Numerical Investigation of Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) Flow Control in an S-Shaped Duct

An electrohydrodynamic （EHD） method, which is based on glow discharge plasma, is presented for flow control in an S-shaped duct. The research subject is an expanding channel with a constant width and a rectangular cross section. An equivalent divergence angle and basic function are introduced to build the three-dimensional model. Subsequently, the plasma physical models are simplified as the effects of electrical body force and work （done by the force） on the fluid near the wall. With the aid of FLUENT software, the source terms of momentum and energy are added to the Navier-Stokes equation. Finally, the original performance of three models （A, B and C） is studied, in which model A demonstrates better performance. Then EHD control based on model A is discussed. The results show that the EHD method is an effective way of reducing flow loss and improving uniformity at the duct exit. The innovation in this study is the assessment of the EHD control effect on the flow in an S-shaped duct. Both the parametric modeling of the S-shaped duct and the simplified models of plasma provide valuable information for future research on aircraft inlet ducts.

Numerical solution of oscillatory flow of Maxwell fluid in a rectangular straight duct

A numerical analysis is presented for the oscillatory flow of Maxwell fluid in a rectangular straight duct subjected to a simple harmonic periodic pressure gradient.The numerical solutions are obtained by a finite difference scheme method.The stability of this finite difference scheme method is discussed.The distributions of the velocity and phase difference are given numerically and graphically.The effects of the Reynolds number,relaxation time,and aspect ratio of the cross section on the oscillatory flow are investigated.The results show that when the relaxation time of the Maxwell model and the Reynolds number increase,the resonance phenomena for the distributions of the velocity and phase difference enhance.

TIME-PERIODIC ISENTROPIC SUPERSONIC EULER FLOWS IN ONE-DIMENSIONAL DUCTS DRIVING BY PERIODIC BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

We show existence of time-periodic supersonic solutions in a finite interval, after certain start-up time depending on the length of the interval, to the one space-dimensional isentropic compressible Euler equations, subjected to periodic boundary conditions. Both classical solutions and weak entropy solutions, as well as high-frequency limiting behavior are considered. The proofs depend on the theory of Cauchy problems of genuinely nonlinear hyperbolic systems of conservation laws.

The dispersion of particles in turbulent semi-circular duct flows

The flow field in a semi-circular duct is simulated by Large Eddy Simulation(LES)and its particle field is simulated by Lagrange particle tracking method.Reynolds number Reb(based on bulk velocity and hydraulic diameter)is 80,000 and Ret(based on friction velocity and hydraulic diameter)is 3528.Particle diameter dpis chosen as 10,50,100,500 mm corresponding to St as 0.10,2.43,9.72,243.05.The results show that the intensity of the secondary flow near the ceiling is less than that near the floor because the ceiling is curved and able to inhibit the secondary flow.It is found that the difference between the semicircular duct and the square duct is that the secondary flow in a corner of the semi-circular duct is not symmetrical along the diagonal although they have the same generation mechanism.Regarding the particles,small particles(dp≤10 mm)are found to uniformly distribute in the duct,while large particles(dp≥50 mm)preferentially distribute in the corner and floor center.The maximum particles(dp=500mm)fall on the floor quickly and their dispersion mainly depends on the secondary flow near the floor.Particle deposition in the corner depends on particle size due to the effect of secondary flow and gravity.The effect of lift force on particles becomes more significant for 50 and 100 mm particles in comparison with other smaller particles.In the end,the effect of secondary flow is found to be more significant to dominate particle behavior than that of flow fluctuation.

Accuracy analysis of predicted velocity profiles of laminar duct flow with entropy generation method

The objective of this work is to estimate the accuracy of a predicted velocity profile which can be gained from experimental results, in comparison with the exact ones by the methodology of entropy generation. The analysis is concerned with the entropy generation rate in hydrodynamic, steady, laminar, and incompressible flow for Newtonian fluids in the insulated channels of arbitrary cross section. The entropy generation can be calculated from two local and overall techniques. Adaptation of the results of these techniques depends on the used velocity profile. Results express that in experimental works, whatever the values of local and overall entropy generation rates are close to each other, the results are more accuracy. In order to extent the subject, different geometries have been investigated. Also, the influence studied, and the distribution of volumetric geometries is drawn. of geometry on the entropy generation rate is local entropy generation rate for the selected geometries is drawn.

Effects of aspect ratio on unsteady solutions through curved duct flow

The effects of the aspect ratio on unsteady solutions through the curved duct flow are studied numerically by a spectral based computational procedure with a temperature gradient between the vertical sidewalls for the Grashof number 100 ≤ Gr ≤ 2 000. The outer wall of the duct is heated while the inner wall is cooled and the top and bottom walls are adiabatic. In this paper, unsteady solutions are calculated by the time history analysis of the Nusselt number for the Dean numbers Dn = 100 and Dn = 500 and the aspect ratios 1≤γ≤ 3. Water is taken as a working fluid （Pr =7.0）. It is found that at Dn = 100, there appears a steady-state solution for small or large Gr. For moderate Gr, however, the steady-state solution turns into the periodic solution if γ is increased. For Dn = 500, on the other hand, it is analyzed that the steady-state solution turns into the chaotic solution for small and large Gr for any γ lying in the range. For moderate Gr at Dn = 500, however, the steady-state flow turns into the chaotic flow through the periodic oscillating flow if the aspect ratio is increased.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THREE DIMENSIONAL TURBULENT FLOW IN SUDDENLY EXPANDED RECTANGULAR DUCT

In this paper,to simulate the three dimensional turbulent flow in suddenly expanded rectangular duct numerically,the SIMPLEC algorithm is employed to solve the incompressible Navier-Stckes equation with k-εturbulence model.The numerical resulis show well the three dimensional turbulent flow field in the rectangular duct behind the sudden expansion cross-section. and agree.fairly well with the experimental result of the length of the main circumfluence.The numerical method of this paper can be applied to numerical analysis of this kind of turbulent flow.

An analytical theory of heated duct flows in supersonic combustors

One-dimensional analytical theory is developed for supersonic duct flow with variation of cross section, wall friction, heat addition, and relations between the inlet and outlet flow parameters are obtained. By introducing a self- similar parameter, effects of heat releasing, wall friction, and change in cross section area on the flow can be normalized and a self-similar solution of the flow equations can be found. Based on the result of self-similar solution, the sufficient and necessary condition for the occurrence of thermal choking is derived. A re- lation of the maximum heat addition leading to thermal choking of the duct flow is derived as functions of area ratio, wall friction, and mass addition, which is an extension of the classic Rayleigh flow theory, where the effects of wall friction and mass addition are not considered. The present work is expected to provide fundamentals for developing an integral analytical theory for ramjets and scramjets.

Slip flow in an annular sector duct using radial eigenfunctions

The fully developed slip flow in an annular sector duct is solved by expansions of eigenfunctions in the radial direction and boundary collocation on the straight sides. The method is efficient and accurate. The flow field for slip flow differs much from that of no-slip flow. The Poiseuille number increases with increased inner radius, opening angle, and decreases with slip.

Time-Dependent Flow with Convective Heat Transfer through a Curved Square Duct with Large Pressure Gradient

A numerical study is presented for the fully developed two-dimensional laminar flow of viscous incompressible fluid through a curved square duct for the constant curvature δ = 0.1. In this paper, a spectral-based computational algorithm is employed as the principal tool for the simulations, while a Chebyshev polynomial and collocation method as secondary tools. Numerical calculations are carried out over a wide range of the pressure gradient parameter, the Dean number, 100 ≤ Dn ≤ 3000 for the Grashof number, Gr, ranging from 100 to 2000. The outer wall of the duct is treated heated while the inner wall cooled, the top and bottom walls being adiabatic. The main concern of the present study is to find out the unsteady flow behavior i.e. whether the unsteady flow is steady-state, periodic, multi-periodic or chaotic, if Dn or Gr is increased. It is found that the unsteady flow is periodic for Dn = 1000 at Gr = 100 and 500 and at Dn = 2000, Gr = 2000 but steady-state otherwise. It is also found that for large values of Dn, for example Dn = 3000, the unsteady flow undergoes in the scenario “periodic→chaotic→periodic”, if Gr is increased. Typical contours of secondary flow patterns and temperature profiles are also obtained, and it is found that the unsteady flow consists of single-, two-, three- and four-vortex solutions. The present study also shows that there is a strong interaction between the heating-induced buoyancy force and the centrifugal force in a curved square passage that stimulates fluid mixing and consequently enhance heat transfer in the fluid.

Combined Effects of Centrifugal and Coriolis Instability of the Flow through a Rotating Curved Duct with Rectangular Cross Section

Combined effects of centrifugal and coriolis instability of the flow through a rotating curved duct with rectangular cross section have been studied numerically by using a spectral method, and covering a wide range of the Taylor number ?for a constant Dean number. The rotation of the duct about the center of curvature is imposed in the positive direction, and the effects of rotation (Coriolis force) on the flow characteristics are investigated. As a result, multiple branches of asymmetric steady solutions with two-, three-and multi-vortex solutions are obtained. To investigate the non-linear behavior of the unsteady solutions, time evolution calculations as well as power spectrum of the unsteady solutions are performed, and it is found that the unsteady flow undergoes through various flow instabilities in the scenario “chaotic?→ multi-periodic?→ periodic?→ steady-state”, if Tr is increased in the positive direction. The present results show the characteristics of both the secondary flow and axial flow distribution in the flow.

Impacts of Rotation on Unsteady Fluid Flow and Energy Distribution through a Bending Duct with Rectangular Cross Section

A depth understanding of fluid flow past a curved duct having rectangular cross-section with different aspect ratios(l)are essential for various engineering applications such as in chemical,mechanical,biomechanical and bio-medical engineering.So highly ambitious researchers have given significant attention to study new characteristics of fluid flow in a curved duct.The flow characterization in the rectangular duct has been studied over a wide range of numerical and selective experimental studies.However,proper knowledge with the effects of Coriolis force for different aspect ratios is important for better understanding of the transitional behaviour and the subsequent heat generation,which is required to improve further.The purpose of this study is to reveal insight into the transitional flow pattern and heat transfer in a curved rectangular domain.The Navier-Stokes equations are solved using the spectral method,while the Crank-Nicolson method is used to solve the energy equation.An in-house FORTRAN code is developed to get the numerical solution.For post-processing purposes,Tecplot-360 and Ghost-script tools are used.The present study exposes development of Dean vortices that affect heat generation as well as thermal enhancement in the flow with underlying the flow controlling parameters,the Dean number(Dn),the Grashof number(Gr)and the Taylor number(Tr).Time-dependent results followed by phase spaces show that transient flow undergoes in the scenario‘chaotic→multi-periodic→periodic→steady-state’generating 2-to 8-vortices for the periodic/multi-periodic flow at 2000≤Tr≤2205 for l=2,whereas similar sort of flow is observed in the range of 3100≤Tr≤3195 for l=3.More complicated 4-to 13-vortex solutions are obtained for the chaotic flow regime at l=2 in the range of 0≤Tr<2200 and at l=3 in the range of 0≤Tr<3100.The chaotic flow that occurs at the certain range of Tr proficiently intensifies the heat transfer than the unperturbed,periodic or multi-periodic flow.The overall investigation reveals that in the rotating duct,the temperature-influenced buoyancy compulsion and centrifugal-coriolis joint forces are dominant,influencing the characteristic of the fluid and thus optimizing the transfer of heat.The present investigation will contribute to enhancing the understanding of fluid flow and heat transfer of internal heating/cooling/gas turbines,electric generators,biological systems,and some separation processes.

Pressure-Induced Instability Characteristics of a Transient Flow and Energy Distribution through a Loosely Bent Square Duct

Due to widespread applications of the bent ducts in engineering fields such as in chemical,mechanical,bio-mechanical and bio-medical engineering,scientists have paid considerable attention to invent new characteristics of fluid flow in a bent duct(BD).In the ongoing study,a spectral-based numerical technique is applied to explore flow characteristics and energy distribution through a loosely bent square duct(BSD)of small curvature.Flow is accelerated due to combined action of the non-dimensional parameters;the Grashof number Gr(=1000),the curvatureδ(=0.001),and the Prandtl number Pr(=7.0)over a wide domain of the Dean number 0<Dn≤5000.Fortran code is developed for the numerical computations and Tecplot software with Gost Script and Gost View is used for the post-processing purpose.The numerical study investigates steady solutions(SS)and as a result,a structure of six-branches of SSs composed of 2-to 6-vortex solutions is obtained.Then oscillating behavior with flow transition is discussed by obtaining timedependent solutions followed by power-spectrum analysis.Results showthat the trend of unsteady flow(UF)undergoes in the sequence‘steady-state→multi-periodic→steady-state→chaotic→multi-periodic→chaotic’,if Dn is increased.Asymmetric 2-to 4-vortex solutions are obtained for UF.Convective heat transfer(CHT)is then examined obtaining temperature gradients and energy contours,and it is found that CHT is significantly enhanced by the secondary flow(SF).The present study reveals that the role of secondary vortices over heat transfer(HT)is highly significant and HT occurs substantially for the chaotic solutions.Finally,for the interest of validation,the present numerical result is compared with the previously published experimental outcomes,and a good agreement is remarked.

LES for Turbulent Flows through Ducts of Regular-Polygon Cross-Sections

In this study,a large eddy simulation(LES)for fully-developed turbulent flows through a duct of regular-polygon cross-section using the immersed boundary(IB)method is performed.In case of the turbulent flow through the square duct,though there are some disagreements of the mean quantities related with the streamwise velocity among the present LES,the previous direct numerical simulation(DNS)and the LES without the IB method,and the present LES can reproduce the secondary flow of the DNS and LES.The LES result for ten types of regular-polygon duct shows that the secondary-flow speed decreases as the number of sides of the regular polygon n increases and that the secondary flow in case of the regular icosagon duct disappears like the turbulent pipe flow.In case of low n,the behavior of the turbulent structures near the side center is different from that near the vertex.

Design of Half-Ducted Axial Flow Fan Considering Radial Inflow and Outflow

Half-ducted fan and ducted fan have been designed and numerically analyzed for investigating the radial flow effect on the overall performance and the three dimensional flow field in design. Based on quasi-three dimensional flow theory, the meridional flow was calculated by adopting the radial balance equations, while the calculation of the blade to blade flow was obtained by 2D cascade data with the correction by a potential flow theory. Two types of axial flow fan were designed. One is the full ducted case as if it was in the straight pipe and another is the half-ducted case with the radial inflow and outflow. The previous experimental results of authors were used to decide the inclinations of both the inflow and outflow. And the circular arc blade with equal thickness was adopted. The numerical results indicate that both of the designed fans can reach the specified efficiency and also the efficiency surpasses more than 11%. Furthermore, the static pressure characteristic of half-ducted fan is much better than that of ducted fan. In comparison of the three dimensional internal flow of these two fans, the improvement of the flow angle at inlet and outlet, the distributions of velocity in the flow field and the pressure distributions on the blade surfaces can be achieved more successfully in accordance with the design intension on consideration of flow angle in design. The conclusion that half-ducted design with considering radial inflow and outflow is feasible and valid in comparison with ducted design for axial flow fans has been obtained at the end of the paper.

A Study on the Half-Ducted Axial Flow Fan Designed by a Diagonal Flow Fan Design Method

A study on the half-ducted axial flow fan designed by a diagonal flow fan design method was conducted. The rotor which has NACA65 blades was designed, calculated numerically, manufactured and tested experimentally. As a result of the design and CFD, the meridional streamline and three distributions of the meridional, tangential and radial velocity at inlet and outlet go well as designed values of the half ducted fan. On the other hand, the values of the meridional velocity and the tangential velocity are little smaller than the design values at the hub side of the radial distribution. The improvement of the design is prospected for this point, that is, the approach between the design value and the actual flow is prospected if the tangential velocity is assigned small at hub and is assigned large at the tip so as to accord the actual flow in the vortex design of the rotor blade. Then the designed half-ducted rotor with four NACA65 blades was fabricated by a three-dimensional printer and tested in the wind tunnel in order to validate the half-ducted design method. For the comparison between the design values and the experimental values at the design flow rate coefficient of φ = 0.264, the experimental values of the pressure rise coefficient ψ and the efficiency η are rather small than the design values, while the experimental value of the torque coefficient τ is almost the same as the design value. However, the experimental value of approximately 0.45 of the maximum efficiency is comparably large value considering for the limitation of the situation of half-ducted. For the comparison between the experimental values and the CFD values at φ = 0.264, the CFD values are almost the same values as the experimental values for all the values of ψ, τ and η. In addition, the tendencies of the CFD values when the flow rate coefficient changes are almost similar as the experimental tendencies, though the flow rate coefficient for the CFD values when ψ or η takes the peak value shifts toward larger flow rate. For the case at rotor outlet at φ = 0.264, two values of the meridional velocity and the tangential velocity are larger than the design values at the tip side of the radial distribution.

喷水推进器进水流道在来流含气条件下的内部流动特性分析

为了研究喷水推进器进水流道在来流含气条件下的内部流动特性,以轴流式喷水推进器为研究对象,对喷水推进器在不同来流含气条件下进行全流域定常数值仿真,得到了不同来流含气条件下进水流道各截面气相体积分数分布特征和不均匀度变化规律.计算结果表明:在低航速区间时,进水流道内流量小、流速低,受管道几何结构影响,下部弯管处流体堆积现象明显,随着航速的升高,流量增大、流速提高,流体在上部弯管处产生流动分离,导致堆积区向上部弯管转移;在来流含气条件下,进口含气率和气泡直径的增大,会导致气液两相干涉作用变强,造成气体堆积现象加剧,影响流面的不均匀度.

汽轮发电机带有交替径向风道的转子流体与传热耦合分析

针对汽轮发电机带有交替径向通风道的转子发热冷却问题,以一台350 MW水氢氢冷汽轮发电机为研究对象,依据流体力学和传热学的基本理论,首先建立计及旋转的电机全域通风网络模型,采用逐次迭代法计算得到各支路流量和节点压力。其次,建立了带有交替径向风道的发电机转子流体-传热三维物理模型和数学模型,给出了基本假设和相应的边界条件,同时将通风网络计算得到的风速和压力作为转子求解域的耦合边界,采用有限体积法进行求解,计算结果与实测值吻合。然后分析了交替径向风道内流量分配和氢气流动情况,研究了转子内部氢气温度分布和槽楔出风口风温变化规律,探明了转子绕组和铁心轴向温度分布特性,讨论了副槽入口流量和槽楔出口直径对转子流体和温度的影响。得出副槽入口流量应控制在0.1~0.16 m^(3)/s范围内,且选择较小的槽楔出口直径,可以提高通风系统的效率与风量分配均匀性,降低转子轴向热不平衡。

超声速进气道出口弯段的阻力特性数值研究

推阻匹配设计是吸气式飞行器设计的核心问题,为了获取进气道的阻力特性并降低内流阻力,提高吸气式飞行器的总体性能,采用数值方法对超声速双侧布局进气道的冷流阻力特性开展研究,对比分析了不同转弯长度、转弯角度、扩张比下的弯段流态和阻力特性;获得了进气道内阻的分配比例及关键几何参数对弯段流场结构和进气道内阻的影响特性。结果表明:对于双侧布局的进气道,冷流条件下弯段内容易发生流动分离,存在较大的流动损失,在不产生溢流的情况下,弯段内阻占整个进气道内阻的大部分。分析发现,减小转弯角度或增加弯段扩张比均可降低进气道弯段内阻,而转弯长度与转弯半径相互影响,在给定的设计条件下,弯段内阻随转弯长度的增加先减小后增大。

大口径管道烟气流量测量方法综述

2021年全国碳市场开启,为了提高碳交易的准确性,需要做到碳排放数据的可测量、可报告、可核查。在这种背景下,烟气在线监测系统作为一种碳排放量化方法得到了重视。其有效工作的基础是烟气流量的准确测量。但电厂烟囱尺寸大,内部烟气流动特性复杂,烟气流量难以准确测量。重点分析了皮托管流量计和气体超声波流量计在大口径管道流量测量中的研究现状,详细介绍了大口径管道气体流量测量技术。此外,还介绍了一种独立的流量测量方法—示踪气体稀释法,探讨其发展现状及作为一种流量标定方法的潜力。