我国新上升的四种吉丁甲科蛀干害虫记述

【目的】 为准确识别和鉴定目前国内新上升的4种吉丁甲科蛀干害虫,便于生产上对其开展有效的监测和防治。【方法】 将收集到的标本通过比对文献以及与国内外同行讨论、标本检视、生物学危害特征观察等方法进行比较和分析。【结果】 对中国新记录的沙蒿尖翅吉丁Sphenoptera sp.和柠条窄吉丁Agrilus sp.鉴定到种,对栎窄吉丁Agrilus cyaneoniger Saunders体色多型现象进行了描述,对弗氏窄吉丁Agrilus fleischeri Obenberger的形态特征进行了再描述,并根据4种吉丁甲科害虫生物学特性和危害特征提出了相应的防治建议。【结论】 沙蒿尖翅吉丁学名为Sphenoptera canescens Motschulsky,柠条窄吉丁学名为Agrilus unguiculosus Obenberger;栎窄吉丁体二色型主要分布于中国东北,南方分布的主要为全体黑色型;弗氏窄吉丁的分布范围在不断扩大。对这些具有潜在高风险的蛀干类吉丁甲害虫,加强检疫和营林措施防止其扩散传播是非常必要的,保护天敌有助于抑制其种群数量快速上升,局部暴发时采取化学防治也是必要的应急手段。

Spatial isolation and genetic differentiation in naturally fragmented plant populations of the Swiss Alps

The effect of anthropogenic landscape fragmentation on the genetic diversity and adaptive potential of plant populations is a major issue in conservation biology.However,little is known about the partitioning of genetic diversity in alpine species,which occur in naturally fragmented habitats.Here,we investigate molecular patterns of three alpine plants(Epilobium fleischeri,Geum reptans and Campanula thyrsoides)across Switzerland and ask whether spatial isolation has led to high levels of population differentiation,increasing over distance,and a decrease of within-population variability.We further hypothesize that the contrasting potential for long-distance dispersal(LDD)of seed in these species will considerably influence and explain diversity partitioning.Methods For each study species,we sampled 20–23 individuals from each of 20–32 populations across entire Switzerland.We applied Random Amplified Polymorphic Dimorphism markers to assess genetic diversity within(Nei’s expected heterozygosity,He;percentage of polymorphic bands,Pp)and among(analysis of molecular variance,Ust)populations and correlated population size and altitude with within-population diversity.Spatial patterns of genetic relatedness were investigated using Mantel tests and standardized major axis regression as well as unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean cluster analyses and Monmonier’s algorithm.To avoid known biases,we standardized the numbers of populations,individuals and markers using multiple random reductions.We modelled LDD with a high alpine wind data set using the terminal velocity and height of seed release as key parameters.Additionally,we assessed a number of important life-history traits and factors that potentially influence genetic diversity partitioning(e.g.breeding system,longevity and population size).Important findings For all three species,we found a significant isolation-by-distance relationship but only a moderately high differentiation among populations(Ust:22.7,14.8 and 16.8%,for E.fleischeri,G.reptans and C.thyrsoides,respectively).Within-population diversity(He:0.19–0.21,Pp:62–75%)was not reduced in comparison to known results from lowland species and even small populations with<50 reproductive individuals contained high levels of genetic diversity.We further found no indication that a high long-distance seed dispersal potential enhances genetic connectivity among populations.Gene flow seems to have a strong stochastic component causing large dissimilarity between population pairs irrespective of the spatial distance.Our results suggest that other life-history traits,especially the breeding system,may play an important role in genetic diversity partitioning.We conclude that spatial isolation in the alpine environment has a strong influence on population relatedness but that a number of factors can considerably influence the strength of this relationship.

弗氏窄吉丁对山杨和钻天杨危害特性的差异

[目的]弗氏窄吉丁Agrilus fleischeri Obenberger是我国东北地区新发现的一种杨树蛀干害虫。为探讨该害虫的有效防治策略,指导生产上科学营林,我们调查研究了弗氏窄吉丁对本地杨树山杨Populus davidiana及外来引种杨树钻天杨Populus nigra var.italica的危害情况。[方法]试验设置了钻天杨与山杨两块纯林样地,采用完全随机取样法于两样地内各选取20株样木进行环割以诱集弗氏窄吉丁。调查两树种的自然受害和人工胁迫后的受害情况,通过解剖感虫株分析虫口密度、死亡率及天敌种类。[结果]钻天杨的自然受害株率(11.76%)显著高于山杨(0),人工环割后钻天杨和山杨的受害株率分别为90%和65%,感虫的钻天杨和山杨平均虫口密度分别为61.95头/株和34.89头/株。钻天杨树上的卵孵化率(91.78%)显著高于山杨(77.61%)。弗氏窄吉丁幼虫在钻天杨树上的蛀道长度(48.68 cm)与山杨(29.59 cm)相比差异显著。对比两树种上的蛹室,发现其长度、宽度和深度差异不明显。分析比较弗氏窄吉丁成虫羽化孔在两树种上的分布,发现在钻天杨上主要分布在1~6m的主干,山杨为1~3m。此外,两样地中弗氏窄吉丁幼虫的生态位宽度也存在不同,钻天杨林中为0.53,山杨林中仅为0.32。[结论]研究结果显示,相对于本地树种山杨而言,非本地的引种树种钻天杨更易感虫。研究结果可为生产上防治该害虫和受害林分的合理改造提供基础信息和科学依据。