Activity evolution of landslides and debris flows after the Wenchuan earthquake in the Qipan catchment,Southwest China

The Wenchuan earthquake that occurred on 12 May 2008 induced numerous landslides.Loose landslide materials were deposited on hillslopes,and deep channels were easily remobilized and transformed into debris flows by extreme rainstorms.Twelve years after the Wenchuan earthquake,debris flows were still active in the Qipangou Ravine in the quake-hit area.In this paper,we continuously tracked the spatiotemporal evolution of the landslides and vegetation restoration and evaluated the evolution of debris flow activity in the Qipan catchment with the aid of a GIS platform and field investigations from 2008 to 2019.We observed that the area with active landslides increased sharply immediately following the earthquake,and then decreased with time;however,the total area of landslides continued to increase from 6.93 km^(2)in 2008 to 10.55 km^(2)in 2019.The active landslides shifted towards lower angles and higher elevations after 2013.Since 2009,the vegetation coverage has been gradually increasing and approaching the coverage present before the earthquake as of 2019.The landslide activity was high and the vegetation recovery rates were rapidly rising during the first five years after the earthquake;the recovery rates then slowed over time.Therefore,we divided the evolution that occurred during the post landslide period into an active period(2008-2013),a self-adjustment period(2013-2026)and a stable period(after 2026).We then proposed a quantitative model to determine the trends of landslide activity rates and NDVI values in the catchment,which indicated that the landslide activities and postseismic vegetation restoration rates in this catchment will return to preseismic levels within approximately two decades.We also analysed the runout volumes of the debris flows after the earthquakes(Diexi and Wenchuan)and the standard deviation of the vegetation coverage and predicted that the debris flow activities will last for an additional 50 years or more.

Response of turbulent fluctuations to the periodic perturbations in a flow over a backward facing step

The flow structures in a separated shear layer actuated by a synthetic jet actuator were studied using experimental methods. When forced at a frequency much lower than the natural shedding frequency （fH/U = 0.042 orfXr/U = 0.24）, the vertical flapping motion of the shear layer downstream of the separation point became prominent. The size of the peak in the pressure spectra at the forcing frequency （Sta = fAH//U） measured near the separation point （x/H = 1） increased linearly with the forcing ampli- tude （u＇/U） suggesting a linear response of the pressure fluctuations to the forcing by the synthetic jet. The linear response did not hold for the pressure fluctuations away from the jet exit as the magnitude of the peak for StA measured at x/H = 3 soon saturated when the forcing amplitude became larger than 0.3.

FURTHER DISCUSSION ON STATISTICAL PROPERTIES OF ACTIVITY FLOW TIME IN PERT

In this paper attempts are made at answering the problems on the statistical properties of activity flow time in PERT raised by the late famous mathematician Hua Loo-keng.

Advanced flow measurement and active flow control of aircraft with MEMS

Advanced flow measurement and active flow control need the development of new type devices and systems.Micro-electro-mechanical systems(MEMS) technologies become the important and feasible approach for micro transducers fabrication.This paper introduces research works of MEMS/NEMS Lab in flow measurement sensors and active flow control actuators.Micro sensors include the flexible thermal sensor array,capacitive shear stress sensor and high sensitivity pressure sensor.Micro actuators are the balloon actuator and synthetic jet actuator respectively.Through wind tunnel test,these micro transducers achieve the goals of shear stress and pressure distribution measurement,boundary layer separation control,lift enhancement,etc.And unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) flight test verifies the ability of maneuver control of micro actuator.In the future work,micro sensor and actuator can be combined into a closed-loop control system to construct aerodynamic smart skin system for aircraft.

Prediction Ability of Cash Flows, Net Income （NI）, and Auditors

The accounting information should help investors and creditors evaluate the amounts, timing, and uncertainty of firms＇ future cash receipts and disbursements. The Financial Accounting Standards Board （FASB） contends that accrual-based historical earnings are superior to cash flows in predicting future cash flows. But, Bowen, Burgstahler, and Daley （1986） showed that traditional measures of cash flows （net income （NI） plus depreciation and working capital from operations） appear to be better predictors of future cash flows than accrual accounting earnings. Since then, many researchers have articulated the importance of accounting data, especially cash flows and NI, in the predictive and forecasting processes. In this study, we empirically re-examined the ability of cash flows from operating activities （CFO） and accrual-based NI in predicting firms＇ bankruptcy. In the past, the results of this type of research were mixed. Differently from previous research, we focus on the timing of predictive ability, i.e., which indicator, cash flows or NI, is faster in predicting a firm＇s bankruptcy. We also investigate the timing of auditors＇ issuance of a going-concern opinion. The preliminary results show that the accrual-based NI is more accurate and faster than either CFO or audit opinion in predicting firms＇ failures. On average, NI signals a firm＇s bankruptcy 2.41 years before the bankruptcy filing, while CFO signals 1.48 years before filing. Auditors issued a going-concern opinion, another signal for firms＇ failure, to only 16 out of 41 bankrupt firms one year before bankruptcy, and no auditor issued the going-concern opinion two years before bankruptcy.

The law of anti-VCAM-1 targeted microbubbles adhesion to activated endothelial cells under controlled shear flow

Microbubbles can enhance the detection in noninvasive ultrasound imaging.Recently,targeted microbubbles have been developed to selectively adhere to specific and overexpressed p molecules in endothelial cells in some pathologic conditions.However,the law of

Coseismic landslide sediment increased by the“9.5”Luding earthquake,Sichuan,China

The"9.5"Luding earthquake(Ms 6.8),which occurred on September 5,2022,has triggered thousands of landslides,and caused coseismic landslide sediment in the mountain basin to increase significantly.After the Luding earthquake,landslide sediment may continue to divert to channels,and increase the activity of debris flows.Importantly,the formation of debris flows can pose a major threat to infrastructure,lives and property.To better understand the landslide sediment that increased by the"9.5"Luding earthquake and its impact on the activity of debris flows,we mapped the coseismic landslide database using satellite images.A total of9142 landslides with an area of 49.51 km^(2),covering4.81%of the whole basin,were triggered by the Luding earthquake.The coseismic landslides induced by this earthquake are dominated by shallow landslides and are densely distributed in the combined zone of the Xianshuihe fault and the Daduhe fault.Approximately 333.31×10^(6)m^(3)(error:111.43×10^(6)m^(3)/-70.73×10^(6)m^(3))of coseismic landslide sediments were induced by the earthquake in the epicenter,and the landslide materials were concentrated downstream of the basins.In addition.more than 13986.45×10^(4)m^(3)(error:4675.67×10^(4)m^(3)/-2967.92×10^(4)m^(3))of landslide sediment may supply for debris flow occurrence.Simultaneously,the small basins that are distributed near Moxi,Detuo and the junction of the Xianshuihe fault and Daduhe fault are more susceptible to debris flows when rainstorms hit these regions.Therefore,prevention and mitigation measures,early warning,and land use planning should be adopted in advance in these regions.However,from the perspectives of landslide scale and the degree of landslide-channel coupling,the activity or active intensity of debris flows in the Luding earthquake area may be lower than that in the epicenter area of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.

RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF POLY(VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE) IN MOLTEN STATE

The theological behavior of poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF)samples of different molecular weights was investigated by means of high pressure capillary rheometer and rotational rheometer.Information on the rheological properties of such materials above melt temperatures is of interest as this can lead to an improved understanding of polymer behavior in processing and fabrication technologies.Shift factors derived from time-temperature superposition showed good fit to the Arrhenius equation with a flow activa...

Concentration and temperature dependence of viscosity of uranium solutions in H2O and 3mol／L HNO3

Viscosities of uranium solutions in H2O and 3 mol/L HNO3 medium were measured by Ubbelhode flow vis-cometer in the concentration range of 0.5%3.0% from 10 篊 to 30 篊 at 5 篊 interval. Viscosity data were interpreted in terms of an empirical equation; h =aoexp(boM+coM2). Values of coefficients ao, bo and co were calculated for all the three systems studied. Flow activation energies and thermodynamic parameters were also evaluated.

The wave and vibratory power transmission in a finite L-shaped Mindlin plate with two simply supported opposite edges

In this paper,wave and vibratory power transmission in a finite L-shaped Mindlin plate with two simply supported opposite edges are investigated using the wave approach.The dynamic responses,active and reactive power flow in the finite plate are calculated by the Mindlin plate theory （MPT） and classic plate theory （CPT）.To satisfy the boundary conditions and continuous conditions at the coupled junction of the finite L-shaped plate,the near-field and far-field waves are entirely contained in the wave approach.The in-plane longitudinal and shear waves are also considered.The results indicate that the vibratory power flow based on the MPT is different from that based on the CPT not only at high frequencies but also at low and medium frequencies.The influence of the plate thickness on the vibrational power flow is investigated.From the results it is seen that the shear and rotary inertia correction of the MPT can influence the active and reactive power at the junction of the L-shaped plate not only at high frequencies but also at low and medium frequencies.Furthermore,the effects of structural damping on the active and reactive power flow at the junction are also analyzed.

Surrogate-based modeling and dimension reduction techniques for multi-scale mechanics problems

Successful modeling and/or design of engineering systems often requires one to address the impact of multiple ＂design variables＂ on the prescribed outcome.There are often multiple,competing objectives based on which we assess the outcome of optimization.Since accurate,high fidelity models are typically time consuming and computationally expensive,comprehensive evaluations can be conducted only if an efficient framework is available.Furthermore,informed decisions of the model/hardware＇s overall performance rely on an adequate understanding of the global,not local,sensitivity of the individual design variables on the objectives.The surrogate-based approach,which involves approximating the objectives as continuous functions of design variables from limited data,offers a rational framework to reduce the number of important input variables,i.e.,the dimension of a design or modeling space.In this paper,we review the fundamental issues that arise in surrogate-based analysis and optimization,highlighting concepts,methods,techniques,as well as modeling implications for mechanics problems.To aid the discussions of the issues involved,we summarize recent efforts in investigating cryogenic cavitating flows,active flow control based on dielectric barrier discharge concepts,and lithium（Li）-ion batteries.It is also stressed that many multi-scale mechanics problems can naturally benefit from the surrogate approach for ＂scale bridging.＂

The hot compressive deformation behavior of cast Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr alloys with and without LPSO phase in their initial microstructures

Samples of Mg-8.2Gd-3.8Y-1.1Zn-0.4Zr alloy with and without an intragranular lamellae-shaped long period stacking ordered(LPSO)phase were prepared through heat treatment and a series of hot compression tests on these materials were conducted to examine and evaluate the influence of LPSO on the hot compressive deformation behavior and deformation mechanisms at a given alloy composition.The values of activation energy for plastic flow(Qc)of the solution treated(without LPSO phase)and annealed alloys(with intragranular LPSO phase)were larger than that for pure Mg,indicating that the presence of a high amount of rare earth(RE)elements and LPSO in the Mg matrix significantly increases Qc.The Qcvalue of the annealed alloy was larger than that of the solution treated alloy at all the strain levels(223.3 vs.195.5 k J/mol in average)and the largest difference in Qcbetween the two alloys was recorded at the smallest strain of 0.1 where precipitation of LPSO during deformation was limited in the solution treated alloy.These observations imply that the formation of LPSO phase out of the RE-rich solid solution matrix during deformation increases Qc,but the increment is not so large.Analysis of the hot compressive data of the alloys with LPSO phase and the alloys with RE-rich solid solution matrix in literatures indicates the similarity of the effect of the LPSO and RE-rich solid solution matrix phases on Qcand high-temperature strength.

Numerical investigation of co-flow jet airfoil with parabolic flap

Both the Active Flow Control(AFC)and the variable-camber technology are considered as efficient ways to enhance the aerodynamic performance of an aircraft.The present study investigated the feasibility of the combination of a Co-Flow Jet(CFJ)airfoil and a parabolic flap,where the Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes(RANS)equations and the Spalart-Allmaras(S-A)turbulence model were exploited for the numerical simulation.Several significant geometric parameters,including the injection slot location,the suction slot location,the injection slot angle,the suction slot angle and the airfoil Suction Surface Translation(SST),were selected to study their effects on the aerodynamics of the proposed configuration.Then,an optimized design was created and compared with the baseline airfoil.The results show that the CFJ airfoil combined with the parabolic flap is more beneficial to the aerodynamic performance enhancement at small angles of attack.It is preferable to locate the injection slot at a 2%chord-wise location and the suction slot at a 75%chord-wise location.Both the decrease of the injection slot angle and the augmentation of the suction slot angle could reduce the drag.Furthermore,the SST of 0.5%chord is selected due to its high gain in the corrected aerodynamic efficiency at small angles of attack.Compared with the baseline,the optimized design could increase the lift coefficient and the corrected lift-to-drag ratio by 32.1%and 93.8%respectively at the angle of attack a=4°.

PASSIVE-ACTIVE CONTROL OF A FLEXIBLE ISOLATION SYSTEM

Passive-active control of a flexible isolation system is investigated from the viewpoint of power flow. Dynamic transfer equations of the system are deduced based on a matrix method which uses mobility or impedance representations of three substructures: the source of vibration, the receiver and the mounting system which connects the source to the receiver. The cancellation of axial input forces to the receiver is considered as the active control strategy and its effects are discussed. The results of the study show that the strategy adopted herein can effectively reduce the power transmitted to the receiver.

UPFC setting to avoid active power flow loop considering wind power uncertainty

The active power loop flow(APLF)may be caused by impropriate network configuration,impropriate parameter settings,and/or stochastic bus powers.The power flow controllers,e.g.,the unified power flow controller(UPFC),may be the reason and the solution to the loop flows.In this paper,the critical existence condition of the APLF is newly integrated into the simultaneous power flow model for the system and UPFC.Compared with the existing method of alternatively solving the simultaneous power flow and sensitivity-based approaching to the critical existing condition,the integrated power flow needs less iterations and calculation time.Besides,with wind power fluctuation,the interval power flow(IPF)is introduced into the integrated power flow,and solved with the affine Krawcyzk iteration to make sure that the range of active power setting of the UPFC not yielding the APLF.Compared with Monte Carlo simulation,the IPF has the similar accuracy but less time.

DOUBLE LOOP ACTIVE VIBRATION CONTROL OF PNEUMATIC ISOLATOR WITH TWO SEPARATE CHAMBERS

A newly designed pneumatic spring with two separate chambers is promoted and double-loop active control is introduced to overcome the following drawbacks of passive pneumatic isolation： ① The low frequency resonances introduced into the system; ② Conflict between lower isolation frequency and stiffness high enough to limit quasi-static stroke;③ Inconsistent isolation level with different force load. The design of two separate chambers is for the purpose of tuning support frequency and force independently and each chamber is controlled by a different valve. The inner one of double-loop structure is pressure control, and in order to obtain good performance, nonlinearities compensation and motion flow rate compensation （MFRC） are added besides the basic cascade compensation, and the influence of tube length is studied. The outer loop has two functions： one is to eliminate the resonance caused by isolation support and to broaden the isolation frequency band by payload velocity feedback and base velocity feed forward, and the other is to tune support force and support stiffness simultaneously and independently, which means the support force will have no effect on support stiffness. Theoretical analysis and experiment results show that the three drawbacks are overcome simultaneously.

Review of actuators for high speed active flow control

Actuators are one of the key points for the development of active flow control technology.Efficient methods of high speed flow control can provide enhanced propulsive efficiency and at the same time enable safe and maneuverable high speed flight.The development of high speed flight technology promotes the emergence of novel and robust actuators.This review introduces the state of the art in the development of actuators that can be used in high speed active flow control.The classification and different operation criteria of the actuators are discussed.The specifications,mechanisms and applications of various popular actuator types including fluidic,mechanical,and plasma actuators are described.Based on the realistic need of high speed flow control and the existing results of actuators,a new actuator design method is proposed.At last,the merits and drawbacks of the actuators are summarized and some suggestions on the development of active flow control technology are put forward.

Application of Active Flow Control Technique for Gust Load Alleviation

A new gust load alleviation technique is presented in this paper based on active flow control. Numerical studies are conducted to investigate the beneficial effects on the aerodynamic characteristics of the quasi ＂Global Hawk＂ airfoil using arrays of jets during the gust process. Based on unsteady Navier-Stokes equations, the grid-velocity method is introduced to simulate the gust influence, and dynamic response in vertical gust flow perturbation is investigated for the airfoil as well. An unsteady surface transpiration boundary condition is enforced over a user specified portion of the airfoil’s surface to emulate the time dependent velocity boundary conditions. Firstly, after applying this method to simulate typical NACA0006 airfoil gust response to a step change in the angle of attack, it shows that the indicial responses of the airfoil make good agreement with the exact theoretical values and the calculated values in references. Furthermore, gust response characteristic for the quasi ＂Global Hawk＂ airfoil is analyzed. Five kinds of flow control techniques are introduced as steady blowing, steady suction, unsteady blowing, unsteady suction and synthetic jets. The physical analysis of the influence on the effects of gust load alleviation is proposed to provide some guidelines for practice. Numerical results have indicated that active flow control technique,as a new technology of gust load alleviation, can affect and suppress the fluid disturbances caused by gust so as to achieve the purpose of gust load alleviation.

Microjet flow control in an ultra-compact serpentine inlet

Microjets are used to control the internal flow to improve the performance of an ultra-compact serpentine inlet. A highly offset serpentine inlet with length-to-diameter ratio of 2.5 is designed and static tests are conducted to analyze the internal flow characteristics in terms of pressure recovery, distortion and flow separation. Flow separation is encountered in the second S-turn, and two strong counter-rotating vortices are formed at the aerodynamic interthce plane （AIP） face which occupy a quarter of the outlet area and result in severe pressure loss and distortion. A flow control model employing a row of microjets in the second turn is designed based on the internal flow characteristics and simplified CFD simulations. Flow control tests are conducted to verify the control effectiveness and understand the characteristics as a function of inlet throat Mach number, injection mass flow ratio, jet Mach number and momentum coefficient. At all test Mach numbers, microjet flow control （MFC） effectively improves the recovery and reduces the distortion intensity. Between inlet throat Mach number 0.2 and 0.5, the strong flow separation in the second S-turn is suppressed at an optimum jet flow ratio of less than 0.65%, resulting in a maximum improvement of 4% for pressure recovery coefficient and a maximum decrease of 75% for circumferential distortion intensity at cruise. However, in order to suppress the flow separation, the injection rate should retain in an effective range. When the injection rate is higher than this range, the flow is degraded and the distortion contour is changed from 90° circumferential distortion pattern to 180° circumferential distortion pattern. Detailed data analysis shows that this optimum flow ratio depends on inlet throat Mach number and the monlcntunl coefficient affects the control effectiveness in a dual stepping manner.

Active flow control using machine learning:A brief review

Nowadays the rapidly developing artificial intelligence has become a key solution for problems of diverse disciplines,especially those involving big data.Successes in these areas also attract researchers from the community of fluid mechanics,especially in the field of active flow control(AFC).This article surveys recent successful applications of machine learning in AFC,highlights general ideas,and aims at offering a basic outline for those who are interested in this specific topic.In this short review,we focus on two methodologies,i.e.,genetic programming(GP)and deep reinforcement learning(DRL),both having been proven effective,efficient,and robust in certain AFC problems,and outline some future prospects that might shed some light for relevant studies.