Non-Darcy Flow in Molding Sands

Darcy’s law is widely used to describe the flow in porous media in which there is a linear relationship between fluid velocity and pressure gradient. However, it has been found that for high numbers of Reynolds this law ceases to be valid. In this work, the Ergun equation is employed to consider the non-linearity of air velocity with the pressure gradient in casting sands. The contribution of non-linearity to the total flow in terms of a variable defined as a non-Darcy flow fraction is numerically quantified. In addition, the influence of the shape factor of the sand grains on the non-linear flow fraction is analyzed. It is found that for values of the Reynolds number less or equal than 1, the contribution of non-linearity for spherical particles is around 1.15%.

Effects of reservoir fluids on sand packs consolidated by furan and epoxy resins:Static and dynamic states

One of the most effective methods for sand control is the chemical consolidation of sandstone structures.In this paper,the impacts of crude oil and brine in the static state and the impact of the flow rates of the fluids in the dynamic state have been assessed at the reservoir conditions.The analyses in this research were Young’s modulus,compressive strength,porosity,and permeability which were done on core samples after and before fluid contact.Samples made with two different resins showed good resistance to crude oil in both states.No considerable change was seen in the analyses even at high crude oil injection rates in the dynamic state.Conversely,brine caused a noticeable change in the analyses in both states.In the presence of brine at the static state,Young’s modulus and compressive strength respectively decreased by 37.5%and 34.5%for epoxy cores,whereas these parameters respectively reduced by 30%and 41%for furan cores.In brine presence at the dynamic state,compressive strength reduction was 10.28 MPa for furan and 6.28 MPa for epoxy samples and their compressive strength reached 16.75 MPa and 26.54 MPa respectively which are higher than the critical point to be known as weak sandstone core.Moreover,Young’s modulus decrease values for furan and epoxy samples were respectively 0.37 GPa and 0.44 GPa.Therefore,brine had a more destructive effect on the mechanical characteristics of samples in the static state than the dynamic one for two resins.In addition,brine injection increased permeability by about 13.6%for furan and 34.8%for epoxy.Also,porosity raised by about 21.8%for furan,and 19%for epoxy by brine injection.The results showed that the chemical sand consolidation weakens in the face of brine production along with crude oil which can lead to increasing cost of oil production and treating wellbore again.

Sand deposit-detecting method and its application in model test of sand flow

Against the background of the sand-flow foundation treatment engineering of Guangzhou Zhoutouzui variable cross-section immersed tunnel, a kind of sand deposit-detecting method was devised on the basis of full-scale model test of sand-flow method. The real-time data of sand-deposit height and radius were obtained by the self-developed sand-deposit detectors. The test results show that the detecting method is simple and has high precision. In the use of sand-flow method, the sand-carrying capability of fluid is limited, and sand particles are all transported to the sand-deposit periphery through crater, gap and chutes after the sand deposit formed. The diffusion range of the particles outside the sand-deposit does not exceed 2.0 m. Severe sorting of sand particles is not observed because of the unique oblique-layered depositing process. The temporal and spatial distributions of gap and chutes directly affect the sand-deposit expansion, and the expansion trend of the average sand-deposit radius accords with quadratic time-history curve.

THE LOSS OF STABILITY OF LAMINAR FLOW IN OPEN CHANNEL AND THE MECHANISM OF SAND RIPPLE FORMATION

In the flow on a mobile bed in an open channel, sand ripple often appears after the sediment begins to move. Different scholars have different views on the formation of sand ripples. This paper holds that as the ripple in general is very small, its formation is due to the instability of the laminar flow or the evolution of the small-scale coherent structures in the sublayer adjacent to the wall of the open channel. When the shear stresses caused by the disturbing waves or the coherent structure near the bed surface boundary and the water flow itself are greater than the shields stresses, responses on the bed surface appear and the sand ripple forms. If the frequency of the shear stress caused by the disturbance is close to the natural frequency of the sand grains that produced resonance, such a phenomenon is called the 'detection property' of the sediment. It is at this point that the maximum resonance appears and the sand ripple develops rapidly.

Influence of core sand properties on flow dynamics of core shooting process based on experiment and multiphase simulation

The influence of core sand properties on flow dynamics was investigated synchronously with various core sands, transparent core-box and high-speed camera. To confirm whether the core shooting process has significant turbulence, the flow pattern of sand particles in the shooting head and core box was reproduced with colored core sands. By incorporating the kinetic theory of granular flow(KTGF), kinetic-frictional constitutive correlation and turbulence model, a two-fluid model(TFM) was established to study the flow dynamics of the core shooting process. Two-fluid model(TFM) simulations were then performed and a areasonable agreement was achieved between the simulation and experimental results. Based on the experimental and simulation results, the effects of turbulence, sand density, sand diameter and binder ratio were analyzed in terms of filling process, sand volume fraction(αs) and sand velocity(Vs).

Experimental study of flow intensity influence on 2-D sand ripple geometry characteristics

Sand ripples are common bedforms. The formation of sand ripples is related to flow conditions; different flow conditions cause different ripple geometries. The main aim of this study was to assess the relationship between flow intensity and two-dimensional ripple geometry characteristics. The experiments were carried out in a laboratory flume with natural sand whose bulk density Ps was 2 650 kg/m3 and median diameter D50 was 0.41 mm. The Froude number （Fr）, a flow intensity parameter, varied from 0.16 to 0.53, entirely within the subcritical range. Two-dimensional sand ripple geometry was measured and processed via statistical methods. The probability distributions of ripple length and height were obtained with different flow conditions. Through dimensionless analysis, the relationship between the flow intensity parameter （grain size Reynolds number Re. ） and the sand ripple geometry characteristic length （ ∧ ） and height （ △ ） was analyzed, and two formulas were obtained： ∧/D50 = 191.76Re 0.3 and △/D50 = 1.97Re 1.3, which are consistent with previous research results.

Effect of slope gradient on the subsurface water flow velocity of sand layer profile

Subsurface water flow velocity influences the hydrodynamic characteristics of soil seepage and the interaction between subsurface water flow and surface runoff during soil erosion and sediment transport.A visualized method and equipment was adopted in this study to observe the subsurface water flow.Quartz sand was used as the test material of subsurface water flow and fluorescent dye was used as the indicator for tracing subsurface water flow.Water was supplied at the same flow discharge to the three parts at the bottom of the test flume,and the subsurface water flow were determined with four slope gradients(4°,8°,10°,and 12°).The results showed that the seepage velocity gradually increased with increasing slope gradient.The pore water velocity at different depths of sand layer profile increased with increasing slope gradient,whereas the thickness of the flow front gradually decreased.For the same slope gradient,the pore water velocity in the lower layer was the largest,whereas the thickness of the flow front was the smallest.Comparative analysis of the relationship between seepage velocity and pore water velocity at different depths of sand layer profile showed that the maximum relative difference between the measured pore water velocity and the computational pore water velocity at different depths of sand profile in the experiment was 4.38%.Thus,the test method for measuring the subsurface water flow velocity of sand layer profile adopted in this study was effective and feasible.The development of this experiment and the exploration of research methods would lay a good test foundation for future studies on the variation law of subsurface water flow velocity and the determination of flow velocity in purple soils,thus contributing to the improvement of the hydrodynamic mechanism of purple soils.

Centrifuge model tests of the formation mechanism of coarse sand debris flow

Using the self-developed visualization test apparatus, centrifuge model tests at 20 g were carried out to research the macro and microscopic formation mechanism of coarse sand debris flows. The formation mode and soil-water interaction mechanism of the debris flows were analyzed from both macroscopic and microscopic points of view respectively using high digital imaging equipment and micro-structure analysis software Geodip. The test results indicate that the forming process of debris flow mainly consists of three stages, namely the infiltration and softening stage, the overall slide stage, and debris flow stage. The essence of simulated coarse sand slope forming debris flow is that local fluidization cause slope to wholly slide. The movement of small particles forms a transient stagnant layer with increasing saturation, causing soil shear strength lost and local fluidization. When the driving force of the saturated soil exceeds the resisting force, debris flow happens on the coarse sand slope immediately.

A THREE-FLUID MODEL OF THE SAND-DRIVEN FLOW

The sand-driven flow is studied from the continuum viewpoint in this paper. The crux of this work is how to model the stresses of the particle phase properly. By analysing the two-fluid model which usually, works in solving gas-particle two-phase .flow,. we find that this model has many. deficiencies for studying the sand-driven flow,even for the simplest case- the steady, two-dimensional fully-developed flow.Considering this, we have proposed the three-fluid model in which the upward particles and the downward-particles ore regarded as two kinds of fluids respectively.It is shown that the three-fluid model is better than the two-fluid model in reflecting the internal structure of the flow, region and the influence of the boundary situations on the flow. and it is advantageous to find an approximate solution in that the main components of the particle-phase stresses can be explicitly expressed by those variables in the three-fluid model.In the end, the governing equations as well as the boundary. conditions for the three-fluid model are provided with a discussion.

兰新高速铁路开孔挡风墙周围沙粒沉积与侵蚀特征数值模拟研究

设置在路基上的挡风墙起到了有效防风作用,但是由于其阻碍作用,对路基造成了严重的积沙危害。因此,基于Fluent欧拉双流体模型,对兰新高速铁路沿线既有下部开孔挡风墙周围风沙两相流运动特性进行数值模拟研究,得到挡风墙周围的流场分布规律以及沙粒沉积与侵蚀特征。结果表明:随着来流风速的增大,路堤迎风侧坡脚处的漩涡强度逐渐衰弱直至消失;路堤背风侧漩涡整体位置往背风侧方向移动,且漩涡涡量增加,导致沙粒反向侵蚀区域增加;迎风侧边坡处的沙粒沉积区域逐步减小,沙粒侵蚀区域逐步增加;北侧线路逐渐出现侵蚀区域,而风速对南侧线路沉积侵蚀区域的变化影响较小。在强风地区,布设挡风墙时应考察线路上风向的地表情况,地表松散、沙源丰富时宜同时采取防沙治沙措施,以达到减缓线路积沙危害的目的。

通道压裂支撑剂缝内分布规律研究

通道压裂是低渗透致密油气藏高效、低成本开发的关键技术,通过采用非连续簇团铺砂的方式,使裂缝中形成具有高导流能力的通道,但目前关于通道压裂的理论研究仍然处于起步阶段.因此,基于计算流体力学建立欧拉-欧拉固液两相流模型,对通道压裂过程中支撑剂的分布状态进行模拟,通过与实验结果进行对比,证明了所建立模型的有效性,并系统研究了不同中顶压裂液(纯压裂液脉冲段)黏度、支撑剂密度、泵注排量对通道压裂通道率的影响.结果表明,中顶压裂液的黏度从1 mPa·s增加到20 mPa·s,通道内平均通道率增加5%;支撑剂密度从1400 kg/m^(3)增加到2000 kg/m^(3)时,缝内通道率减小了7%;排量由3 m^(3)/min增加到7 m^(3)/min时,通道率由28%增加到33.5%后减小到31%.现场应用过程中应使用较高黏度中顶压裂液、较低密度支撑剂和合理的泵注排量以保证裂缝中形成有效支撑通道.

集沙仪内二次流对沙尘收集范围的影响分析

二次流动是工程实际中普遍存在的物理现象,是一种相对于主流的次要流动。为研究集沙仪内二次流对气流速度、不同粒径的沙尘粒子的影响规律,利用数值模拟和试验验证相结合的方法,以分流对冲与多级扩容式集沙仪的风沙分离器为研究对象,对二次流被削弱前后的流场特性进行分析。研究结果表明:在二次流被削弱前,粒径大于0.083 mm的沙尘被完全收集,粒径小于0.083 mm的沙尘被大部分收集;在二次流被削弱后,高速气流分布范围更大,流场似乎变得不稳定,排气管内气流速度明显增高,粒径大于0.12 mm的沙尘才被完全收集,沙尘被完全收集的范围明显缩小。

Numerical Modelling and Simulation of Sand Dune Formation in an Incompressible Out-Flow

In this paper, we are concerned with computation of a mathematical model of sand dune formation in a water of surface to incompressible out-flows in two space dimensions by using Chebyshev projection scheme. The mathematical model is formulate by coupling Navier-Stokes equations for the incompressible out-flows in 2D fluid domain and Prigozhin’s equation which describes the dynamic of sand dune in strong parameterized domain in such a way which is a subset of the fluid domain. In order to verify consistency of our approach, a relevant test problem is considered which will be compared with the numerical results given by our method.

富水砂层地铁盾构隧道渣土混合改良的流塑性与渗透性

[目的]盾构在富水砂层中掘进时,易产生刀盘扭矩过高、磨损严重以及螺旋运输机喷涌等问题。为了保证施工的安全性,需对渣土进行改良。[方法]以西安地铁16号线某盾构区间工程为依托,根据砂土地层自稳性差、摩擦性高、渗透率高的特点选取渣土改良剂。通过渣土坍落度试验、渗透试验、现场试验相结合的方式,采用泡沫单独改良、泡沫及膨润土泥浆混合改良两种方案开展富水砂层渣土改良试验研究。[结果及结论]实际盾构掘进施工中,在考虑安全、高效、经济的前提下,结合室内试验所得数据,确定采用膨润土泥浆、泡沫混合改良的方案。当膨润土与水质量比为1/8,发泡液质量分数为3%时,改良剂性能满足施工要求;泡沫单独改良渣土受含水率影响大,含水率越高,泡沫最佳注入率越小。中砂的最佳改良方案是BIR(膨润土泥浆注入比)为10%,FIR(泡沫注入率)为20%~25%;砾砂的最佳改良方案是BIR为10%,FIR为35%~40%。工程实践表明,渣土混合改良效果良好,盾构掘进参数平稳。

玄武岩机制砂不规则度对混凝土流动和力学性能影响研究

为深入探究机制砂不规则颗粒含量对混凝土流动和力学性能的影响,引入了机制砂不规则度概念。采用室内试验方法,对比研究了各材料配比下玄武岩机制砂不规则度对混凝土流动特性和力学性能的影响。研究结果表明:不同材料配比下,玄武岩机制砂混凝土的坍落度、抗折强度和抗压强度等指标均随机制砂不规则度的增加而不断降低,且高强度混凝土配比方案比低强度混凝土配比方案的降低幅度更大;当机制砂不规则颗粒含量超过30%时,不规则度对任何材料配比的混凝土力学性能和流动性能均有较大的影响;机制砂不规则度对混凝土抗折强度的影响大于对抗压强度的影响。

乌玛高速公路穿沙试验段风况特征及流场分布规律

为探究乌玛高速公路穿沙段风沙活动规律,明晰道路周围风力环境与积沙形成机理,从而为道路提供科学防沙依据,在腾格里沙漠腹地乌玛高速正线附近修建一条长0.5 km的无防护同向试验段公路,通过现场试验量测并辅以计算流体力学(CFD)数值模拟,在分析风动力环境特征的基础上,对路基周围风沙流场结构及积沙规律进行研究。结果表明:(1)道路区段内风向受季节影响较大,年均起沙风速约为6.26 m/s,主导风向WSW方向,占比11.03%,观测期间风速5 m/s以上起沙日数270 d,占全年日数73%,其中风速大于10.8 m/s的强风天气为47 d,占全年日数13.1%。(2)试验区全年沙物质主要由西向东方向输移,春季和夏季输沙环境最强烈,所测风沙流主方向与道路走向呈52°夹角,道路沿线沙害主要发生在西侧。(3)路基周围风速流场内水平速度呈“M”状变化,最大风速集中在沙丘顶部,当沙丘处于道路迎风侧时,风沙流最易在路基与沙丘交界处形成积沙,且沙丘会沿主风向移动掩埋路基;当沙丘处于道路背风侧时,路基背风侧积沙较明显,受多风向影响,路基表面也存在少量积沙,模拟结果与现场观测具有较好的一致性。强劲的风力环境和丰富的沙源是乌玛高速沙害形成的天然条件,防沙工程应着重对沿线西侧设置,增大地表粗糙度控制沙丘流动,进而降低风沙活动对公路危害。

沙土比对混凝土试件空蚀影响的试验研究

在小型循环式水洞中试验研究了沙土比对混凝土试件空蚀影响的机理。首先,在循环式水洞内筒中配制11种沙土比(0%,10%,20%,30%,40%,50%,60%,70%,80%,90%,100%)试样,用红外测沙仪测定相同沙土比的3种不同含沙量(2,12,30 kg/m 3)的挟沙水样,用压力传感器和压力数据采集系统实时采集水洞文丘里工作段空化区和空蚀区的压力;然后,制作了水灰比为0.4、灰砂比为1.5,7 d龄期强度f cu,k=17.8 MPa的混凝土试件,将其安放在水洞文丘里工作段混凝土试件盒中进行4 h的空蚀试验。试验结果表明:沙土比的增大对空化和空蚀破坏均具有促进作用;消失空化数随沙土比的增加而增加,对空化发生具有抑制作用;相同沙土比时,混凝土试件的空蚀量随着含沙量的增加而增加。

尾矿库溃坝泥石流多级拦截坝防护效果研究

为了减轻山谷型尾矿库溃坝形成的高流速、强冲击力的尾砂泥石流对下游生命财产造成的损伤,设计以拱型为基础坝型的多级拦截坝,在此基础上构建三维数值模型,对尾矿库多级拦截坝滞留尾砂泥石流效果和对下游敏感目标防护作用开展深入研究。研究结果表明:尾矿库溃坝后形成的尾砂泥石流经多级拦截坝拦挡缓冲后,尾砂在拦截坝处滞留历程分为“爬升、回淤、攀越”3个阶段,最大流动速度减少约8.86 m/s、砂流到达村庄的最大水位高程时间推迟约210 s,下游村庄最大淹没水深降低约3.47 m,平均淤砂深度减小近1.87 m,设计的多级拦截坝滞砂防护效果显著。研究结果可为溃坝泥石流多级拦截坝安全防护问题提供借鉴。

不排水循环荷载下纤维加固砂土的超孔压及流动液化特性研究

通过对纤维加固超疏松和疏松饱和砂土开展不排水动三轴试验,分析了其超孔压发展规律和流动液化特性。结果表明,未加固超疏松和疏松饱和砂土具有较高的液化势,其在不排水循环荷载下均发生流动液化。离散纤维向砂土骨架提供加密效应和约束效应,从而提高其抗流动液化特性,然而,纤维的约束效应受到加载路径和试样应变发展模式的显著影响。纤维加固改变了饱和砂土残余孔压的发展规律,当纤维向砂土骨架施加较强的约束效应时,试样的残余孔压发展呈倒L型,明显不同于未加固砂土的S型发展。在双向非对称和单向循环荷载下,纤维应力贡献较大,砂土骨架的有效应力在超孔压上升100%后远大于0,加固试样的强度损失低于11%,纤维阻止了液化的发生。

塔里木盆地库车山前超深气井砂垢堵塞成因及靶向解除技术

塔里盆地库车山前超深气田是西气东输主力气源地,具有超高温、超高压、高矿化度、储层裂缝非均质性强等特征,气井生产过程中砂垢堵塞问题突出,据统计最高影响气田产能达800×104 m^(3)/d。为实现超深气井高效解堵,通过气水两相结垢热力学预测模型、裂缝性储层岩石力学实验、井筒内气液固流动模拟等研究,揭示了超深气井砂垢复合堵塞成因,并形成了靶向解堵复产关键技术。研究结果表明:①“高温流动压降结垢、裂缝面破裂出砂”是超深气井出砂结垢的内在机理;②结垢固化松散砂桥形成复合堵塞是气井堵塞减产的主要原因,其中靶向除垢是解堵复产的关键所在;③靶向除垢解堵区域为井筒变径处和井周5 m内基质—裂缝系统,气井堵塞率30%~60%为最佳解堵时机;④非酸性除垢解堵液相比常用的酸性解堵液,在同级别溶垢能力的基础上,腐蚀速率降至0.49 g/(m^(2)·h),可同时满足低腐蚀和高效除垢的技术要求。结论认为,形成的超深气井靶向除垢解堵技术在塔里木盆地库车山前超深气田规模应用159井次,有效率达93.3%,累计增产天然气75.08×10^(8)m^(3),已成为西气东输主力气井快速解堵复产的“冬保良方”,可为国内外同类气田解堵复产提供技术借鉴。