Comparison of SCS and Green-Ampt Methods in Surface Runoff-Flooding Simulation for Klang Watershed in Malaysia

The main aim in this research is comparison the parameters of some storm events in the watershed using two loss models in Unit hydrograph method by HEC-HMS. SCS Curve Number and Green-Ampt methods by developing loss model as a major component in runoff and flood modeling. The study is conducted in the Kuala Lumpurwatershed with674 km2 area located in Klang basin inMalaysia. The catchment delineation is generated for the Klang watershed to get sub-watershed parameters by using HEC-GeoHMS extension in ARCGIS. Then all the necessary parameters are assigned to the models applied in this study to run the runoff and flood model. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the SCS-CN and Green-Ampt loss method applied in the Klang watershed. Estimated direct runoff and Peak discharge (r = 0.98) indicates a statistically positive correlations between the results of the study. And also it has been attempted to use objective functions in HEC-HMS (percent error peaks and percent error volume) to classify the methods. The selection of best method is on the base of considering least difference between the results of simulation to observed events in hydrographs so that it can address which model is suit for runoff-flood simulation in Klang watershed. Results showed that SCS CN and Green-Ampt methods, in three events by fitting with percent error in peak and percent error in volume had no significant difference.

Assessment of Land Erosion and Sediment Accumulation Caused by Runoff after a Flash-Flooding Storm Using Topographic Profiles and Spectral Indices

This research deals with the characterization of areas associated with flash floods and erosion caused by severe rainfall storm and sediment transport and accumulation using topographic attributes and profiles, spectral indices (SI), and principal component analysis (PCA). To achieve our objectives, topographic attributes and profiles were retrieved from ASTER-V2 DEM. PCA and nine SI were derived from two Landsat-OLI images acquired before and after the flood-storm. The images data were atmospherically corrected, sensor radiometric drift calibrated, and geometric and topographic distortions rectified. For validation purposes, the acquired photos during the flood-storm, lithological and geological maps were used. The analysis of approximately 100 colour composite combinations in the RGB system permitted the selection of two combinations due to their potential for characterizing soil erosion classes and sediment accumulation. The first considers the “Intensity, NDWI and NMDI”, while the second associates form index (FI), brightness index (BI) and NDWI. These two combinations provide very good separating power between different levels of soil erosion and degradation. Moreover, the derived erosion risk and sediment accumulation map based on the selected spectral indices segmentation and topographic attributes and profiles illustrated the tendency of water accumulation in the landscape, and highlighted areas prone to both fast moving and pooling water. In addition, it demonstrated that the rainfall, the topographic morphology and the lithology are the major contributing factors for flash flooding, catastrophic inundation, and erosion risk in the study area. The runoff-water power delivers vulnerable topsoil and contributes strongly to the erosion process, and then transports soil material and sediment to the plain areas through waterpower and gravity. The originality of this research resides in its simplicity and rapidity to provide a solid basis strategy for regional policies to address the real causes of problems and risks in developing countries. Certainly, it can help in the improvement of the management of water regulation structures to develop a methodology to maximize the water storage capacity and to reduce the risks caused by floods in the Moroccan Atlas Mountain (Guelmim region).

Environmental Factors, Constraints and Risks of Rainwater Runoff in Commune II of Maradi (Republic of Niger)

The Urban Commune of Maradi in Niger experienced increasingly frequent flooding following rainy episodes generating volumes and water flows that are difficult to control in recent years. This study aims to determine the impacts of runoff water in Commune II of Maradi City and to assess the role of urban planning in runoff management, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of urban sanitation in Maradi. The methodological approach used consisted of: 1) an interpretation of documentary data, 2) gathering information on runoff at several sites in the study area, and 3) interviews and questionnaires with local communities. This approach made it possible to understand the degree of vulnerability of the populations to flooding and then to propose sustainable solutions to reduce the vulnerability of the affected populations, through the implementation of effective urban rainwater management practices (USWMP). The results show that the impacts of runoff are mainly related to the lack of adequate storm water drainage networks in the area, but also to the nature of the habitats. Geomorphological factors such as the nature of the soil, the slope of the terrain and the altitude increase the degree of risk. In addition, the inadequacy and dilapidation of the drainage systems of the canals and above all the anarchic occupation of the land linked to accelerated urbanization are the cause of flooding by stagnation of rainwater. A phenomenon now linked to numerous deteriorations of urban equipment, the runoff of rainwater in the city of Maradi carries so many pollutants that municipalities, businesses and individuals should put in place pollution prevention measures.

龙羊峡水库后汛期入库径流特征及可蓄水量分析

以1956—2022年唐乃亥水文站实测水文数据为基础,采用数理统计方法,重点分析黄河源区后汛期径流特征,并结合龙羊峡水库满负荷发电流量,对龙羊峡水库在后汛期可蓄水量进行不同情景的分析讨论。研究表明:1)唐乃亥水文站后汛期径流量年际变化较大,丰枯不均,以正常偏枯为主,多年平均后汛期径流量占汛期径流量的29.1%;2)唐乃亥水文站后汛期日平均流量在1000 m^(3)/s以上的径流量平均为8.96亿m^(3),年际变化极大,以1000 m^(3)/s发电流量运用,龙羊峡水库蓄至正常蓄水位的保证率仅为10%,多数年份汛期结束后水位无法达到正常蓄水位2600 m。建议根据后期来水,适时调整进入后汛期的时机,优化和调整龙羊峡水库年度调度方案,为高效合理利用黄河源区后汛期水资源奠定基础。

黄河源区汛期降水径流序列多尺度小波分析

基于黄河源区15个地面站点日降水数据、唐乃亥水文站逐日径流数据以及小波分析方法,分析了黄河源区1961—2020年汛期降水和径流的周期规律、变化趋势及相关关系。结果表明,1)黄河源区近60 a汛期降水、径流均存在多时间尺度的变化特征,且不同时间尺度汛期降水、径流丰枯变化趋势均不同;2)汛期降水、径流序列均具有63 a左右、35 a左右特征时间尺度的主周期,两个时间尺度下的平均周期分别为41、25 a左右,汛期降水、汛期径流具有一定的正相关性;3)在63 a特征时间尺度可预测2020年之后未来5~10 a内黄河源区汛期降水、径流整体均呈减小趋势。

小区尺度雨洪过程模拟及径流分配特性研究

为了研究小区尺度地表径流各组分占比随不同重现期降雨的变化规律,以西咸新区天福和园小区为研究对象,采用GAST-SWMM耦合模型,以模拟时长及地形边界条件为变量进行研究分析。研究表明:经两场实测降雨过程验证,模型确定性系数分别为0.83和0.82,表明构建的一二维耦合模型精度较高;在本文设置的两种工况下,小区地表径流外排率和管网排水率均随降雨重现期增大而以渐进曲线形式增大,土壤下渗占比和地表填洼率随降雨重现期增大而减小;小区地表径流外排和管网排水主要发生在降雨期间,分别占各自排水总量的94.88%和94.36%;小区地形边界条件对径流过程模拟的影响不容忽视,在有围墙及无围墙工况下平均地表径流外排率分别为9.42%、22.55%。本研究可为地势相对四周较低区域的排水防涝设计提供参考。

基于GRU-CNN双网络输出构建BP模型的径流预测方法

提高径流预测精度是避免洪水灾害发生的重要手段,由于预测阶段并无已知有效样本,给预测工作带来难度,因此,提出以双网络输出为预测阶段提供数据参考,结合训练阶段双网络输出与真实值之间的关系,对预测阶段采用二次多变量建模实现径流预测。首先,构建GRU和CNN深度学习网络,同步输出2条径流预测序列;其次,在已知时段内,构建2条预测结果与实测值之间的多变量BP模型;最后,基于双网络输出预测值,通过确定的BP模型输出径流预测结果。经测试,该方法给预测时段提供了可靠的先验样本,高效学习了网络输出与真实值之间关系,预测精度显著提升。

产流模式空间分布对城市雨洪过程模拟的影响

通过耦合网格产流计算模型(GRGM)和暴雨洪水管理模型(SWMM)汇流计算模块构建了GRGM-SWMM模型。以贾鲁河中牟水文站控制流域(包括郑州市中心城区)为研究区,基于18场实测暴雨洪水资料探究了产流模式空间分布对洪水过程模拟精度的影响。结果表明:研究区超渗产流模式空间分布面积占比高达72%,城市下垫面仍以超渗产流模式为主;相较于仅考虑超渗产流计算的SWMM,考虑超渗、蓄满和混合等不同产流模式空间分布的GRGM-SWMM模型场次洪水产流量、流量过程模拟精度明显提高,产流量模拟相对误差平均降低33.26%、决定系数平均提高0.089,流量过程模拟均方根误差平均降低5.13 m^(3)/s、纳什效率系数和决定系数分别平均提高0.227、0.207。

考虑径流过程矢量化的机器学习洪水预报模型

准确的超前洪水预报有利于开展防洪减灾工作和优化水资源调度。本文提出一种针对场次洪水的径流过程矢量化方法(Runoff Process Vectorization, RPV),并耦合3种机器学习(Machine Learning, ML)模型构建了RPV-ML洪水预报系列模型。以黄河中上游孤山川、佳芦河和祖厉河3个典型流域为研究区,分别基于43、28、37场洪水的降雨径流数据,按照洪水场次7∶3的比例进行模型训练和验证。研究表明:(1)相同预见期条件下RPV-ML模型在孤山川、佳芦河和祖厉河流域洪水预报纳什效率系数更高、均方根误差和洪峰相对误差更低,RPV-ML模型比ML模型具有更好的预报性能,在预见期为4~6 h时优势更显著;(2) RPV-ML和ML模型预报精度会随着预见期增加逐渐下降,但RPV-ML预报精度呈现缓慢下降趋势,具有更好的鲁棒性;(3)基于RPV改进的时间卷积网络(Temporal Convolutional Network, TCN)可以更好地克服预报误差问题,RPV-TCN模型在3个流域预报性能最好。

小型水库洪水预报模型研究及应用

针对缺资料地区小型水库入库洪水预报难的问题,构建了一种小型水库入库洪水预报模型,其产流模块采用SCS模型,汇流模块采用地貌瞬时单位线,模型参数基于高精度地形地貌数据确定,不依赖于实测流量资料进行模型参数率定,并在安徽省永堌水库进行了应用。采用1818号台风“温比亚”期间永堌水库强降雨洪水进行了验证分析,应用结果表明,构建的模型对该场次洪水过程两次洪峰模拟值与专家反推的入库洪峰较为一致,相对误差分别为3.2%和-11.8%,均在±20%以内,峰现时差均为0,径流深模拟相对误差为-19.2%,确定性系数为0.949,说明建立的小型水库入库洪水预报模型对本次降雨洪水模拟效果较好,对其他小型水库入库洪水预报具有较好的参考和借鉴意义。

基于SCE-UA算法的山区河流洪水预报研究——以寿溪河为例

在山区河流,强降雨易引发山洪灾害,给人民的生命、财产带来严重威胁,因此,及时准确的山区河流洪水预报预警非常重要。然而,由于山区河流洪水突发性强且影响山区河流洪水的原因复杂,山区小流域洪水预报精度始终有限。以四川省典型山区小流城-汶川县寿溪河流域为研究对象,采用三水源新安江模型与垂向混合产流模型,并引进SCE-UA算法进行参数优选,对该流域的洪水预报进行了深入研究。研究表明SCE-UA算法适用于山区河流洪水预报,显著提升两个模型的预报效果,使三水源新安江模型和垂向混合产流模型的合格率分别提高了20%和35%。综合分析各项指标,垂向混合产流模型的预报结果相比三水源新安江模型更好。研究成果可应用于寿溪河流城山洪灾害预警,同时也可为其他山区河流洪水预报提供参考。

基于VMD-NGO-LSTM的融雪洪水汛期非平稳性极值径流预测模型及应用

金沟河属于典型的融雪补给流域,受自然环境、气候变化和人类活动等因素的影响,汛期极值径流序列表现出非平稳性及复杂性特征,给流域内汛期极值径流精准预测带来新的挑战。为解决该地区汛期极值径流的非平稳性对于预测结果的影响,引入变分模态分解算法(Variational Mode Decomposition,VMD),提出一种基于北方苍鹰优化算法(Northern Goshawk Optimization,NGO)与长短期记忆神经网络(Long Short-Term Memory,LSTM)的组合预测模型(VMD-NGO-LSTM),应用于金沟河流域八家户水文站1964—2016年的汛期极值径流预测,采用均方根误差(RMSE)、平均绝对误差(MAE)、平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)、Nash系数(NSE)评价模型的预测能力。结果表明:(1)根据金沟河流域融雪洪水汛期径流极值序列的周期变化和趋势变化的水文特性变化结果表明径流极大值序列和径流极小值序列均具有非平稳性;(2)VMD-NGO-LSTM预测模型的NSE均大于0.97,且RMSE、MAPE、MAE值均处于偏小状态,与VMD-LSTM模型和VMD-NGO-BP模型相比,VMD-NGO-LSTM模型能够很好地预测八家户汛期极值径流的变化过程。该研究为汛期极值径流预测工作提供了新的思路,对新疆地区防洪减灾具有一定参考价值。

基于精细化数据的广州市番禺区内涝淹没风险研究

[目的]利用精细化测绘调查数据开展城市降雨径流过程模拟,旨在盘活国土资源数据资产和促进城市内涝风险精准管控。[方法]以广东省广州市番禺区为研究区,基于高精度的地形和建筑数据,采用SCS-CN径流模型和GIS技术,模拟不同强度暴雨情境下的城市内涝淹没深度,定量分析研究区内涝淹没风险空间分布特征,同时结合承灾体灾损经验模型,对洪灾损失风险进行评估,识别高发易损规划管理单元。[结果]①番禺区内涝淹没风险区空间上呈现河涌与城市低洼地区聚集状态,临近市桥—沙湾水道、三枝香—大石水道的街镇存在着较高的淹没风险。②随着暴雨强度增加,农业用地和建设用地将受到最严重的影响。③在100a一遇暴雨情形下,番禺区4个规划管理单元处于高损失风险,损失主要来自住宅建筑,而处于中等损失风险的单元主要面临农业耕地淹没损失。[结论]通过精细化的测绘数据建模,从地块级别成功识别了番禺区潜在易淹没高损失区域,与实际情况较为符合,提高了风险研判的精细度,能够为城市内涝治理和海绵城市规划建设高质量发展提供技术支持。

低影响开发设施组合下的城市雨洪调控情景模拟研究

【目的】低影响开发(Low Impact Development,LID)作为一种新型雨洪管理方法,包括绿色屋顶、雨水花园、透水铺装等典型措施,对降雨径流有明显的控制作用,能够有效降低城市内涝隐患。【方法】以浙江省海宁市为例,基于暴雨洪水管理模型(Storm Water Management Model,SWMM),模拟不同重现期(1 a、5 a、10 a、30 a、50 a)、不同布设比例(20%,50%,100%)LID组合措施情景下的城市内涝过程,分析海宁市溢流分布情况、程度及其原因,探讨溢流区域LID组合措施对节点溢流、地表径流以及管网负载的影响。【结果】结果表明:在不同设计降雨情景下联合路、海昌路、水月亭西路、西山路以及隆兴港等地管网溢流较为严重;LID组合措施布设比例相同时,随着重现期的增加,LID组合措施对地表径流和节点溢流的削弱作用呈下降趋势,LID措施的作用趋于饱和状态;重现期为30 a和50 a、布设比例为50%时,地表径流的削减为45.92%和44.09%。【结论】LID组合措施对雨洪的控制作用有限,降雨强度对节点溢流、地表径流起主导作用。海宁市部分老旧小区管道年份较长,管径较短,管网溢流情况严峻,建议重点关注区域管网改造和LID措施空间布局。研究成果对于海绵城市建设规划、缓解城市内涝灾害具有一定参考价值。

基于Bucket改进多箱体模型的降雨径流预报

洪涝灾害造成的淹没区覆盖范围广、影响严重,灾前进行洪水预警评估能够在洪灾发生时及时疏散人员和保护财产。针对易受洪水侵袭的美国密西西比河圣路易斯流域,对比了不同复杂度、不同结构特点的Bucket、Simhyd、Smar、Hycy降雨径流模型,并分析了复杂度和结构对流域拟合结果的影响。通过对初始Bucket模型的不断改进,利用Bucket_3改进多箱体模型拟合流域水文,以KGE为模型拟合评价标准,利用2014—2016年的气象径流数据进行模型参数率定,校准精度为0.82;预估2016—2018年的径流数据,精度可达0.79,能很好地识别异常径流的出现,达到洪水灾前预警的目的。

考虑不同水流交换模式的城市洪涝一维二维双向耦合模型

为准确模拟城市洪涝过程,以地表二维流动模型和SWMM一维管流模型为基础,同时考虑地表径流与地下管流交换的3种模式,构建了城市地表与地下管流双向耦合的水动力学模型。采用水槽试验算例和理论算例对耦合模型进行验证,并将耦合模型应用到英国Glasgow城市街区,分析排水管网和不同地表地下水流交换模式对城市洪涝过程的影响。结果表明:模型在试验算例和理论算例的模拟中均具有较好的精度和可靠性,模型能够准确地模拟具有排水管网的城市洪涝演进过程;与无排水系统相比,检查井简化法、雨水口法和雨水口-检查井法3种水流交换模式下Glasgow城市街区模拟的最大淹没面积分别减少9.3%、23.2%和24.5%,其中对重度积水的消减作用更显著,淹没面积分别减少43.6%、79.9%和80.9%;检查井简化法的消减作用要远小于雨水口法和雨水口-检查井法,后两者差异较小。雨水口法和雨水口-检查井法比较符合实际情况,且雨水口-检查井法的计算效率更高更简单,因此,在城市洪涝模拟中采用雨水口-检查井法考虑地表径流与地下管流交换过程更符合实际。

MIKE FLOOD模型在北京清河流域洪涝模拟中的有效性验证

近年来,由于极端降水事件频发和城镇化步伐加快,大中城市小流域的防汛压力急剧增大。城市中下垫面硬化面积较大,流域内的降雨径流加大,产汇流加快,预报预警准确率降低,造成防汛响应效率低。本文以首都中心区北部的清河流域为研究对象,定量分析了流域内的土地利用现状、地形因素及防洪泄洪能力,应用1986—2014年的气象数据和和洪涝发生记录,率定了城市洪涝模型MIKE FLOOD,进行了参数的本地化和模型验证。结果表明,率定后的模型模拟值与实际观测的水位和洪峰动态均较吻合。结果表明该模型可用于流域极端降水和洪水的模拟分析。本研究为数字化、精细化流域洪涝管理提供了重要技术支撑。

Mechanism and Forecasting Methods for Severe Droughts and Floods in Songhua River Basin in China

The influence of various factors, mechanisms, and principles affecting runoff are summarized as periodic law, random law, and basin-wide law. Periodic law is restricted by astronomical factors, random law is restricted by atmospheric circulation, and basin-wide law is restricted by underlying surface. The commensurability method was used to identify the almost period law, the wave method was applied to deducing the random law, and the precursor method was applied in order to forecast runoff magnitude for the current year. These three methods can be used to assess each other and to forecast runoff. The system can also be applied to forecasting wet years, normal years and dry years for a particular year as well as forecasting years when floods with similar characteristics of previous floods, can be expected. Based on hydrological climate data of Baishan (1933-2009) and Nierji (1886-2009) in the Songhua River Basin, the forecasting results for 2010 show that it was a wet year in the Baishan Reservoir, similar to the year of 1995; it was a secondary dry year in the Nierji Reservoir, similar to the year of 1980. The actual water inflow into the Baishan Reservoir was 1.178 × 10 10 m 3 in 2010, which was markedly higher than average inflows, ranking as the second highest in history since records began. The actual water inflow at the Nierji station in 2010 was 9.96 × 10 9 m 3 , which was lower than the average over a period of many years. These results indicate a preliminary conclusion that the methods proposed in this paper have been proved to be reasonable and reliable, which will encourage the application of the chief reporter release system for each basin. This system was also used to forecast inflows for 2011, indicating a secondary wet year for the Baishan Reservoir in 2011, similar to that experienced in 1991. A secondary wet year was also forecast for the Nierji station in 2011, similar to that experienced during 1983. According to the nature of influencing factors, mechanisms and forecasting methods and the service objects, mid-to long-term hydrological forecasting can be divided into two classes:mid-to long-term runoff forecasting, and severe floods and droughts forecasting. The former can be applied to quantitative forecasting of runoff, which has important applications for water release schedules. The latter, i.e., qualitative disaster forecasting, is important for flood control and drought relief. Practical methods for forecasting severe droughts and floods are discussed in this paper.

Influence of Land Use/Cover Change on Storm Runoff—A Case Study of Xitiaoxi River Basin in Upstream of Taihu Lake Watershed

Land use/cover change (LUCC) is one of the main boundary conditions which influence many hydrologic processes. In view of the importance of Taihu Lake Watershed in China and the urgency of discovering the impacts of LUCC on storm runoff, two flood events under five land cover scenarios in the Xitiaoxi River Basin of the upstream of Taihu Lake watershed were simulated by distributed hydrologic modeling system HEC-HMS. The influences of each land cover on storm runoff were discussed. It was concluded that under the same rainstorm the ascending order of runoff coefficient and peak flow produced by the 5 different land covers were woodland, shrub, grassland, arable land, and built-up land; the descending order of swelling time were woodland, shrub, grassland, arable land, and built-up land. Scenario of built-up land was the first to reach peak flow, then arable land, grassland, shrub, and woodland. There were close relationships between the runoff coefficients produced by the 5 different land covers. The degrees of impacts on runoff coefficient of land cover change modes were sorted by descending: woodland to built-up land, shrub to built-up land, grassland to built-up land, arable land to built-up land, woodland to arable land, shrub to arable land, arable land to grassland, shrub to grassland, grassland to arable land, and woodland to shrub. Urbanization will contribute to flood disaster, while forestation will mitigate flood disaster.

GIS-Based Spatial Mapping of Flash Flood Hazard in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia

Flash floods occur periodically in Makkah city, Saudi Arabia, due to several factors including its rugged to-pography and geological structures. Hence, precise assessment of floods becomes a more vital demand in development planning. A GIS-based methodology has been developed for quantifying and spatially mapping the flood characteristics. The core of this new approach is integrating several topographic, metrological, geological, and land use datasets in a GIS environment that utilizes the Curve Number (CN) method of flood modelling for ungauged arid catchments. Additionally, the computations of flood quantities, such as depth and volume of runoff, are performed in the attribute tables of GIS layers, in order to assemble all results in the same environment. The accomplished results show that the runoff depth in Makkah, using a 50-years re-turn period, range from 128.1 mm to 193.9 mm while the peak discharge vary from 1063 m3/s to 4489 m3/s. The total flood volume is expected to reach 172.97 million m3 over Makkah metropolitan area. The advan-tages of the developed methodology include precision, cost-effective, digital outputs, and its ability to be re-run in other conditions.