄生蚤类的种类组成。方法笼夜法捕鼠,采集鼠体外寄生蚤,分类鉴定鼠类及其体外寄生蚤种类。结果在丹东地区捕鼠449只,经鉴定计3科7属8种,优势种为褐家鼠(36.53%)和黑线姬鼠(28.29%),不同生境鼠类组成不同。采获蚤类485只,分属4科9属10种,优势种为二齿新蚤(31.34%)和同源栉眼蚤指名亚种(25.77%),不同鼠体外寄生蚤的种类组成不同。结论该调查为丹东地区鼠类及其传播疾病的进一步研究和防控提供科学依据。

表现为泛发性皮疹的地方性斑疹伤寒1例

患者男,26岁,双下肢肌痛、头痛伴发热5 d,斑疹2 d。5 d前水库活动疑有虫咬史。体查:体温38.2℃~38.5℃,生命征平稳。双下肢、胸腹部及上肢可见多发淡红色、暗红色斑疹、斑片及斑丘疹,豆大至指头大,环状及不规则状,边界清,压之不褪色,无焦痂。双侧踝关节、腓肠肌轻度压痛。实验室检查:外斐氏反应OX19 1∶160,肝功能轻度损害。诊断:地方性斑疹伤寒。予抗立克次体治疗:口服多西环素(0.2 g/d)联合左氧氟沙星片(0.5 g/d),给药当天起无发热,共用药8 d,患者皮疹基本消退,无关节疼痛、头痛,治愈出院。

Seasonal and habitat dependence of fleas parasitic on small mammals in Tanzania

We investigated host and flea species composition across different habitats during dry and rainy seasons in the Western Usambara Mountains in Tanzania.During both seasons,similarity in flea species composition increased with an increase in the similarity in host species composition.Nevertheless,between-season within-habitat as well as within-season between-habitat similarity in host species composition was higher than similarity in flea species composition.Ordination of habitats according to their host and flea species composition demonstrated that the pattern of between-habitat similarity in both host and flea species composition varied seasonally.Despite the relatively rich mammal and flea fauna of the study region,the major contribution to variation in species composition between seasons and among habitats was due to a few species only.Flea assemblages on Lophuromys kilonzoi Verheyen et al.,2007 and Praomys delectorum Thomas,1910 in different habitats were equally similar in either season.In contrast,flea assemblages on Mastomys natalensis(Smith,1834)occurring in different habitats were more similar in the dry than in the rainy season,whereas the opposite was the case for fleas on Grammomys sp.In different hosts,the main differences in species composition of flea assemblages between seasons as well as among habitats were due to different flea species.Although our results support the earlier idea that parasite species composition is determined by both host species composition and habitat properties,the former appears to explain variance in flea species composition between localities in the tropics better than between localities in temperate and arid zones.

Spring Flea Market at Dragon Bay Villa

Sunny spring days mean it’s flea market season at Dragon Bay Villa. On April 25 and 26, Lakeview Business Street received a batch

Predictors of the abundance of small mammals' parasitic fleas in households of Western Yunnan Province

Objective To analyze the predictors of the abundance of small mammals’parasitic fleas in households of Western Yunnan Province.Methods Eight hundred households of 40 natural villages from 10 counties in Western Yunnan Province were selected as study subjects.Five live-traps were placed in each household for