Influence of the column-to-beam flexural strength ratio on the failure mode of beam-column connections in RC frames

The column-to-beam flexural strength ratio(CBFSR)has been used in many seismic codes to achieve the strong column-weak beam(SCWB)failure mode in reinforced concrete(RC)frames,in which plastic hinges appear earlier in beams than in columns.However,seismic investigations show that the required limit of CBFSR in seismic codes usually cannot achieve the SCWB failure mode under strong earthquakes.This study investigates the failure modes of RC frames with different CBFSRs.Nine typical three-story RC frame models with different CBFSRs are designed in accordance with Chinese seismic codes.The seismic responses and failure modes of the frames are investigated through time-history analyses using 100 ground motion records.The results show that the required limit of the CBFSR that guarantees the SCWB failure mode depends on the beam-column connection type and the seismic intensity,and different types of beam-column connections exhibit different failure modes even though they are designed with the same CBFSR.Recommended CBFSRs are proposed for achieving the designed SCWB failure mode for different types of connections in RC frames under different seismic intensities.These results may provide some reference for further revisions of the SCWB design criterion in Chinese seismic codes.

Effects of Fiber Weight Ratio, Structure and Fiber Modification onto Flexural Properties of Luffa-Polyester Composites

The effect of chemical modification, reinforcement structure and fiber weight ratio on the flexural proprieties of Luffa-polyester composites was studied. A unsaturated polyester matrix reinforced with a mat of Luffa external wall fibers (ComLEMat), a short Luffa external wall fibers(ComLEBC) and a short Luffa core fi-bers (ComLCBC) was fabricated under various conditions of fibers treatments (combined process, acetylat-ing and cyanoethylating) and fiber weight ratio. It resorts that acetylating and cyanoethylating enhance the flexural strength and the flexural modulus. The fiber weight ratio influenced the flexural properties of com-posites. Indeed, a maximum value of strength and strain is observed over a 10% fiber weight ratio. The uses of various reinforcement structures were investigated. The enhancement of elongation at break and the strain values of the composite reinforced by natural mat was proved.

Effect of Fiber Weight Ratio and Fiber Modification on Flexural Properties of Posidonia-Polyester Composites

The main objective of this research is to study the effect of fiber weight ratio and chemical fiber modification on flexural properties of composites reinforced with Posidonia fiber. An unsaturated polyester matrix reinforced with untreated and treated Posidonia fibers was fabricated under various fiber weight ratios. Results showed that the combined chemical treatment provided better mechanical properties of composites in comparison with untreated fiber. The fiber weight ratio influenced the flexural properties of composites. Indeed, a maximum value of flexural modulus was observed for 10% fiber weight ratio for composites reinforced with treated fibers. SEM photographs revealed a different fracture surface between Posidonia fibers reinforced polyester composites.

Research on Flexural Behavior of Coral Aggregate Reinforced Concrete Beams

Through the flexural behavior test of coral aggregate reinforced concrete beams(CARCB) and ordinary Portland reinforced concrete beams(OPRCB), and based on the parameters of concrete types, concrete strength grades and reinforcement ratios, the crack development, failure mode, midspan deflection and flexural capacity were studied, the relationships of bending moment-midspan deflection, load-longitudinal tensile reinforcement strain, load-maximum crack width were established, and a calculation model for the flexural capacity of CARCB was suggested. The results showed that with the increase in the reinforcement ratio and concrete strength grade, the crack bending moment(Mcr)and ultimate bending moment(Mu) of CARCB gradually increased. The characteristics of CARCB and OPRCB are basically the same. Furthermore, through increasing the concrete strength grade and reinforcement ratio, Mcr/Mu could be increased to delay the cracking of CARCB. As the load increased, crack width(w) would also increase. At the beginning of the loading, w increased slowly. And then it increased rapidly when the load reached to the ultimate load, which then led to beam failure. Meanwhile, with a comprehensive consideration of the effects of steel corrosion on the loss of steel section and the decrease of steel yield strength, a more reasonable calculation model for the flexural capacity of CARCB was proposed.

Flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams with high performance fiber reinforced cementitious composites

This article presents an experimental study on the flexural performance of reinforced concrete(RC)beams with fiber reinforced cementitious composites(FRCC)and hybrid fiber reinforced cementitious composites(HFRCC)in the hinge portion.Beam specimens with moderate confinement were used in the study and tested under monotonic loading.Seven diverse types of FRCC including hybrid composites using fibers in different profiles and in different volumes are employed in this study.Companion specimens such as cylindrical specimens and prism specimens are also used to study the physical properties of composites employed.The moment?curvature,stiffness behavior,ductility,crack pattern and modified flexural damage ratio are the main factors considered in this study to observe the efficacy of the employed hybrid composites.The experimental outputs demonstrate the improved post yield behavior with less rate of stiffness degradation and better damage tolerance capacity than conventional technique.

Flexural fatigue strength of steel fibrous concrete containing mixed steel fibres

This paper reports investigation conducted to study the fatigue performance of steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) containing fibres of mixed aspect ratio. An extensive experimental program was conducted in which 90 flexural fatigue tests were carried out at different stress levels on size 500 mm×100 mm×100 mm SFRC specimens respectively containing 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% volume fraction of fibres. About 36 static flexural tests were also conducted to determine the static flexural strength prior to fatigue testing. Each volume fraction of fibres incorporated corrugated mixed steel fibres of size 0.6 mm×2.0 mm×25 mm and 0.6 mm×2.0 mm×50 mm in ratio 50:50 by weight. The results are presented both as S-N relationships, with the maximum fatigue stress expressed as a percentage of the strength under static loading, and as relationships between actually applied fatigue stress and number of loading cycles to failure. Two-million-cycle fatigue strengths of SFRC containing different volume fractions of mixed fibres were obtained and compared with plain concrete.

Experimental and Theoretical Study on the Flexural Behavior of Recycled Concrete Beams Reinforced with GFRP Bars

This paper experimentally investigated the flexural behavior of reinforced recycled aggregate concrete(RAC)beams reinforced with glass fiber-reinforced polymer(GFRP)bars.A total of twelve beams were built and tested up to failure under four-point bending.The main parameters were reinforcement ratio(0.38%,0.60%,and 1.17%),recycled aggregate replacement ratio(R=0,50%,and 100%)and longitudinal reinforcement types(GFRP and steel).The flexural capacity,failure modes,flexibility deformation,reinforcement strains and crack distribution of the tested beams were investigated and compared with the calculation models of American code ACI 440.1-R-15,Canadian code CSA S806-12 and ISIS-M03-07.The tested results indicated that the reinforcement ratio has great influence on the ultimate load,crack width and deflection of GFRP-RAC beams,the recycled aggregate replacement ratio has little influence on it.However,it was found that the reinforcement ratio has no obvious influence on the cracking load which was only related to the recycled aggregate replacement ratio.The average cracking load decreased by 5%and 15%as the recycled aggregate replacement ratio increased from 0 to 50%and 100%.For the steel-RAC beams,the ultimate load was found to be about 1/2 of the ultimate load of GFRP-RAC beam under the same condition and the trend of strain,deflection and crack width were different from GFRP-RAC beams.This is due to the different material properties of GFRP bars and steel rebar.On the other hand,the calculation results showed that ACI 440.1-R-15 and CSA S806-12 underestimated the ultimate load of GFRP-RAC beams.Moreover,the deflection prediction of GFRP-RAC beams by CSA S806-12 is relatively accurate compared with ACI 440.1-R-15 and ISIS-M03-07.As for the prediction of crack width,the results of ACI 440.1-R-15 prediction were in good agreement with the experimental results at the ultimate load,with the average value of 1.09±0.28.

Dynamic Flexural Modulus and Low-Velocity Impact Response of Supercomposite^TMLaminates with Vertical Z-Axis Milled Carbon Fiber Reinforcement

In work reported here, the dynamic properties and low-velocity impact response of woven carbon/epoxy laminates incorporating a novel 3D interlaminar reinforcement concept with dense layers of Z-axis oriented milled carbon fiber SupercompositeTM prepregs, are presented. Impulse-frequency response vibration technique is used for non-destructive evaluation of the dynamic flexural modulus (stiffness) and loss factor (intrinsic damping) of woven carbon/epoxy control and SupercompositeTM laminates. Low-velocity punch-shear tests were performed on control and SupercompositeTM laminates according to ASTM D3763 Standard using a drop-weight impact test system. Control panels had all layers of 3K plain woven carbon/epoxy prepregs, with a dense interlaminar reinforcement of milled carbon fibers in Z- direction used in designing the SupercompositeTM laminate—both having same areal density. Impulse-frequency response vibration experiments show that with a 50% replacement of woven carbon fabric in control panel with milled carbon fibers in Z direction dynamic flexural modulus reduced 25% - 30% (loss in stiffness) and damping increased by about the same 25% - 30%. Low-velocity punch-shear tests demonstrated about 25% reduction in energy absorption for SupercompositeTM laminates with the replacement of 50% woven carbon fabric in control panel.

A Parametric Approach to the Evaluation of Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramic or Glass Like Cylindrical Rods at Ambient Temperature

This critical review presents a parametric approach to the evaluation of flexural strength of advanced ceramic or glass like cylindrical rods at ambient temperature.The parameters governing the measurement and evaluation of flexure strengths of glasses and ceramics are detailed with references.The scope for improvement in the existing ASTM STM C-1684 standard is described with a logical rationale and the parameters that need to be addressed are listed and explained.

不同粗骨料取代率下粉煤灰再生混凝土的力学性能研究

为探讨不同再生粗骨料取代率下粉煤灰对再生混凝土力学性能的影响,以及再生混凝土抗折强度与再生粗骨料取代率、水胶比之间的关系,以RC30设计强度等级为基础设计了16组配合比,制作了96块再生混凝土试块,主要进行了再生混凝土的抗压强度试验和抗折强度试验。得出如下结论:随粉煤灰掺量的增加,不同再生粗骨料取代率,抗压强度变化规律有所不同;再生粗骨料取代率为0、30%和40%时,抗压强度随粉煤灰掺量的增加整体呈下降趋势;而当再生粗骨料取代率为50%时,随粉煤灰掺量的增加,抗压强度先减小后增大。粉煤灰掺量大于20%时,天然骨料混凝土的抗压强度急剧下降,而再生骨料混凝土的抗压强度降低幅度均较小,大掺量粉煤灰在再生混凝土中或将有更大的应用空间。通过观察抗折强度试件破坏断面,分析再生混凝土变形破坏特征。粉煤灰的掺入提高了天然骨料混凝土的抗折强度,且掺量为20%强度最高。再生粗骨料取代率为30%时,随粉煤灰掺量变化抗折强度整体呈下降趋势,但下降幅度很小;再生粗骨料取代率为40%和50%时,呈先减后增再减的趋势。天然骨料混凝土的折压比随粉煤灰掺量的增加而提高;再生混凝土折压比随粉煤灰掺量的变化趋势与抗折强度一致,但变化幅度略小。粉煤灰对再生混凝土抗折强度的影响大于抗压强度;再生粗骨料取代率为30%,粉煤灰掺量为10%为较优掺量。提出再生混凝土抗折强度预测式。

水泥基材料用原位增韧材料研究现状

原位增韧材料可以从微纳观层次改善水泥水化产物的特性以及水泥基材料的微观结构,从而提升水泥基材料的韧性。通过整理国内外学者关于原位增韧材料增强水泥基材料宏观性能的研究,比较了纳米材料、聚合物材料和功能性微晶这三类增韧材料对水泥基材料力学性能的影响,包括抗压强度、抗折强度、劈裂抗拉强度以及韧性。此外,分别从水化产物特性、水化产物微结构以及界面过渡区这三个方面出发,对原位增韧材料增强水泥基材料韧性的机理进行了系统地阐述。为后续水泥基材料用原位增韧材料的研发和混凝土韧性提升提供参考。

GFRP筋再生混凝土梁受弯承载力研究

为研究GFRP筋再生混凝土梁(GFRP-RAC)的受弯承载力,完成了5根配GFRP筋、1根配BFRP筋和1根配钢筋的再生混凝土梁抗弯试验,分析了不同再生骨料取代率、纵筋类型以及纵筋配筋率等因素对各试验梁开裂荷载和极限承载力的影响。结果表明:再生骨料取代率对开裂荷载的影响较大,而纵筋类型及纵筋配筋率对其影响不明显;当再生骨料取代率由0增加至50%和100%时,试验梁开裂荷载分别减小了7.9%和17.3%;极限承载力受再生骨料取代率影响较小而受纵筋配筋率影响较大,当GFRP-RAC梁纵筋配筋率由0.38%提高至0.6%和1.17%时,极限荷载分别提升了17.9%和52.5%。另外,结合国内外规范对GFRP-RAC梁的受弯承载力进行对比分析,并基于试验数据和相关试验结果的回归分析,得到开裂荷载修正系数αcr,开裂荷载修正后的计算值与试验值吻合较好。

煤矸石机制砂C20混凝土力学性能研究

为探究煤矸石机制砂对低强度等级C20混凝土力学性能的影响,调控煤矸石机制砂掺量和水灰比浇筑混凝土试块,开展抗压和抗折强度试验。结果表明:相同水灰比下,随煤矸石机制砂掺量增加,混凝土的抗压强度先增强后降低;相同取代率下,混凝土的抗压和抗折强度随水灰比增大而降低。相较于煤矸石机制砂取代率,水灰比对混凝土抗折强度的影响更大。取代率不超过30%时,对混凝土的抗压和抗折强度均有利,水灰比为0.55、取代率为25%时,混凝土抗压和抗折强度提高最多。

新型预应力混凝土钢管桁架叠合梁受弯性能有限元分析

为解决传统叠合梁梁柱节点区锚固困难、底板厚重等一系列问题,研究了一种新型预应力混凝土钢管桁架叠合梁。设计了6根叠合梁、3根整浇梁,采用有限元数值模拟方法,通过荷载–位移曲线及混凝土塑性损伤等情况进行了分析,并探讨试件配筋率、预制底板厚度参数对抗弯性能的影响及新型预应力钢管桁架叠合梁与整浇梁的抗弯性能对比。经数值模拟分析结果显示,配筋适当的预应力混凝土钢管桁架叠合梁可有效减少变形和裂缝,与整浇梁破坏形态相似,具有良好的抗弯性能,适用于实际工程中的推广应用。

钢纤维混凝土弯曲韧性的试验研究及有限元模拟

为研究钢纤维混凝土的弯曲韧性,采用不同体积掺量的铣削型钢纤维制备钢纤维混凝土,通过试验研究了掺量对钢纤维混凝土梁式试件的荷载-挠度曲线、弯曲韧性指数和弯曲韧性比的影响,再采用有限元软件ABAQUS模拟分析了与试验同条件下的荷载-挠度曲线、裂缝扩展过程等。结果表明:大体积掺量的钢纤维混凝土在加载后期的增韧阻裂效果更好,钢纤维体积掺量为1.5%的弯曲韧性最好,同时结合荷载-挠度曲线和应力云图分析了钢纤维混凝土的破坏过程和破坏特征,为钢纤维混凝土应用于工程提供参考。

新型可拆卸式钢-UHPC组合板的抗弯性能

为探究钢-薄层超高性能混凝土(ultra-high performance concrete,UHPC)轻型组合桥面体系在局部轮载下的抗弯性能,设计并开展了4块基于高强螺栓连接的可拆卸式钢-UHPC组合板的四点弯曲试验,研究了钢板类型、抗剪连接件间距对可拆卸式钢-UHPC组合板的破坏模式、荷载-挠度曲线、界面相对滑移、裂缝宽度、截面应变分布等影响规律,研究结果表明:在正弯矩荷载作用下,采用Q355钢板的组合板的破坏模式为高强螺栓被剪断,而采用负泊松比(negative Poisson’s ratio,NPR)钢板的组合板的破坏模式为部分高强螺栓被剪断、部分预埋带垫加长螺母被拔出、UHPC板由于失稳大面积压溃等;在相同的高强螺栓间距下,采用NPR钢板的组合板的板端相对滑移较小,说明NPR钢板有效延缓并限制了钢板与UHPC板的相对滑移,从而提升两者的协同变形能力,继而提高组合板的抗弯刚度及承载力等;由截面应变分析可知,由于NPR钢板的负泊松比效应、高刚度、高屈服强度,整个加载过程NPR钢板与底部UHPC层的拉应变保持着应变协调性,随着荷载的增大截面塑性中和轴的上移幅度可忽略不计。因此,在采用NPR钢板提升钢-UHPC组合板抗弯性能的前提下,应使UHPC厚度与NPR钢板的性能进行匹配,充分发挥两者的材料性能,避免失稳破坏先于UHPC材料强度破坏。

HRB600钢筋钢纤维混凝土梁受弯承载力试验研究

将钢纤维掺入到HRB600高强钢筋混凝土梁中,可以有效改善HRB600高强钢筋混凝土梁的受弯力学性能。通过改变钢纤维体积率、钢纤维混凝土强度和纵筋配筋率,研究了7根HRB600钢筋混凝土梁的受弯性能,以及各试件的破坏形态、跨中挠度和纵筋应变随钢纤维体积率、钢纤维混凝土强度和纵筋配筋率的变化规律,探讨了受弯承载力的计算方法。结果表明:HRB600钢筋钢纤维混凝土梁的受弯力学性能与普通钢筋混凝土梁相似,截面应变分布符合平截面假定,受弯承载力随着钢纤维体积率、钢纤维混凝土强度以及配筋率的增加而增大,其中钢纤维掺量的提升幅度比钢纤维混凝土强度明显。普通钢筋钢纤维混凝土梁的正截面受弯承载力公式同样可用于HRB600高强钢筋钢纤维混凝土梁的受弯承载力计算,受弯承载力实测值与计算值吻合较好。

小剪跨比铁路圆端桥墩拟静力试验及易损性分析

为厘清小剪跨比圆端铁路桥墩横桥向的地震损伤机理,以国内某铁路沿线桥梁为参考开展3组缩尺比1∶8的拟静力试验,对滞回曲线的延性、残余位移、滞回耗能和刚度退化4个方面进行分析,以试验结果为参考使用OpenSees建立纤维截面有限元模型并进行耐震时程动力计算,以桥墩的位移延性比为损伤指标,基于试验中观察得到的4个关键节点定义无、轻微、中度、严重和完全损伤5种损伤状态之间的位移延性比临界值,通过易损性分析桥墩的损伤发展历程。研究结果表明:1)配筋率从0.3%提升至0.7%,桥墩的承载能力提高至1.37倍,极限位移提高至1.22倍,最终残余位移提高至1.55倍,耗散能量增加至1.80倍,初始刚度提升至1.08倍,最终刚度提升至1.12倍。提高配筋率可以提升桥梁抗震性能,也能增加桥梁抗震韧性。2)当桥墩配筋率由0.3%提至0.7%时,在多遇地震下,轻微损伤概率从87.2%降为29.8%;在设计地震下,中度损伤的概率从63.5%降为30.0%;在罕遇地震下,严重损伤的概率从61.7%降为16.4%。纵筋配筋率可以大幅降低桥墩的损伤概率,提升桥墩的抗震性能。3)在现行铁路规范允许的延性系数为4.8时,3个桥墩均处于严重损伤的阶段。当发生罕遇地震时,3个桥墩出现完全破坏的概率为6.4%、0和1.4%,小剪跨比圆端铁路桥墩在强震作用下具有一定的抗震安全储备。

青藏高原东北缘及邻区岩石圈力学强度的贝叶斯估计

本文基于复合岩石圈挠曲均衡模型,利用布格重力异常和地形数据,采用重力导纳和相关函数联合反演方法,结合贝叶斯统计推理确定最优的岩石圈挠曲参数模型,获取了青藏高原东北缘岩石圈有效弹性厚度Te和载荷比F的空间分布特征及不确定性估计.在此基础上,本文分析了各个构造单元的差异性及其与强震活动的关系,并利用热-流变结构等资料,给出了构造运动可能的深部动力源.研究结果显示:青藏高原东北缘及邻区F呈现大面积低值分布,说明其现今岩石圈挠曲状态主要与地表载荷加载相关.此外,岩石圈有效弹性厚度Te存在显著差异,其力学强度差异与青藏高原向东挤出变形、热结构状态有一定对应关系.本文结果可为定量化研究青藏高原动力学问题提供有效的地球物理依据.

两类三元胶凝体系的构建及配比优化

为了保证混凝土材料性能,同时实现低碳、绿色化发展,本文以矿渣粉(GS)、粉煤灰(FA)和石灰石粉(LS)等辅助胶凝材料(SCMs)替代55%(质量分数)水泥(C)制备了两种三元胶凝体系,即粉煤灰-矿渣粉-水泥体系(FGC)和石灰石粉-矿渣粉-水泥体系(LGC),研究了体系中FA-GS、LS-GS比例变化对三元胶凝材料粉料堆积密实度、工作性和强度的影响,并结合微观结构分析确定了三元胶凝体系的最佳配比。结果表明,随着两种三元胶凝体系中GS占比的增大,试样密实度和流动性略微减小,试样抗压、抗折强度以及环境效益逐渐增大。在FA-GS和LS-GS质量比均为3∶8时,两种胶凝体系制备的胶砂试样中后期强度均能接近甚至超过纯水泥试样。