Laser direct writing of Ga_(2)O_(3)/liquid metal-based flexible humidity sensors

Flexible and wearable humidity sensors play a vital role in daily point-of-care diagnosis and noncontact human-machine interactions.However,achieving a facile and high-speed fabrication approach to realizing flexible humidity sensors remains a challenge.In this work,a wearable capacitive-type Ga_(2)O_(3)/liquid metal-based humidity sensor is demonstrated by a one-step laser direct writing technique.Owing to the photothermal effect of laser,the Ga_(2)O_(3)-wrapped liquid metal particles can be selectively sintered and converted from insulative to conductive traces with a resistivity of 0.19Ω·cm,while the untreated regions serve as active sensing layers in response to moisture changes.Under 95%relative humidity,the humidity sensor displays a highly stable performance along with rapid response and recover time.Utilizing these superior properties,the Ga_(2)O_(3)/liquid metal-based humidity sensor is able to monitor human respiration rate,as well as skin moisture of the palm under different physiological states for healthcare monitoring.

Optimal guidance strategy for flexible load based on hybrid direct load control and time of use

The time-of-use(TOU)strategy can effectively improve the energy consumption mode of customers,reduce the peak-valley difference of load curve,and optimize the allocation of energy resources.This study presents an Optimal guidance mechanism of the flexible load based on strategies of direct load control and time-of-use.First,this study proposes a period partitioning model,which is based on a moving boundary technique with constraint factors,and the Dunn Validity Index(DVI)is used as the objective to solve the period partitioning.Second,a control strategy for the curtailable flexible load is investigated,and a TOU strategy is utilized for further modifying load curve.Third,a price demand response strategy for adjusting transferable load is proposed in this paper.Finally,through the case study analysis of typical daily flexible load curve,the efficiency and correctness of the proposed method and model are validated and proved.

Direct fabrication of flexible tensile sensors enabled by polariton energy transfer based on graphene nanosheet films

A fundamental problem in the direct manufacturing of flexible devices is the low melting temperature of flexible substrates,which hinders the development of flexible electronics.Proposed here is an electron-cyclotron-resonance sputtering system that can batch-fabricate devices directly on flexible substrates under a low temperature by virtue of the polariton energy transfer between the plasma and the material.Flexible graphene nanosheet-embedded carbon(F-GNEC)films are manufactured directly on polyimide,polyethylene terephthalate,and polydimethylsiloxane,and how the substrate bias(electron energy),microwave power(plasma flux and energy),and magnetic field(electron flux)affect the nanostructure of the F-GNEC films is investigated,indicating that electron energy and flux contribute to the formation of standing graphene nanosheets in the film.The films have good uniformity of distribution in a large size(17 mm×17 mm),and tensile and angle sensors with a high gauge factor(0.92)and fast response(50 ms)for a machine hand are obtained by virtue of the unique nanostructure of the F-GNEC film.This work sheds light on the quantum manufacturing of carbon sensors and its applications for intelligent machine hands and virtual-reality technology.

Erratum to:Polymer electrolytes for flexible zinc-air batteries:Recent progress and future directions

Erratum to Nano Research,2024,17(7):6058-6079 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-024-6555-z The name and affiliation of the seventh author,Janet Beng Hoon Tan,were incorrectly labeled.The corrections have been made to the online version of the original article.

THE COUPLING DYNAMICAL MODELING THEORY OF FLEXIBLE MULTIBODY SYSTEM

Based on the deformation theory of elastic beams, the coupling effect between the coupling displacements of a point on the middle line of beam and large overall motion is presented. The 'coupling matrix library' and Jourdain's variation principle and single direction recursive formulation method are used to establish the general coupling dynamical equations of flexible multibody system. Two typical examples show the coupling effect between coupling displacements and large overall motion on the dynamics of flexible multibody system consisting of beams.

Structural optimization and performance trade-off strategies for semi-crystalline sulfonated poly(arylene ether ketone) membranes in high-concentration direct methanol fuel cells

Direct methanol fuel cells(DMFCs) have attracted extensive attention as promising next-generation energy conversion devices. However, commercialized proton exchange membranes(PEMs) hardly fulfill the demand of methanol tolerance for DMFCs employing high-concentration methanol solutions.Herein, we report a series of semi-crystalline poly(arylene ether ketone) PEMs with ultra-densely sulfonic-acid-functionalized pendants linked by flexible alkyl chains, namely, SL-SPEK-x(where x represents the molar ratio of the novel monomer containing multiple phenyl side chain to the bisfluoride monomers). The delicate structural design rendered SL-SPEK-x membranes with high crystallinity and well-defined nanoscale phase separation between hydrophilic and hydrophobic phases. The reinforcement from poly(ether ketone) crystals enabled membranes with inhibited dimensional variation and methanol penetration. Furthermore, microphase separation significantly enhanced proton conductivity. The SL-SPEK-12.5 membrane achieved the optimum trade-off between proton conductivity(0.182 S cm^(-1), 80 ℃), water swelling(13.6%, 80 ℃), and methanol permeability(1.6 × 10^(-7)cm~2 s^(-1)). The DMFC assembled by the SL-SPEK-12.5 membrane operated smoothly with a 10 M methanol solution, outputting a maximum power density of 158.3 mW cm^(-2), nearly twice that of Nafion 117(94.2 mW cm^(-2)). Overall, the novel structural optimization strategy provides the possibility of PEMs surviving in high-concentration methanol solutions, thus facilitating the miniaturization and portability of DMFC devices.

煤矿智能快速掘进关键技术研究现状及展望

针对煤矿巷道掘进智能化建设情况,探讨了现阶段分别以连采机、掘锚一体机、全断面掘进系统、掘锚机为核心的四大类智能快速掘进成套装备发展现状,分析了四大类智能快掘装备与地质条件适用性,提出了实现煤矿智能化掘进需要解决的关键技术的问题,探讨了以信息传输与智能分析技术、智能感知技术、精确定位导航技术,自主定型定向截割技术、掘进机远程自主截割控制技术以及多级多工序智能协同控制技术为基础的智能化掘进实现途径;基于复杂地质条件下煤矿巷道掘进亟待解决的关键问题,提出了以掘进作业功能需求、掘进工艺要求为依据的系统化分析、模块化设计、功能优化组合的设计方法;研究了以虚控实、虚实结合的多级数字孪生构架,基于掘进巷道设备、环境、地质构造多维信息再现实现掘进机远程控制;提出了单机智能化、系统协同化、井下智控与地面远程监控相协同的控制方法。开发了新型的无重复碾压柔性超前支护技术、截割部多级伸缩截割技术、智能锚固机组多钻机并行作业等技术,研制了具有掘、支、锚、运、探多工序并行作业的新型快速掘进作业联合机组,提出了掘进机器人、超前支护机器人、锚固机器人、辅助运输机器人组柔性并行作业技术;提出了基于数据驱动的多机多工序协同控制行为规划决策方法。提出构建完整的煤矿井下跨系统全时空信息数字感知体系,构建集井下现场生产状态、掘进巷道空间信息、掘进装备状态、风险信息等多参量、多尺度、全时空特性的数据感知智能化监控平台,实现虚拟系统与实际掘进系统实时通信,通过数据驱动规划分析实现智能化、少人化掘进。

用于龙舟训练的仿生柔性触觉传感器

为了提高龙舟比赛运动员的训练效果,开发了可用于身体运动识别及压力监测的仿生纤毛柔性触觉传感器。柔性触觉传感器采用了经典的基底-传感层-封装层式“三明治”结构,柔性硅胶基底采用旋涂法制备,传感层为利用Langmuir⁃Blodgett方法得到的大面积碳纳米管传感薄膜,纤毛栽种于传感层,最后封装得到具有仿生纤毛的触觉传感器。由传感器的SEM照片可知,层与层之间的结合特性较好,采用自制的往复测试平台,对传感器进行了测试。传感器耐用性最高可达5500次,最大阻值差可达300%,对于不同方向力的刺激有识别特性,可清晰识别人体的脉搏信号,对未来龙舟训练智能装备开发中的动作识别、力量监测等功能具有较大现实意义。

基于钳位型断路器的柔直系统控保协同技术

柔性直流系统以其在输电领域的巨大优势而获得广泛应用.但在直流系统中,短路故障的强冲击性与电力电子器件的脆弱性之间的矛盾异常尖锐,现有保护策略难以同时满足高速动性与高可靠性的要求.本文从控保协同思想出发,基于一种电压钳位原理的直流断路器,提出一种新的故障处理模式,初步探究在柔直系统中控制与保护深度融合的可能性.当发生短路故障时,投入断路器和换流器相配合的限流功能,一方面限制电力电子器件的过流,解决其脆弱性问题;另一方面为保护提供边界,辅助实现故障的快速定位.在甄别出故障线路后,利用断路器的故障切除功能将故障隔离.此方案同时实现了故障限流、保护边界和故障切除3项功能,可有效缓减由于模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)器件脆弱性所带来的一系列保护问题.在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建四端双极柔性直流电网模型,仿真结果表明,本控保协同方案能在5 ms内准确识别并隔离故障线路,而且具有较强的耐受过渡电阻能力.

基于新能源-负荷相似性的源荷储协调调峰优化调度

合理利用可调节负荷的响应特性来实现源荷储的协调调度,可有效缓解新能源、负荷的不确定性所带来的调峰压力。基于新能源-负荷(NER-L)相似性,建立可调节负荷响应目标。基于相关系数,建立能准确刻画负荷对新能源出力跟踪匹配程度的NER-L相似性指标,并将指标引入所建源荷储协调调峰的双阶段优化调度模型。第一阶段模型以NER-L相关系数最大为目标,确定可调节负荷在各时段的响应功率并获得最优电网负荷;第二阶段模型以弃风弃光量最小、调峰运行成本最低为目标,优化火电机组及储能出力。以IEEE 30节点系统为例,对NER-L相似性、净负荷峰谷差、系统调峰运行经济性及新能源弃电功率进行计算分析,结果验证了所提模型的有效性。

基于模块化级联拓扑的高压直流直挂储能装置

为了提升柔性直流输电的有功功率调节能力及惯量支持能力,研究了基于模块化级联拓扑的高压直流直挂储能技术,探索了高压直流直挂储能的工程化实施方案、控制系统架构及控制策略,提出了基于子模块电池荷电状态排序的改进型最近电平逼近调制策略,用于解决电池荷电状态及子模块开关频率整体均衡的问题。给出了高压直流直挂储能关键参数的计算方法。研制了基于磷酸铁锂电池的高压直流直挂储能模块及控制系统样机,搭建了含高压直流直挂储能的柔性直流输电系统的电磁暂态仿真模型和基于串联变流器的试验平台,通过系统仿真及样机试验验证所提高压直流直挂储能方案的可行性。

建筑“光储直柔”系统中直流家用电器技术及标准进展研究

随着能源革命的深入进行,用电终端也将迎来新的变革,建筑“光储直柔”系统中直流家用电器具备储用一体、直流、柔性等典型特征。该文围绕直流家用电器相关的技术和标准,梳理了国内外相关标准制定情况,依据上述研究构建了直流家用电器的标准体系,并分析阻碍直流家用电器及相关领域产业化的核心技术,提出技术标准重点研究内容。最后对未来研究方向进行展望,以期为“光储直柔”直流家用电器的进一步深入研究、探索提供参考。

基于热负荷均匀分配原则的直接空冷系统轴流风机转速灵活调节策略

在直接空冷电站中,轴流风机功耗占厂用电比例较高。为获得更为高效的风机运行调整策略,以某典型2´600 MW直接空冷机组为例,基于热负荷均匀分配原则,采用数值模拟方法,研究轴流风机转速灵活调节策略。获得不同环境温度和风速条件下,各轴流风机转速分布规律以及通过空冷凝汽器单元的冷却空气质量流量分布规律。最终,计算得到不同环境气象条件下不同轴流风机转速调节策略风机总功耗变化规律。结果表明,基于热负荷均匀分配原则的轴流风机转速灵活调整策略明显优于轴流风机转速整体调节策略,结果可为直接空冷机组优化运行和深层次节能提供参考。

应对岸上故障的海上风电多端柔直系统协调控制策略

针对海上风电多端柔直系统岸上交流电网故障时的盈余功率问题,提出一种采用能量控制的多个海上换流站与风电机组的协调控制策略。在故障期间,部分海上换流站先启动能量控制,根据直流电压的变化抬升能量参考值,吸收直流系统中的盈余功率。剩余海上换流站对直流电压进行预测,当直流电压预测值超过限值后,剩余海上换流站启动能量控制吸收盈余功率。海上换流站在吸收盈余功率的同时对风电机组采用降压控制,根据换流站储能的增加情况降低风机侧交流电压参考值。风电机组网侧换流器根据交流电压的变化调节d轴电流参考值,减少输送到多端柔直系统的有功功率,避免多端柔直系统的直流电压越限。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC中对不同类型的故障进行仿真,验证了所提协调控制策略的有效性。

柔性直流换流站异常监控数据实时预警研究

为了提高对异常数据的预警性能、维护柔性直流换流站的运行稳定性,提出了柔性直流换流站异常监控数据实时预警方法。首先,利用经验规则消除数据碰撞问题,根据数据信息哈希函数的异常值,准确检测出其中的异常数据。然后,利用小波变换对异常监控数据进行预处理,并从异常数据中提取关键变量信息。最后,根据监控过程中出现异常数据的概率,设定预警阈值,再利用预警函数构建实时预警模型。试验结果表明,应用该方法后,误报率被控制在20%以下,平均绝对误差被控制在0.12以下。相比于传统方法,该方法的预警结果更有效、准确率更高。

“光储直柔”建筑案例特征分析及系统设计相关问题探讨

“光储直柔”是解决建筑光伏发电与建筑终端用电时空错配难题等问题、促进光伏发电本地消纳的重要技术手段之一,也是以可再生能源为主体的新型电力系统实现“荷随源动”,提高供电安全性、可靠性与稳定性的重要支撑技术,对于零碳建筑和零碳电力的实现也具有重要作用。本文在对国内“光储直柔”建筑示范项目调研的基础上,汇集17个典型案例,分析了“光储直柔”建筑的气候区域、建筑类型、建筑规模等分布特征和建筑光伏、储能、直流配电、直流用电场景等技术特征,提出了建筑“光储直柔”的适宜应用场景、系统拓扑结构及电压等级选择建议和“光储直柔”系统的容量配置方法,指出了城市和农村建筑“光储直柔”发展的差异化技术路径,为建筑“光储直柔”的设计与推广应用提供一些有益参考。

基于三端柔性直流的光热储能站与新能源场站功率协同控制策略

新能源基地大多经传统交流方式接入高压交流或直流外送通道,为解决大规模新能源经交流接入方式下并网容量小、损耗大,以及功率波动对电网稳定性影响等问题,构建了一个基于柔性直流输电并网的风电和光伏、光热储能及电网三端柔性直流系统。基于直流电压-有功功率特性,提出一种适用于该系统的站间协调控制策略,根据柔性直流输电系统的直流电压波动情况,调整光热储能机组的出力,以平抑风、光功率波动,降低其对电网的影响。针对光热储能侧换流站,采用直流电压裕度下垂混合控制策略,通过控制器参数配置,抑制控制模式切换过程中的暂态过电压,提高系统响应速度。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建三端柔性直流系统仿真模型,验证所提控制策略的有效性。

计及柔性限流装置与直流断路器协同动作的电弧抑制暂态特性研究

直流系统的故障隔离是保证直流系统稳定运行的重要技术。针对传统故障隔离策略对直流断路器(direct current circuit breaker, DCCB)的性能要求较高的问题,提出了一种利用柔性限流装置(flexible current limiting device,FCLD)与DCCB协同动作的故障隔离策略。首先,研究了直流系统永久性故障和瞬时性故障情况下FCLD与DCCB的协同作用机理。其次,分析考虑FCLD电流抑制作用下DCCB开断过程的电弧暂态特性。最后,在Matlab/Simulink平台中进行仿真,验证所提协同策略的可行性。结果表明:FCLD可有效抑制DCCB的开断电弧;基于所提故障隔离策略,直流系统可在瞬时故障情况下实现平稳穿越,永久故障情况下实现DCCB的无弧开断。该策略降低了直流系统故障隔离过程中对DCCB的开断要求,提升了直流系统的故障穿越能力。

FeCo alloy/N,S co-doped carbon aerogel derived from directionalcasting cellulose nanofibers for rechargeable liquid flow and flexible Zn–air batteries

Bifunctional oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER)electrocatalysts with the advantages of excellent activity and stability are the vital components of air cathodes for rechargeable Zn–air batteries(ZABs).Herein,the carbon aerogel with honeycomb-like structure,N and S double doping and loaded with FeCo alloy nanoparticles(NSCA/FeCo)was prepared successfully as cathodes for rechargeable liquid flow and two-dimensional flexible ZABs by clever directional casting.The interaction between the bimetallic alloy and the double-doped carbon with specifical structure,large surface,great conductivity endows NSCA/FeCo with effective ORR/OER active sites and small charge/mass transport barrier,thus achieving outstanding bifunctional catalytic performance.The NSCA/FeCo displays a half-wave potential of+0.85 V(vs.reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE))for ORR and an overpotential of 335 mV at a current density of 10 mA·cm^(−2)for OER,which is even comparable to the performance of noble-metal catalysts in relevant fields(Pt/C for ORR and RuO_(2)for OER).Consequently,the rechargeable liquid flow ZABs assembled with NSCA/FeCo showed excellent performance(maximum power density:132.0 mW·cm^(−2),specific capacity:804.5 Wh·kg^(−1)at 10 mA·cm^(−2),charge and discharge cycle stability of more than 250 cycles).Furthermore,the flexible NSCA/FeCo-based ZABs have a maximum power density of 43.0 mW·cm^(−2),outstanding charging–discharge stability of more than 450 cycles,exhibit good flexibility under different bending conditions.Therefore,this work has provided an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for OER/ORR and a promising strategy of air cathodes for rechargeable and wearable ZABs.

“光储直柔”技术应用于智慧园区规划的实践探索与展望

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