Floor stress evolution laws and its effect on stability of floor roadway

According to the distribution of abutment stress in a stope,this research established the mechanical model of mining abutment pressure transmission in floor base on the theory of semi-infnite plate body in elasticity.This study takes the 762 working face of Haizi Coal Mine as a case in point,and analyzed the dynamic evolution law of seam floor stress during the mining process.With an organic combination of the mining floor stress and surrounding rock stress,the study obtained the change laws of the maximum principle stress and the minimum one for the floor roadway surrounding rock when mining the upper working face.Considering the non-constant pressure force state and the cracks revolution mechanisms of floor roadway surrounding rock,the research built the mechanical model of roadway stress.Simulation results verify the reliability of the above conclusions.Moreover,this model could provide the theoretical basis and technical support for controlling floor roadway surrounding rock.

Floor heave in the west wing track haulage roadway of the Tingnan Coal Mine: Mechanism and control

Floor heave of a roadway is a dynamic phenomenon that often happens in the roadways of coal mines. It seriously affects safe production in the coal mine. Floor heave has long been one of the most difficult problems to be resolved during coal mining. An analysis of floor heave in the soft rock surrounding the roadway, and the factors influencing it, allowed the deformation mechanism in the west wing double track haulage roadway of the Tingnan Coal Mine to be deduced. Three types of floor heave are observed there: intumescent floor heave, extrusion and mobility floor heave, and compound floor heave. Control measures are proposed that have been adopted during a recent repair engineering project. Control of the floor heave in the west wing track haulage roadway was demonstrated. The reliability and rationality of a combined support technology including floor anchors, an inverted arch, and anchoring of both sides was verified by mine pressure data and the field observations. Waterproofing measures were also under-taken to assist in the control of floor heave.

Mechanics model and numerical analysis of floor heave in soft rock roadway

The mechanism of floor heave was analyzed by establishing mechanics models and solving differential equations. The amount of floor heave is proportional to the abutment pressure of surrounding rock, roadway width, and the distance of support pressure peak to the roadway and is inversely proportional to the elastic modulus of floor rock. Using FLAC2D to simulate floor rock grouting in soft rock roadway verifies the active role of floor rock grouting in the floor controlling of soft rock roadway; floor rock grouting and grouting range directly impact on the stability scope of surrounding rock, namely, with the increase of grouting range, the subsidence of roof, the approach of both sides, and the amount of floor heave decreased gradually, the stability of surrounding rock is enhanced

Mechanical model for controlling floor heave in deep roadways with U-shaped steel closed support

Open U-shaped steel arch supports are commonly used in large-section static-pressure roadways in coal mines that are more than 900 m deep;however,it is very difficult to control floor heave of roadways.In this paper,a U-shaped steel closed support with an inverted U-shaped steel arch in the floor is proposed as a method for improving the support effect of the surrounding rock during the process of floor heaving.This research established a mechanical model for the U-shaped steel closed support,and determined the reaction forces at the connection of a camber angle.Using the limit load method calculated the critical buckling load of the inverted U-shaped steel arch,and use of a strength check method tested the strength of the U-shaped steel material.A numerical simulation was conducted using the finite difference software FLAC3 D.The simulation results show that the U-shaped steel closed support is able to control the floor heave of roadways,which is successfully used in the West 11-2 development roadway of the Zhuji Mine in the Huainan mining area in China.The cumulative floor heave over two years was less than50 mm.

Anchoring mechanism and application of hydraulic expansion bolts used in soft rock roadway floor heave control

Comparing with the resin bolt, the hydraulic expansion bolt has different anchoring mechanism and application advantage. According to the working mechanism of the hydraulic expansion bolt, its anchoring force is expressed in four forms including support anchoring force, tension anchoring force, expansion anchoring force and tangent anchoring force, and their values can be obtained on the basis of each calculation formula. Among them, the expansion anchoring force, which is the unique anchoring force of the hydraulic expansion bolt, can provide confining pressure to increase the strength of rock. Aiming at solving the problem of stability control in the soft rock roadway in Jinbaotun Coal Mine which has a double layer of 40 U-type sheds and cannot provide enough resistance support to control floor heave, the study reveals the mechanism of floor heave in the soft rock roadway, and designs the reasonable support parameters of the hydraulic expansion bolts. The observed results of floor convergence indicate that the hydraulic expansion bolts can prevent the development and flow of the plastic zone in the floor rock to control floor heave. Research results enrich the control technology in the soft rock roadway.

Study of mechanical principle of floor heave of roadway driving along next goaf in fully mechanized sub-level caving face

Abstract On the basis of analyzing floor strata mechanical circumstance of the roadway, the mechanical model was established. The relative displacement of roadway floor, narrow pillar floor coal mass and floor strata was calculated, the results showed that the high abutment pressure on coal mass beside the roadway was the main reason to lead to relative displacement of floor strata. And the roadway floor heave come mainly from three aspects. Firstly, the roadway floor strata is easily fractured by the stretch stress. Secondly, because the high abutment pressure is greater than the uniaxial compressive strength of floor strata, when the roadway floor strata are fractured, the coal mass floor strata at the same depth will be fractured, and broken rock will fluid into the open roadway. Thirdly, comparing with the coal mass floor, the roadway floor is relative ascending.

Deformation control of asymmetric floor heave in a deep rock roadway:A case study

In order to control asymmetric floor heave in deep rock roadways and deformation around the surrounding rock mass after excavation, in this paper we discuss the failure mechanism and coupling control countermeasures using the finite difference method （FLAC^3D） combined with comparative analysis and typical engineering application at Xingcun coal mine, It is indicated by the analysis that the simple symmetric support systems used in the past led to destruction of the deep rock roadway from the key zone and resulted in the deformation of asymmetric floor heave in the roadway. Suitable rein- forced support countermeasures are proposed to reduce the deformation of the floor heave and the potential risk during mining. The application shows that the present support technology can he used to better environmental conditions. The countermeasures of asymmetric coupling support can not only effectively reduce the discrepancy deformation at the key area of the surrounding rock mass, hut also effectively control floor heave, which helps realize the integration of support and maintain the stability of the deep rock roadways at Xingcun coal mine.

Floor heave characteristics and control technology of the roadway driven in deep inclined-strata

Based on in-mine instrumentation and theoretical analysis of the unsymmetrical large-deformation that occurred in the roadway after excavation,Differential Floor Heave(DFH)was found to be the main reason for roadway failure.It needs to be pointed out that the specific roadway was driven in inclined rock strata.In addition,the factors that contribute to the occurrence of DFH are discussed in detail.It is believed that DFH is triggered by the unsymmetrical stress distribution in the floor and the different rock types encountered near the two floor corners.Hence,DFH control should be focused on the left floor corner where shearing failure occurs initially and the left floor surface where tensile failure is more severe.The proposed DFH control strategies include unsymmetrical grouting for the whole roadway,re-design of the roof and ribs support,reinforcement of the weak zones,and release of the concentrated stress in the earlier stage.Meanwhile,it is recommended that in the later stage,both bolts and cable bolts with higher strength and the backfilling technique using the coal measure rocks and concrete should be employed in the reversed-arch floor.The field instrumentation results,after using the proposed control strategies,indicate that large deformation in a DFH roadway has been successfully controlled.

Mechanism and Control ofFloor Heave in Roadway

Floor heave is one of difficult problems in strata contro around roadways. The main influence fectors, mechanism and types of floor heave are analysed;reinforcement methods such as closed suppoort with an inverted arch,floor bolting and floor grouting, and destressing trough precut over the top of a chamber are introduced.

深部矿井软底回采巷道底鼓机理及防治研究

针对山阳煤矿软底回采巷道严重底鼓的难题,采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场应用的方法,基于塑性理论建立了巷道底板岩体滑移线底鼓力学模型。研究表明,巷道底板破坏岩体主要分为3个区,分别为主动极限区、过渡区和被动极限区,推导了巷道底板岩体的最大破坏深度,提出了锚索+卸压槽联合控制底鼓的方法。采用数值模拟的方法验证了联合控制方案的可行性,现场应用效果表明该方法能够有效控制软底巷道底鼓,为相似地质条件底鼓问题的研究提供了一定的帮助。

近距离煤层底板应力分布规律及巷道布置研究

为探究上煤层遗留煤柱对底板的应力影响及下煤层回采巷道的合理布置,以唐山沟煤矿为研究对象,运用理论分析和数值模拟等方法并综合多种影响因素构建了上煤层遗留煤柱与铰接岩块的协同承载结构模型和底板应力传递计算模型,对上煤层遗留煤柱下底板应力及影响因素展开研究。结果表明:上煤层遗留煤柱对底板的应力影响以垂直应力为主,影响程度随底板深度的增加而降低;遗留煤柱下底板应力增高区呈椭球形,对底板应力增高区的影响因素展开分析,得到了不同因素对应力增高区范围影响的量化关系,其中煤柱峰值应力对底板应力增高区分布起决定性作用;根据底板应力分布特征并结合理论计算及数值模拟结果,确定唐山沟煤矿8煤遗留煤柱与11^(-1)煤回采巷道合理错距值应为20~25 m。该研究揭示了上煤层遗留煤柱下底板应力传递机理,明确了底板应力增高区的分布及影响因素,并得到了巷道-煤柱合理错距值的确定方法,可为下煤层回采巷道的合理布置提供理论依据。

采动影响下底板岩体及巷道破坏时空演化特征分析

明确工作面底板采动应力分布规律,实现采动影响下底板岩体及巷道破坏程度的精准把握,能有效防止底板巷道的变形失稳。为此,根据极限平衡理论,构建煤岩体超前采动应力力学模型,获得支承压力扰动阶段和采空区卸压阶段底板岩体的力学分布规律,并基于压剪破坏准则及岩体卸荷损伤机制,得到底板岩体及巷道围岩破坏时空演化特征,进一步采用数值模拟进行可靠性验证。结果表明:采高增大,工作面前方煤体塑性区范围增大,超前支承压力集中系数减小;超前采动支承压力越大,底板岩体内主应力差越小,莫尔应力圆半径小,对底板的影响强度减弱,具体表现为底板岩体压剪破坏深度的减小;卸荷后底板岩体受力状态相同,岩体卸荷起点的增大,卸荷量增加,卸荷张拉破坏加剧,底板岩体塑性区呈“马鞍形”;推进过程中巷道围岩塑性区发生由“椭圆形”−“蝶形”−“竖直椭圆形”时空演化特征,采动支承应力越大,巷道破坏越严重,破坏主要集中在顶板及肩角位置。设计初采高度为3.5 m,通过布设光纤测试系统,得到采动过程中底板岩体及巷道随工作面推进变形与破坏的时空演化规律,测得底板岩体破坏深度最大为16.7 m,巷道围岩破坏深度最大为5.2 m,巷道围岩体在整个监测期间内保持稳定,没有发生破坏性影响,满足生产安全需求。

近距离煤层采空区下综放工作面巷道合理位置研究

近距离煤层综放工作面开采空间大,采动强度高,下位煤层回采巷道受上煤层采动影响存在应力集中、巷道支护困难等问题,因此近距离煤层综放工作面巷道合理位置的选取对后期支护控制起到关键性作用。以西露天煤矿2煤层和1煤层1分层为研究对象,综合考虑了上煤层开采时的底板应力降低区域和下煤层开采时的极限平衡区域,确定了下煤层巷道的合理位置应在距离实体煤柱内错22.79 m以上的区域。基于上述理论计算结果,分析了上煤层开采后底板应力分布规律及不同内错距下巷道围岩变形破坏特征及规律,结果表明:①距离采空区底板越近,应力最大值与最小值相差越明显;②随着内错距不断增大,围岩应力和应力集中系数呈现急剧降低-缓慢增大-稳定的趋势,在内错距20~25 m内应力及应力集中系数相对较小;③巷道围岩塑性区范围呈现先减小后增大的趋势,当巷道处于内错20,25 m时巷道围岩破坏相对较小;④巷道变形量随着内错距增大而逐渐减小,当内错距增加至25 m时,巷道围岩移进量基本保持不变;⑤确定巷道合理内错距为20~25 m。工程应用结果表明:巷道采用内错距24 m布置时,巷道围岩松动破坏深度及变形量均在可控范围内,进一步证明了该内错距的合理性。

深井不同层位底板岩巷与煤巷相互影响研究

深井煤巷掘进突出危险性高,布置底板岩巷条带预抽煤层瓦斯是降低煤层瓦斯压力、掩护煤巷安全掘进的有效方法。底板岩巷的层位布置及其与上部煤巷之间的相互影响是值得研究的问题。本研究通过数值分析方法,以首山一矿为工程背景,基于采面地质条件建立了离散元数值模型;根据巷道掘进先后关系,从岩层应力变化、围岩变形、损伤分布分析了不同垂距下底板岩巷与上部煤巷之间的相互影响。研究结果表明:底板岩巷对上部煤层有一定的卸压作用,随着两巷垂距的增加,煤体应力降低幅度减小;煤巷掘进对底板岩巷围岩变形有较大影响,增加垂距会降低影响程度;底板岩巷的围岩损伤受底板岩巷层位选择的影响较大,损伤区域主要发生在软岩层、薄岩层附近。首山一矿工作面最终确定底板岩巷与煤巷的垂距为12 m,现场考察结果表明此垂距下底板岩巷和煤巷稳定性良好。

深井高应力软岩巷道底鼓力学机理及控制技术研究

为解决林西矿深井高应力软岩巷道底鼓问题,论文通过理论分析和现场实测相结合方法,研究分析出了深井高应力软岩巷道底鼓力学机理及控制技术,得出了如下结论:(1)推导出了巷道两侧底板极限破坏深度、极限破坏宽度以及沿滑移面有效滑动力的计算公式;(2)判断出了林西矿1791-2工作面回风巷底板破坏为挤压流动性底鼓,全断面破坏鼓起形式;(3)分析出了巷道底鼓机理、底鼓原因以及控制途径;(4)提出了“顶、帮、底同治”控制巷道底鼓技术,顶帮采用高强预应力锚杆网+锚索支护,底板采用预应力锚索锚注加固+混凝土铺底技术;(5)现场工业试验表明巷道底鼓得到了有效遏止,能够满足正常使用要求。

近距离煤层采掘关系对下位巷道围岩变形规律影响研究

近距离煤层上煤层工作面与下位煤层巷道采掘关系发生变化时,巷道围岩变形失稳机理会更加复杂,而目前针对上煤层工作面与下位煤层巷道推进方向不同时巷道受载动态演化规律及失稳特征的研究较少。以陕北能东煤矿近距离煤层为研究对象,采用理论分析、数值模拟与现场实测相结合的方法,对上煤层工作面回采后下位煤层巷道的稳定性进行了研究。理论分析得出,上煤层工作面开采后所产生的底板裂隙深度为22.5 m,未发育至下位煤层巷道。按采掘空间位置关系将回采工作面与巷道分为相向、相交、背向3个状态,数值模拟当巷道与工作面的空间位置关系发生变化时下位煤层巷道围岩的变形情况,结果表明:①上煤层工作面与下位煤层巷道的采掘关系为相交与背向推进时,巷道围岩应力呈先增后减再增的趋势,在推进距离为90 m时,最大应力为6.5 MPa,应力集中系数为1.49,在推进距离为100~110 m时,巷道围岩应力降低幅度最大,降低了53.2%,在推进距离为150 m时应力最小,为0.95 MPa,之后不断增大,直到恢复至原岩应力。②巷道围岩位移量在推进距离为100~150 m时增长幅度较大,在150 m时顶板位移量达到最大,为0.036 m,随着巷道越接近边界煤柱,其巷道位移量越小。现场实测结果表明:上煤层工作面过下位煤层巷道时,巷道位移量显著增长,顶板最大位移量为3.41 cm,与数值模拟结果一致;相交推进过程中若地质条件简单可以适当加快推进速度,减小上煤层工作面开采对下位煤层巷道的影响。

底板承压水上底抽巷破坏特征及控制技术

针对承压水上掘进底抽巷易导致底板突水事故,底抽巷层位选取不合理将造成瓦斯抽采效率低的问题,以古汉山煤矿1508工作面底抽巷为工程背景,通过分析底板突水发生机理及其围岩塑性区分布特征,确定底抽巷合理的布置层位并提出围岩协同控制技术。现场试验表明,底抽巷围岩不均衡的塑性区明显使底板隔水层厚度变小,底板突水危险性高。底抽巷在垂向上距煤层底板12 m,水平方向上内错回采巷道8 m。采用以增强锚网索锚固体系能力、底角岩层稳定性及其护表能力为主,局部区域进行注浆加固为辅的综合方法对底抽巷进行治理。试验期间,底抽巷顶底板变形233 mm、两帮变形量变形209 mm后基本稳定;瓦斯抽放孔采出率得到明显提高,确保了工作面安全开采。

沁城煤业20107工作面沿空留巷工程实践

沁城煤业20107工作面拟定采用沿空留巷工艺;设计巷道沿空留巷的总体方案,重点探讨水平长钻孔区域压裂顶板弱化卸压与巷道补强支护、巷旁支护、充填体基底加固等技术参数;通过井下试验,验证了方案可行性,应用取得了较好的经济利益,具有较大的推广价值。

采区下山煤柱下伏巷道底鼓力学机理

针对采区下山煤柱下伏巷道底鼓的问题,采用理论分析、数值模拟方法,对煤柱下巷道底板变形规律进行分析,并提出防治方法。研究结果表明:煤柱区集中应力影响下,下部岩层主要以垂直应力分布为主;基于弹性地基梁理论,得到了巷道底板挠曲线微分方程,分析发现,采区下山煤柱下伏巷道底鼓主要由上覆载荷过载所致,同时数值模拟也发现,随着采区两翼开采完毕后,采区下山煤柱上覆岩层形成“T”形空间结构,覆岩载荷通过“T”形空间结构由煤柱传递至下伏巷道围岩,围岩应力增幅达到50%;针对采区下山保护煤柱下巷道底鼓力源,提出了底板爆破预裂防治底鼓的方案,效果显著.

层理劣化影响下破碎顶板巷道变形机理及控制研究

为解决层理劣化的破碎顶板下巷道支护难题,以辛置煤矿东四运输延伸巷为工程背景,研究了该巷道层理劣化的顶板变形破坏规律,提出了相应的支护对策,并进行了现场应用。采用FLAC3D中的interface单元,建立了含层理的巷道顶板模型,分析了层理影响下破碎顶板变形破坏特征,对比了不同支护方案的巷道围岩变形规律。对层理劣化的顶板,高预应力锚杆能充分提高顶板自承载能力,进而降低锚杆支护密度,既能控制巷道围岩变形,亦能提高掘进速度。最终,将提出的支护对策应用于现场,监测数据表明:该支护对策能保证巷道围岩稳定,且有利于提高巷道掘进速度,对类似的层理劣化的破碎顶板下巷道支护提供了参考。