A New Device for Gas-Liquid Flow Measurements Relying on Forced Annular Flow

A new measurement device,consisting of swirling blades and capsule-shaped throttling elements,is proposed in this study to eliminate typical measurement errors caused by complex flow patterns in gas-liquid flow.The swirling blades are used to transform the complex flow pattern into a forced annular flow.Drawing on the research of existing blockage flow meters and also exploiting the single-phase flow measurement theory,a formula is introduced to measure the phase-separated flow of gas and liquid.The formula requires the pressure ratio,Lockhart-Martinelli number(L-M number),and the gas phase Froude number.The unknown parameters appearing in the formula are fitted through numerical simulation using computational fluid dynamics(CFD),which involves a comprehensive analysis of the flow field inside the device from multiple perspectives,and takes into account the influence of pressure fluctuations.Finally,the measurement model is validated through an experimental error analysis.The results demonstrate that the measurement error can be maintained within±8%for various flow patterns,including stratified flow,bubble flow,and wave flow.

A transient method for measuring the gas volume fraction in a mixed gas-liquid flow using acoustic resonance spectroscopy

In this paper, the feasibility of measuring the gas volume fraction in a mixed gas-liquid flow by using an acoustic resonant spectroscopy (ARS) method in a transient way is studied theoretically and experimentally. Firstly, the effects of sizes and locations of a single air bubble in a cylindrical cavity with two open ends on resonant frequencies are investigated numerically. Then, a transient measurement system for ARS is established, and the trends of the resonant frequencies (RFs) and resonant amplitudes (RAs) in the cylindrical cavity with gas flux inside are investigated experimentally. The measurement results by the proposed transient method are compared with those by steady-state ones and numerical ones. The numerical results show that the RFs of the cavity are highly sensitive to the volume of the single air bubble. A tiny bubble volume perturbation may cause a prominent RF shift even though the volume of the air bubble is smaller than 0.1% of that of the cavity. When the small air bubble moves, the RF shift will change and reach its maximum value as it is located at the middle of the cavity. As the gas volume fraction of the two-phase flow is low, both the RFs and RAs from the measurement results decrease dramatically with the increasing gas volume, and this decreasing trend gradually becomes even as the gas volume fraction increases further. These experimental results agree with the theoretical ones qualitatively. In addition, the transient method for ARS is more suitable for measuring the gas volume fraction with randomness and instantaneity than the steady-state one, because the latter could not reflect the random and instant characteristics of the mixed fluid due to the time consumption for frequency sweeping. This study will play a very important role in the quantitative measurement of the gas volume fraction of multiphase flows.

Internal Flow Field Measurement of Gas Turbine Based on Optical Flow Method

The in-cylinder flow field of the internal combustion engine is an important factor affecting the quality and combustion quality of the fuel mixture in the cylinder. In order to calculate the high-precision flow field, the paper presents a flow field calculation method based on the optical flow algorithm. The motion of the point was calculated using the change in pixel intensity within two temporally adjacent frame images. The results show the high accuracy and resolution of the flow field at small displacement conditions.

Reconstructing bubble profiles from gas-liquid two-phase flow data using agglomerative hierarchical clustering method

The knowledge of bubble profiles in gas-liquid two-phase flows is crucial for analyzing the kinetic processes such as heat and mass transfer, and this knowledge is contained in field data obtained by surface-resolved computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. To obtain this information, an efficient bubble profile reconstruction method based on an improved agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) algorithm is proposed in this paper. The reconstruction method is featured by the implementations of a binary space division preprocessing, which aims to reduce the computational complexity, an adaptive linkage criterion, which guarantees the applicability of the AHC algorithm when dealing with datasets involving either non-uniform or distorted grids, and a stepwise execution strategy, which enables the separation of attached bubbles. To illustrate and verify this method, it was applied to dealing with 3 datasets, 2 of them with pre-specified spherical bubbles and the other obtained by a surface-resolved CFD simulation. Application results indicate that the proposed method is effective even when the data include some non-uniform and distortion.

Void fraction measurement and calculation model of vertical upward co-current air-water slug flow

The focus of this paper is on the measurement and calculation model of void fraction for the vertical upward co-current air-water slug flow in a circular tube of 15 mm inner diameter. High-speed photography and optical probes were utilized, with water superficial velocity ranging from 0.089 to 0.65 m·s^(-1)and gas superficial velocity ranging from 0.049 to 0.65 m·s^(-1). A new void fraction model based on the local parameters was proposed, disposing the slug flow as a combination of Taylor bubbles and liquid slugs. In the Taylor bubble region, correction factors of liquid film thickness Cδand nose shape CZ*were proposed to calculate aTB. In the liquid slug region, the radial void fraction distribution profiles were obtained to calculate aLS, by employing the image processing technique based on supervised machine learning. Results showed that the void fraction proportion in Taylor bubbles occupied crucial contribution to the overall void fraction. Multiple types of void fraction predictive correlations were assessed using the present data. The performance of the Schmidt model was optimal, while some models for slug flow performed not outstanding. Additionally, a predictive correlation was correlated between the central local void fraction and the cross-sectional averaged void fraction, as a straightforward form of the void fraction calculation model. The predictive correlation showed a good agreement with the present experimental data, as well as the data of Olerni et al., indicating that the new model was effective and applicable under the slug flow conditions.

Re-measuring International Short-term Capital Flow into China with Varying Methods

This paper.fi＇rst conducts a systematic review of domestic and foreign scholars＇ approaches to predicting short-term capital flows, then employs a combination of both direct and indirect methods to carry out its analysis. Three kinds of indicators, both specific and general, are applied in both methods. Thorough consideration is given to short-term international capital inflow from trade, other current account items, capital account, and errors and omissions, as well as other channels through which short term capital might accrue to a nation＇s balance. Based on a comprehensive comparison of year-on-year data, this paper also estimates monthly data using a simplified, indirect calculation approach. Estimates show that, despite a degree of difference in results between methods, most estimates are highly consistent for a given period. Based on monthly estimates, we conclude that turbulence in international financial markets （i.e., the United States subprime mortgage crisis and the European sovereign debt crisis） has had a major impact on China ＇s short-term capital flow.

Flow Characteristics of Grains in a Conical Silo with a Central Decompression Tube Based on Experiments and DEM Simulations

Grains are widely present in industrial productions and processing,and are stored in silos.In the silo,auxiliary structures are added to achieve efficient production.However,little effort has been devoted to the influence of the internal structure of the silo on the granular flow.In this work,a silo with a central decompression tube is studied through experimental measurements and discrete element methods.Then,the influences of the central decompression tube on the flow behavior of grains and wall pressure are analyzed.Results show that the grains are in mass flow in the silo without a central decompression tube,while the grains are in funnel flow in the silo with a central decompression tube.Moreover,regardless of whether there is a central decompression tube in the silo,the maximum pressure appears at the top of the conical silo.In the lower part of the silo,the wall pressure of the silo with a central decompression tube is lower than that of the silo without a central decompression tube.Therefore,a silo with a central decompression tube is more conducive to grain storage and discharge than a silo without a central decompression tube.

FlowLevelCon油气井动液面连续监测系统的研制及应用

在油田的开发以及采油过程中,动液面是一个非常重要的参数。动液面值的测量对掌握油井生产工况和调整生产参数均十分关键,为及时准确地测量油井液面深度,研制了一套FlowLevelCon油气井动液面连续监测系统;本文介绍了该系统的测量原理、软硬件实现过程及现场应用情况。通过该系统在大港油田对不同工况油井的试验效果表明,单井动液面计量误差在1.0%以内,满足油田现场计量需求。

Experiment on Vaporization of Jet into Cross-Flow

The injection characteristics of the main fuel nozzle,which is widely applied in advanced lean-premixed-prevaporized(LPP)low-emission combustors,can be simplified as the atomization and vaporization processes of a jet into cross-flow.In this study,a nozzle with a diameter of 0.4 mm is designed and processed through the heating of the inlet air,and the vaporization characteristics are investigated.The optical measurement and cyclone separation methods are separately used to investigate the evaporation rate of a jet into cross-flow.Experimental results show that the fuel evaporation rate in cross-flow is mainly affected by the Weber number(We),equivalent ratio(φ),momentum rate of fuel to air(q),and air temperature.In addition,the inlet temperature is a crucial factor for the evaporation ratio of a jet into cross-flow.The evaporation results measured by two different methods in the same cross-flow are very close to each other with a deviation within 10%.

高精度管道漏风量测试仪的设计及实验研究

现有的国产漏风量测试仪普遍存在测量精度低、自动化水平低的问题,为此,基于漏风量测试仪的原理,开展了漏风量测试仪的结构设计、系统设计及整机实验研究。首先,对漏风量的测量过程、喷嘴流量测量原理进行了研究,推导了喷嘴流量测量公式,并根据相关标准设计了角接取压方式的喷嘴结构,基于仪器操作便捷性要求,对整机结构进行了设计;其次,采用空气密度补偿公式完成了高精度流量自适应测量,设计了基于自锁式电磁阀的换向调零电路,采用换向调零法对压差传感器零点漂移进行了补偿,使用小波阈值去噪算法消除了信号噪声,提高了流量的测量精度;采用抗积分饱和比例积分微分(PID)算法对流量进行了闭环控制;最后,研制了管道漏风量测试仪样机,开展了压差与流量测量精度与重复性实验。实验及研究结果表明:该高精度漏风量测试仪工作状态稳定,压差测量精度为±0.4%,流量测量精度为±2%;该漏风量测试仪的测量精度优于国内同类仪器,符合国家标准要求,具有良好的市场前景。

高温界面接触热阻试验

飞行器组件之间不可避免地存在接触热阻,接触热阻的准确获取对热结构细节设计至关重要。针对高温、高压同时作用下接触热阻测量的难题,基于静态热流法自主研制了高温界面接触热阻测量装置。该装置能够有效测得给定界面压力、最高热面温度1500℃固体结构界面间的接触热阻。利用该装置,成功开展了三类热结构组件高温界面接触热阻测量试验,获得了压力、温度和界面粗糙度对结构界面接触热阻的影响规律。试验结果表明,测量装置稳定可靠、温度和压力载荷模拟精度高、试验易实施,试验结果可以为飞行器热结构设计与工程应用提供依据。

A method to avoid the cycle-skip phenomenon in time-of-flight determination for ultrasonic flow measurement

The double-threshold method has been widely used in ultrasonic flow measurement to determine time-of-flight(TOF)due to its low cost and ease of implementation.Performance of this method is negatively affected by the cycle-skip phenomenon which occurs frequently under inconstant working conditions,especially varied fluid temperature.This paper proposes a method to suppress the phenomenon to facilitate reliable determination of TOF in ultrasonic flow measurement.First,the double-threshold method is used to generate a feature point to segment the signal.Second,based on the correlation coefficient and signal power,judgement factors of individual signal periods are calculated to determine signal onset.Finally,a valid zero crossing which has a constant lag from the onset is selected to determine the TOF.Thus,the cycle-skip phenomenon is suppressed.Two additional modifications are proposed to eliminate the influence of varied signal frequency and low sampling rate.The proposed method was validated by an experiment based on an ultrasonic water flow sensor.Results showed that the frequently appearing cycle-skip phenomenon can be successfully suppressed by the proposed method.

矿井传感器风量最小平衡修正量研究

在智能化开采时代,高性能的实时通风网络解算对于矿山通风系统的安全管理至关重要,而初始迭代风量对解算性能具有显著影响。由于传感器难以避免地存在测量误差且布置稀疏,利用传感器监测数据难以分配全风网初始风量。首先,将矿井通风网络视为网络流模型,并对传统的有上下界网络流模型进行改进,以使之能够基于存在测量误差的传感器风量进行全风网风量分配。其次,用风量平差模型对传感器误差导致的节点风量不平衡进行最小平衡量修正。试验模拟和现场试验均表明了研究方法的可行性和有效性。在现场试验中,传感器分支的风量平均修正率为0.66%,平均风量修正值为0.09 m^(3)/s。该方法能够对任意位置布置且存在测量误差的传感器的风量进行全风网的风量初始化分配。

大口径管道烟气流量测量方法综述

2021年全国碳市场开启,为了提高碳交易的准确性,需要做到碳排放数据的可测量、可报告、可核查。在这种背景下,烟气在线监测系统作为一种碳排放量化方法得到了重视。其有效工作的基础是烟气流量的准确测量。但电厂烟囱尺寸大,内部烟气流动特性复杂,烟气流量难以准确测量。重点分析了皮托管流量计和气体超声波流量计在大口径管道流量测量中的研究现状,详细介绍了大口径管道气体流量测量技术。此外,还介绍了一种独立的流量测量方法—示踪气体稀释法,探讨其发展现状及作为一种流量标定方法的潜力。

流场声学层析成像测量方法仿真和实验研究

流速是实现工业生产过程在线监测和精准化控制的重要依据。为准确测得流场分布,提出了基于径向基函数结合均衡优化(RBF-EO)算法的流场声学层析成像方法。采用径向基函数逼近建立声学流场重建模型,利用均衡优化算法求解重建问题中的不适定方程。对典型的四角切圆速度场模型进行了数值模拟与算法的抗噪性检验,并将本算法与传统的重建方法:Tikhonov算法、SVD分解法和灰狼优化算法进行了比较。仿真结果表明该算法能够很好的反演出流场分布,具有较高的重建性能和良好的抗噪性。最后,在实验室进行了1.05 m×1.05 m的测量区域内的流场声学测量实验,并与飘带流场显示和风速仪测量结果进行了对比,结果显示,RBF-EO算法与风速仪测量结果在8个测点的平均误差为9.77%,验证了本文声波流场测量方法的可靠性。

An assessment on the wideband and narrowband methods for ultrasonic blood flow measurements

A comparison study on the ultrasonic blood flow estimation methods is carried out in this paper. The methods are divided into two classes-narrowband and wideband techniques.The pulsed Doppler systems and the autocorrelation methods are essentially the narrowband estAnators. They give the results with low velocity resolution and probably the aliased spectrum.The wider the frequency band of the signals, the worse the results. Time domain crosscorrelation technique, wideband makimum likelihood estimation and 2D Fourier transform method are three wideband techniques. The high velocity resolution and the ability of anti-aliasing are shown by these wideband estimation strategies.

相关式油井液相计量系统研究与设计

针对现有油井计量方式自动化程度低,误差较大等问题,利用同轴线相位法含水率计设计了一种相关式油井液相计量系统,该系统以同轴线相位法含水率计为传感器构建了相关流量计,基于互相关法建立了计量模型,实现了流量与含水率的同步测量。通过对不同情况下上、下游含水率计信号的分析可知,两路信号之间具有相关性,满足相关流量计的使用条件。该系统在现场试验的测量结果与涡轮流量计相比,平均误差为11.36%。试验结果证明了相关式油井液相计量系统在实际应用中的可行性。

面向粒子图像测速仪的分参数校准方法

研究了粒子图像测速(particle image velocimetry,PIV)测量过程中粒子位移和跨帧时间2个关键分参数的校准方法。设计了用于相机标定的标定圆盘,确定了相机获得图像与实物的比例关系。与标尺相比较,设计的标定圆盘可实现粒子位移的校准。采用可溯源的高准确度计时器校准了PIV同步器在不同速度点下脉冲信号的时间间隔,得到PIV实际跨帧时间。评估了PIV分参数方法校准结果的不确定度水平。结果表明:速度100 m/s内的PIV校准相对误差最大为0.08%,其相对误差的不确定度为0.01%。

大口径异型方管风量测量数值仿真分析及试验验证

针对1 m以上大口径异型方管转弯部分长度较短、前后段没有较长的直管,管道内部流场复杂、需准确测量管道流量的问题,进行了数值模拟分析。提出了一种基于变差系数的平均速度评价方法,选出多点最接近管道平均流速的位置,明确传感器插入深度和多个测量点的权重系数,拟合出1个以截面平均速度为函数,流场中多点的流速值为自变量的计算公式。在风洞实验台进行流量测量试验,并与数值分析拟合的公式计算值进行比较,满量程相对误差小于0.54%。

明渠非标准断面法测流水位流量关系的率定及影响因素分析

为探究明渠非标准断面法测流的水位流量关系曲线的率定问题,以新疆第三师某团场25处渠道量水断面为研究对象,利用FlowTracker 2手持式声学多普勒流速仪进行了水位流量关系率定工作.根据实测结果,率定了各渠道量水断面的水位流量关系曲线,并对所率定出的曲线进行了符号检验、适线检验和偏离数值检验及误差分析,在此基础上,对流量拟合参数的影响因素进行了分析.结果表明:所率定的25处渠道量水断面中,14处具有稳定的水位流量关系,5处受回水影响、6处受渠道淤积影响为不稳定的水位流量关系;在渠道粗糙系数Ra、边坡系数m及坡降i相同的条件下,流量拟合参数与渠道底宽b总体上呈正相关;在渠道粗糙系数Ra、边坡系数m及底宽b相同的条件下,流量拟合参数与渠道坡降i总体上呈负相关.研究结果可以为灌区自动化量水设备测流准确性的校核提供参考依据.