Left Ventricular Systolic Intraventricular Flow Field Assessment in Hyperthyroidism Patients Using Vector Flow Mapping

Summary： Intraventricular hydrodynamics is considered an important component of cardiac function assessment. Vector flow mapping （VFM） is a novel flow visualization method to describe cardiac pathophysiological condition. This study examined use of new VFM and flow field for assessment of left ventricular （LV） systolic hemodynamics in patients with simple hyperthyroidism （HT）. Thirty-seven simple HT patients were enrolled as HT group, and 38 gender- and age-matched healthy volunteers as control group. VFM model was used to analyze LV flow field at LV apical long-axis view. The follow- ing flow parameters were measured, including peak systolic velocity （Vs）, peak systolic flow （Fs）, total systolic negative flow （SQ） in LV basal, middle and apical level, velocity gradient from the apex to the aortic valve （AV）, and velocity according to half distance （V1/2）. The velocity vector in the LV cavity, stream line and vortex distribution in the two groups were observed. The results showed that there were no significant differences in the conventional parameters such as left ventricular ejection fraction （LVEF）, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter （LVEDD） and left atrium diameter （LAD） between HT group and control group （P〉0.05）. Compared with the control group, a brighter flow and more vortexes were detected in HT group. Non-uniform distribution occurred in the LV flow field, and the stream lines were discontinuous in HT group. The values of Vs and Fs in three levels, SQ in middle and basal levels, AV and V1/2 were higher in HT group than in control group （P〈0.01）. AV was positively correlated with serum free thyroxin （FT4） （r=0.48, P〈0.01）. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that LVEDD, FT4, and body surface area （BSA） were the influence factors of △V. The unstable left ventricular sys- tolic hydrodynamics increased in a compensatory manner in simple PIT patients. The present study in- dicated that VFM may be used for early detection of abnormal ventricle contraction in clinical settings.

Assessment of angiographic coronary slow flow phenomenon with intracoronary ultrasound and doppler flow mapping

In order to study the mechanism of angiographic coronary slow flow phenomenon (SF), intracoronary ultrasound (ICUS) and Doppler (ICD) were performed in 14 patients with angiographic SF phenomenon but with normal angiograms and in 16 patients with normal angiographic coronary flow (NF). A 3.5 F, 20 MHz ultrasound catheter (Boston Scientific) was used for ICUS and a 0.014 inch FloWire (Cardiometrics) was used for ICD. Coronary flow velocity including average peak velocity (APV), maximal peak velocity (MPV) at rest and at hyperemia as well as coronary flow reserve (CFR) were compared in both groups in comparison to the presence or absence of plaque formation based on ICUS. CFR in the SF group (4.2±1.1) was even higher than that of the NF group (3.1±0.6, P<0.001). Department of Cardiology, University GHS Essen, Germany (Ge JB, Simon H, Jeremias A, Liu FQ, Grge G, Haude M, Baumgart D and Erbel R) Significant differences were also found concerning the APV and MPV among both groups (both P <0.001). Plaque formation was found in 7/13 patients with a lumen reduction of 21%±24% in SF group and in 7/16 of the NF group with a lumen reduction of 19%±17%. Comparison of APV, MPV and CFR in SF and NF grups. Comparison of APV, MPV and CFR in SF and NF groups[BHDFG1*2,WK8ZQ1,WK11DW,WK11DWW] SF group NF groupAPV (cm/s) Rest 7.7±2.0 21.1±5.0 * Peak31.7±14.961.3±14.2 *MPV (cm/s) Rest17.4±4.637.0±11.4 * Peak56.8±14.981.8±17.7 *CFR4.2±1.13.1±0.6 # * P<0.001, #P=0.002. Coronary slow flow phenomenon in angiography indicates reduced resting flow velocity without reduction of coronary flow reserve.

STOCHASTIC FLOWS OF MAPPINGS

In this paper, the stochastic flow of mappings generated by a Feller convolution semigroup on a compact metric space is studied. This kind of flow is the generalization of superprocesses of stochastic flows and stochastic diffeomorphism induced by the strong solutions of stochastic differential equations.

Development of Measurement System for Flow and Shape Using Array Ultrasonic Sensors

In Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident, the fuel debris formed in the Reactor Pressure Vessel (RPV) and Primary Containment Vessel (PCV) at Unit 1 - 3. To accelerate and decide further decommissioning steps of the FDNPP, it is crucial to obtain realistic information of the debris and localize contaminated water leakage from PCV. Due to high radiation and dark environment inside the PCV, investigating instruments and techniques should necessarily to meet specification of radiation resistance, waterproofness, dust resistance and so on. This study focuses on development of ultrasonic measurement system using a couple of sectorial array sensors to localize contaminated water leakage and visualize shape of object that repre- senting fuel debris, simultaneously. In this study, Total Focusing Method (TFM) and Ultrasonic Velocity Profiler (UVP) methods are considered to visualize object shape and flow pattern around it, respectively. To demonstrate applicability and reliability of developed measurement system with sectorial array sensors, a mock-up experiment result of simulated water leakage and fuel debris shape were discussed in this paper.

Application of time–frequency entropy from wake oscillation to gas–liquid flow pattern identification

Gas–liquid two-phase flow abounds in industrial processes and facilities. Identification of its flow pattern plays an essential role in the field of multiphase flow measurement. A bluff body was introduced in this study to recognize gas–liquid flow patterns by inducing fluid oscillation that enlarged differences between each flow pattern. Experiments with air–water mixtures were carried out in horizontal pipelines at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. Differential pressure signals from the bluff-body wake were obtained in bubble, bubble/plug transitional, plug, slug, and annular flows. Utilizing the adaptive ensemble empirical mode decomposition method and the Hilbert transform, the time–frequency entropy S of the differential pressure signals was obtained. By combining S and other flow parameters, such as the volumetric void fraction β, the dryness x, the ratio of density φ and the modified fluid coefficient ψ, a new flow pattern map was constructed which adopted S（1–x）φ and （1–β）ψ as the vertical and horizontal coordinates, respectively. The overall rate of classification of the map was verified to be 92.9% by the experimental data. It provides an effective and simple solution to the gas–liquid flow pattern identification problems.

Experimental Research on Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Spiral Flow in Horizontal Pipe

In view of the importance of gas-liquid two-phase spiral flow and the few research reports at home and abroad,the gas-liquid two-phase spiral flow patterns have been researched in a horizontal pipe with different parameters investigated by means of observation and a high-speed camera.Since the appearance of spiral flow makes the distribution of twophase flow more complicated,the flow patterns appearing in the experiments were divided into the Spiral Wavy Stratified Flow(SWS),the Spiral Bubble Flow(SB),the Spiral Slug Flow(SS),the Spiral Linear Flow(SL),the Spiral Axial Flow(SA),and the Spiral Dispersed Flow(SD) by the observations and with reference to the predecessors' research achievements.A flow pattern map has been drawn up.The influence of velocity,vane angle and vane area on flow pattern conversion boundary and pressure drop has been studied,with a solid foundation laid for the future research work.

An Experimental Study on the Void Fraction for Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flows in a Horizontal Pipe

The flow patterns and the void fraction related to a gas-liquid two-phase flow in a small channel are experimentally studied.The test channel is a transparent quartz glass circular channel with an inner diameter of 6.68 mm.The working fluids are air and water and their superficial velocities range from 0.014 to 8.127 m/s and from 0.0238 to 0.556 m/s,respectively.The void fraction is determined using the flow pattern images captured by a high-speed camera,while quick closing valves are used for verification.Four flow patterns are analyzed in experiments:slug flow,bubbly flow,annular flow and stratified flow.For intermittent flows(bubbly flow and slug flow),the cross-sectional void fraction is in a borderline condition while its probability distribution function(PDF)image displays a bimodal structure.For continuous flows(annular flow and stratified flow)the cross-sectional void fraction behaves as a fluctuating continuous curve while the(PDF)image displays a single peak structure.The volumetric void fraction data are also compared with available predictive formulas,and the results show that the agreement is very good.An effort is also provided to improve the so-called Gregory and Scott model using the available data.

Flow stress behavior of high-purity Al-Cu-Mg alloy and microstructure evolution

The flow stress behavior of high-purity Al-Cu-Mg alloy under hot deformation conditions was studied by Gleeble-1500,with the deformation temperature range from 300 to 500 °C and the strain rate range from 0.01 to 10 s-1. From the true stress-true strain curve, the flow stress increases with the increasing of strain and tends to be constant after a peak value, showing dynamic recover, and the peak value of flow stress increases with the decreasing of deformation temperature and the increasing of strain rate.When the strain rate is 10 s-1 and the deformation temperature is higher than 400 °C, the flow stress shows dynamic recrystallization characteristic. TEM micrographs were used to reveal the evolution of microstructures. According to the processing map at true strain of 0.7, the feasible deformation conditions are high strain rate(>0.5 s-1) or 440-500 °C and 0.01-0.02 s-1.

基于FLOW MAP和学科核心素养的初中生认知结构诊断与补救教学的个案研究

目前我国的基础教育改革目标转向对学生核心素养的培养。从培养学生核心素养的视角看待学生在纸笔测验中反映出的学情,及时进行教学补救,有利于实现核心素养的"落地"。通过运用FLOW MAP测查学优生A和中等生B在科学探究试题中暴露的认知结构,结合试题的学科核心素养水平的要求开展教学补救措施,以帮助学生优化认知结构,取得理想的学习效果,提升学科核心素养。

Left ventricle energy loss in normo-and hypertensive subjects

Background Vector flow mapping is a novel echocardiographic technique that enables the visualization of the intraventricular flow. We aimed to evaluate and compare the index of hemodynamic dissipative energy loss in patients with hypertension and the ones with normotensive, unaffected control subjects. Methods & Results Transthoracic echocardiography was performed in eighty-nine hypertensive patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, fifty-one hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy(LVH group) and thirty-eight hypertensive patients without LVH(non-LVH group). Forty-two healthy volunteers were enrolled as the control group. The stored images were analyzed to calculate the energy loss. The average energy loss of diastole in the LVH group was significantly increased(controls vs. non-LVH vs. LVH: 7.07 ± 0.91 vs. 12.44 ± 3.14 vs. 16.29 ± 3.17 J/s per m^3). Compared with the control group, the energy loss was significantly increased in the LVH group during the different periods in diastole. The energy loss in the non-LVH group was the greatest among the three groups during the atrial contraction period. Conclusions Energy loss provides a promising method for evaluating the energy efficiency in the left ventricle and may be a new indicator of left ventricular cardiac dysfunction.

Characterization of deformation stability of in-situ TiB2/6351 composites during hot compression based on Murty criterion

In situ TiB2 reinforced 6351 Al alloy composites were subjected to compression testing at strain rates and temperatures ranging from 0.001 to 10 s -1 and from 300 to 550？欲espectively,using Gleeble-1500D system.And the associated microstructural transformations and instability phenomena were studied by observations of the optical and transmission electron microscope.The power dissipation efficiency and instability parameter were calculated following the dynamic material model and plotted with the temperature and logarithm of strain rate to obtain processing maps for strains of 0.2,0.4,and 0.6.The processing maps present the instability zones at higher strain rates.The result shows that with increasing strain,the instability zones enlarge.The microstructural examination shows that the interface separates even the particle cracks or aligns along the shear direction of the adiabatic shear band in the instability zones.Two domains of higher efficiencies correspond to dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization during the hot deformation.Using the processing maps,the optimum processing parameters of stain rates and temperatures can be chosen for effective hot deformation of TiB2/6351 composites.

NEW SCALING METHOD FOR COMPRESSOR MAPS USING AVERAGE INFINITESIMAL STAGE

The estimation of the precise performance of existing multistage axial-flow compressors of gas turbine engines is fast becoming a great concern, as the use of gas turbine engines in the power generation and in the military industry increases, in order to reduce the analysis performance error of the traditional scaling method, a new scaling method for estimating the characteristics of multistage axial flow compressors is proposed. This novel method is based on experimental and partial data provided by engine manufacturers. Taking the effect of density-change into account, we introduce the average infinitesimal stage concept, and thereby divide the compression process into an infinite number of infinitesimal processes corresponding to infinitesimal stages. Subsequently, we adopt the corrected Reynolds analogy method for compressible flow calculation in order to ensure much better compliance with the similarity criterion, Validation checks show that the proposed method has enough precision to predict the off-design performance characteristics of multistage axial flow compressors.

Experimental tomographic methods for analysing flow dynamics of gas-oil- water flows in horizontal pipeline

Gas-oil-water three phase flow is of practical significance in oil and gas industries. An insight into the dynamics of such multiphase flows is significantly valuable to obtain optimal design parameters and operational conditions. Since flow patterns are sensitive to pipe geometry, flow conditions and thermophysical properties of fluid, it is extremely challenging to provide a universal solution for visualisation of three phase horizontal flows. This study deals with a fully developed, turbulent three phase flow and presents the outcomes of electrical tomographic imaging techniques to visualise gas-oil-water flows in a horizontal pipeline.

EFFECT OF SURFACTANT ON TWO-PHASE FLOW PATTERNS OF WATER-GAS IN CAPILLARY TUBES

Flow patterns of liquid-gas two-phase flow were experimentally investigated. The experiments were carried out in both vertical and horizontal capillary tubes having inner diameters of 1,60 mm, The working liquid was the mixture of water and Sodium Dodecyl Benzoyl Sulfate （SDBS）. The working gas was Nitrogen. For the water/SDBS mixture-gas flow in the vertical capillary tube, flow-pattern transitions occurred at lower flow velocities than those for the water-gas flow in the same tube. For the water/SDBS mixture-gas flow in the horizontal capillary tube, surface tension had little effect on the bubbly-intermittent transition and had only slight effect on the plug-slug and slug-annular transitions. However, surface tension had significant effect on the wavy stratified flow regime. The wavy stratified flow regime of water/SDBS mixture-gas flow expanded compared with that of water-gas.

Canonical solitons associated with generalized Ricci flows

We construct the canonical solitons,in terms of Cabezas-Rivas and Topping,associated with some generalized Ricci flows.

BOUNDARY REGULARITY FOR WEAK HEAT FLOWS

The partial regularity of the weak heat flow of harmonic maps from a Riemannian manifold Al with boundary into general compact Riemannian manifold N without boundary is consid-ered. It is shown that the singular set Sing(u) of the weak heat flow satisfies H(Sing(u)) 0, with is = dimensionM. Here is Hausdorff measure with respect to parabolic metric ρ(x,t),(y,s)=max{|x-y|, }.

Effect of yttrium addition on flow behavior of Cu-Zr-Al bulk metallic glass in the supercooled liquid region

The high temperature deformation behaviors and thermal workability of Cu_（43）Zr_（48）Al_9 and（Cu_（43）Zr_（48）Al_9）_（98）Y_2 bulk metallic glasses in the supercooled liquid region were investigated by the uniaxial compression tests. The results showed that the high temperature deformation behaviors were highly sensitive to strain rate and temperature, and the flow stress decreased with the increase of temperature, as well as with the decrease of strain rate. Additionally, the（Cu_（43）Zr_（48）Al_9）_（98）Y_2 bulk metallic glass displayed smaller flow stress under the same condition. The flow behavior changed from Newtonian to non-Newtonian with increase of the strain rate, as well as the decrease of temperature, which could be explained by the transition state theory. We found that（Cu_（43）Zr_（48）Al_9）_（98）Y_2 bulk metallic glass had better flow behavior than the Cu_（43）Zr_（48）Al_9 bulk metallic glass in the supercooled liquid region. In addition, the processing maps of the two bulk metallic glasses were constructed considering the power dissipation efficiency. The optimum domain for thermal workability of the bulk metallic glass was located using the processing map, where the power dissipation efficiency was larger than 0.8. It was shown that the（Cu_（43）Zr_（48）Al_9）_（98）Y_2 bulk metallic glass, which had larger area of optimum domain, had excellent thermoplastic forming.

Eulerian Algorithms for Computing the Forward Finite Time Lyapunov Exponent Without Finite Difference Upon the Flow Map

In this paper,effective Eulerian algorithms are introduced for the computation of the forwardfinite time Lyapunov exponent(FTLE)of smoothflowfields.The advantages of the proposed algorithms mainly manifest in two aspects.First,previous Eulerian approaches for computing the FTLEfield are improved so that the Jacobian of theflow map can be obtained by directly solving a corresponding system of partial differential equations,rather than by implementing certainfinite difference upon theflow map,which can significantly improve the accuracy of the numerical solution especially near the FTLE ridges.Second,in the proposed algorithms,all computations are done on thefly,that is,all required partial differential equations are solved forward in time,which is practically more natural.The new algorithms still maintain the optimal computational complexity as well as the second order accuracy.Numerical examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.

Classification of flow regimes in gas-liquid horizontal Couette-Taylor flow using dimensionless criteria

In this paper, the flow patterns observed in horizontal Couette-Taylor flow（CTF） were correlated using dimensionless numbers. The analysis of the results showed that the structure of the flow was an outcome of interaction between fluid inertia related to axial and rotational flows and gravitation. Therefore, the flow structures were correlated using axial and angular Reynolds numbers, and Archimedes number for the given value of gas-to-liquid flow ratio. Finally, the correlation for the prediction of the transition to the flow regime observed at high rotational speeds was proposed. The comparison with experiments carried out in the vertical CTF from the literature showed that this correlation can also be useful in the case of vertical flow.

Spatio-temporal flow maps for visualizing movement and contact patterns

The advanced telecom technologies and massive volumes of intelligent mobile phone users have yielded a huge amount of real-time data of people’s all-in-one telecommunication records,which we call telco big data.With telco data and the domain knowledge of an urban city,we are now able to analyze the movement and contact patterns of humans in an unprecedented scale.Flow map is widely used to display the movements of humans from one single source to multiple destinations by representing locations as nodes and movements as edges.However,it fails the task of visualizing both movement and contact data.In addition,analysts often need to compare and examine the patterns side by side,and do various quantitative analysis.In this work,we propose a novel spatio-temporal flow map layout to visualize when and where people from different locations move into the same places and make contact.We also propose integrating the spatiotemporal flow maps into existing spatiotemporal visualization techniques to form a suite of techniques for visualizing the movement and contact patterns.We report a potential application the proposed techniques can be applied to.The results show that our design and techniques properly unveil hidden information,while analysis can be achieved efficiently.