Investigation of scale efect for the computation of turbulent flow around a circular cylinder

In order to investigate the scale effect of turbulent flow around a circular cylinder, two similarity numbers （criteria） based on turbulent kinetic and dissipation rates associ- ated with the fluctuation characteristics of turbulence wake are deduced by analyzing the Reynolds averaged NavierStokes equations （RANS）. The RNG k-s models and finite volume method are used to solve the governing equations and the second-order implicit time and upwind space discretization algorithms are used to discrete the governing equations. A numerical computation of flow parameters around a two-dimensional circular cylinder with Reynolds numbers ranging from 102 to l07 is accomplished and the result indicates that the fluctuation of turbulence flow along the center line in the wake of circular cylinder can never be changed with increasing Reynolds numbers when Re ≥ 3 × 10^6. This conclusion is useful for controlling the scale of numerical calculations and for applying model test data to engineering practice.

Phase transition in evolution of traffic flow with scale-free property

This paper investigates the behaviour of traffic flow in traffic systems with a new model based on the NaSch model and cluster approximation of mean-field theory. The proposed model aims at constructing a mapping relationship between the microcosmic behaviour and the macroscopic property of traffic flow. Results demonstrate that scale-free phenomenon of the evolution network becomes obvious when the density value of traffic flow reaches at the critical point of phase transition from free flow to traffic congestion, and jamming is limited in this scale-free structure.

Discussion and prediction on decreasing flow stress scale effect

Based on crystal plasticity theory and surface layer model, relation of flow stress to billet dimension and grain size was built, and rationality of derived relation was verified with tensile tests of different size billets. With derived expressions, relation of decreasing flow stress scale effect to billet dimension, grain size as well as billet shape was discussed and predicted. The results show that flow stress is proportional to billet size; with decrease of grain size, flow stress is less influenced by billet dimension. When both cross section area and grain size are same, flow stress decrease of rectangular section billet or sheet is larger than that of circular section billet.

Numerical simulation of pore-scale flow in chemical flooding process

Chemical flooding is one of the effective technologies to increase oil recovery of petroleum reservoirs after water flooding.Above the scale of representative elementary volume(REV), phenomenological modeling and numerical simulations of chemical flooding have been reported in literatures,but the studies alike are rarely conducted at the pore-scale,at which the effects of physicochemical hydrodynamics are hardly resolved either by experimental observations or by traditional continuum-based simulations.In this paper,dissipative particle dynamics(DPD),one of mesoscopic fluid particle methods,is introduced to simulate the pore-scale flow in chemical flooding processes.The theoretical background,mathematical formulation and numerical approach of DPD are presented.The plane Poiseuille flow is used to illustrate the accuracy of the DPD simulation,and then the processes of polymer flooding through an oil-wet throat and a water-wet throat are studies, respectively.The selected parameters of those simulations are given in details.These preliminary results show the potential of this novel method for modeling the physicochemical hydrodynamics at the pore scale in the area of chemical enhanced oil recovery.

Multi-scale Equations for Incompressible Turbulent Flows

The short-range property of interactions between scales in incompressible turbulent flow was examined. Some formulae for the short-range eddy stress were given. A concept of resonant-range interactions between extremely contiguous scales was introduced and some formulae for the resonant-range eddy stress were also derived. Multi-scale equations for the incompressible turbulent flows were proposed. Key words turbulence - incompressible flow - interactions between scales - multi-scale equations MSC 2000 76F70

Experimental research on characteristic of start-up pressure wave propagation in gelled crude oil by large-scale flow loop

In order to research start-up pressure wave propagation mechanism and determine pressure wave speed in gelled crude oil pipelines accurately,experiment of Large-scale flow loop was carried out.In the experiment,start-up pressure wave speeds under various operation conditions were measured,and effects of correlative factors on pressure wave were analyzed.The experimental and theoretical analysis shows that thermal shrinkage and structural properties of gelled crude oils are key factors influencing on start-up pressure wave propagation.The quantitative analysis for these effects can be done by using volume expansion coefficient and structural property parameter of gelled crude oil.A new calculation model of pressure wave speed was developed on the basis of Large-scale flow loop experiment and theoretical analysis.

IMPROVED SUBGRID SCALE MODEL FOR DENSE TURBULENT SOLID-LIQUID TWO-PHASE FLOWS

The dense solid-phase governing equations for two-phase flows are obtained by using the kinetic theory of gas molecules.Assuming that the solid-phase velocity distributions obey the Maxwell equations,the collision term for particles under dense two-phase flow conditions is also derived. In comparison with the governing equations of a dilute two-phase flow,the solid-particle's governing equations are developed for a dense turbulent solid-liquid flow by adopting some relevant terms from the dilute two-phase governing equations.Based on Cauchy-Helmholtz theorem and Smagorinsky model, a second-order dynamic sub-grid-scale(SGS)model,in which the sub-grid-scale stress is a function of both the strain-rate tensor and the rotation-rate tensor,is proposed to model the two-phase governing equations by applying dimension analyses.Applying the SIMPLEC algorithm and staggering grid system to the two-phase discretized governing equations and employing the slip boundary conditions on the walls,the velocity and pressure fields,and the volumetric concentration are calculated.The simulation results are in a fairly good agreement with experimental data in two operating cases in a conduit with a rectangular cross-section and these comparisons imply that these models are practical.

Fluid flow on centimeter-scale in deep paleosubduction zones in western Tianshan,China:Evidence from high-pressure veins

High-pressure(HP)veins were extensively developed in western Tianshan high-pressure(HP)metamorphic belt.The HP vein and host-rocks were analyzed by electronic microprobe to trace the origin of vein-forming fluids.Analytical data show that the immediately adjacent host-rocks of the studied HP vein are eclogites and gradually turned into blueschist as the distance from the veins increases,which indicates that the vein-forming fluid was derived from adjacent host-rocks;the boundaries between the vein and the host-rocks are sharp,which indicates that the fracture of the host-rocks is brittle during the vein-forming process.It is suggested that this type of HP veins is precipitated from the liquid formed by the dehydration of the host-rocks during the prograde metamorphism from blueschist to eclogite facies,which results in hydrofracturing of the rocks and provides the space for the vein to precipitate.The width of the eclogite-facies host-rocks is usually 1-2 cm,which provides the direct evidence that the fluid flow is on centimeter-scale.

A two-scale second-order moment two-phase turbulence model for simulating dense gas-particle flows

A two-scale second-order moment two-phase turbulence model accounting for inter-particle collision is developed, based on the concepts of particle large-scale fluctuation due to turbulence and particle small-scale fluctuation due to collision and through a unified treatment of these two kinds of fluctuations. The proposed model is used to simulate gas-particle flows in a channel and in a downer. Simulation results are in agreement with the experimental results reported in references and are near the results obtained using the sin- gle-scale second-order moment two-phase turbulence model superposed with a particle collision model （USM-θ model） in most regions.

Multi-scale Equations for Compressible Turbulent Flows

The short-range property of interactions between scales in the compressible turbulent flow was examined. An estimation of the short-range scale scope and some formulae for the short-range eddy stress and heat transfer etc. were given. A concept of resonant-range interactions between extremely contiguous scales was introduced and some formulae for the resonant-range eddy stress and heat transfer etc. were also given. Multi-scale equations for the compressible turbulent flows were presented. The multi-scale equations are approximately closed and do not contain any empirical constants. The compressibility effects on turbulence are determined by the Farve averaged variables and the nonlinear relationships between the Farve- and physical-averaged variables.

A Nonlinear Sub-grid Scale Model for Compressible Turbulent Flow

The governing equations for large eddy simulation （LES） are obtained by filtering the Navier-Stokes （N-S） equations with standard （non-Favre filtering） spatial filter function. The filtered scale stress due to the standard filtering is then reconstructed by using the Taylor series expansion. The loss of information due to truncating the expansion up to the first derivative term is modeled by a dynamic nonlinear model （DNM）, which is free from any empirical constant and wall damping function. The DNM avoids the singularity of the model and shows good local stability. Unlike the conventional dynamic Smagorinsky model （DSM）, the DNM does not require the plane averaging and reduces the computational cost. The turbulent flow over a double ellipsoid for Reynolds number of 4.25 × 10^6 and Mach number of 8.02 is simulated numerically to validate the proposed approach. The results are compared with experiment data, as well as the data of Reynolds averaged numerical simulation （RANS）.

Lagrangian time scales and its relationship to Eulerian equivalents in turbulent channel flow

Lagrangian and Eulerian time scales were obtained from the direct numerical simulation of turbulent channel flow at two Reynolds numbers based on the friction velocity and channel half-height, Rer= 80, 100. The Lagrangian integral time scales and time microscales were compared to their Eulerian equivalents. It is found that the ratio of Lagrangian to TL Eulerian integral time scales is given by TE/TiE= 1 ＋ 0.1y＋ for y＋ ≤ 10, and that the ratios between the Lagrangian to theEulerian time microscales are almost the same irrespective of the components. Those increase with y＋ are approximated by ≈ 2.75 - 1.75 exp （-v＋/a） . These results also show that these expressions are independent of the Reynolds number.

Sap-flow measurement and scale transferring from sample trees to entire forest stand of Populus euphratica in desert riparian forest in extreme arid region

Understanding how the transpiration of this vegetation type responds to environmental stress is important for determining the wa-ter-balance dynamics of the riparian ecosystem threatened by groundwater depletion. Transpiration and sap flow were measured using the heat-pulse technique. The results were then projected up to the stand level to investigate the stand’s water-use in relation to climate forcing in the desert riparian forest in an extreme arid region. This study took place from April through October 2003 and from May through October 2004. The experimental site was selected in the Populus euphratica Forest Reserve (101o10' E, 41o59' N) in Ejina county, in the lower Heihe River basin, China. The sapwood area was used as a scalar to extrapolate the stand-water consumption from the whole trees’ water consumption measured by the heat-pulse velocity recorder (HPVR). Scale transferring from a series of individual trees to a stand was done according to the existing natural variations between trees under given environmental conditions. The application of the biometric parameters available from individual tree and stand levels was proved suitable for this purpose. A significant correlation between the sapwood area and tree diameter at breast height (DBH) was found. The prediction model is well fitted by the power model. On the basis of the prediction model, the sapwood area can be cal-culated by DBH. The sap-flow density can then be used to extrapolate the stand-water use by means of a series of mathematical models.

Some Effects of Rotation Rate on Planetary-Scale Wave Flows

A series of experiments were performed in a rotating annulus of fluid to study effects of rotation rate on pianeta ry-scale baroclinic wave flows. The experiments reveal that change in rotation rate of fluid container causes variation in Rossby number and Taylor number in flows and leads to change in flow patterns and in phase and amplitude of quasi-stationary waves. For instance, with increasing rotation rate, amplitude of quasi-stationary waves increases and phase shifts upstream. On the contrary, with decreasing rotation rate, amplitude of quasi-stationary waves de creases and phase shifts downstream. In the case of the earth's atmosphere, although magnitude of variation in earth's rotation rate is very small, yet it causes a very big change in zonal velocity component of wind in the atmosphere and of currents in the ocean, and therefore causes a remarkable change in Rossby number and Taylor number determining regimes in planetary-scale geophysical flows. 1 he observation reveals that intensity and geographic location of subtropic anticyclones in both of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres change consistently with the variation in earth's rotation rate. The results of fluid experiments are consistent, qualitatively, with observed phenomena in the atmospheric circulation.

Multi-scale complexity entropy causality plane: An intrinsic measure for indicating two-phase flow structures

We extend the complexity entropy causality plane（CECP） to propose a multi-scale complexity entropy causality plane（MS-CECP） and further use the proposed method to discriminate the deterministic characteristics of different oil-in-water flows. We first take several typical time series for example to investigate the characteristic of the MS-CECP and find that the MS-CECP not only describes the continuous loss of dynamical structure with the increase of scale, but also reflects the determinacy of the system. Then we calculate the MS-CECP for the conductance fluctuating signals measured from oil–water two-phase flow loop test facility. The results indicate that the MS-CECP could be an intrinsic measure for indicating oil-in-water two-phase flow structures.

Multi-scale analysis of subgrid stress and energy dissipation in turbulent channel flow

In present study, the subgrid scale （SGS） stress and dissipation for multiscale formulation of large eddy simulation are analyzed using the data of turbulent channel flow at Ret = 180 obtained by direct numerical simulation. It is found that the small scale SGS stress is much smaller than the large scale SGS stress for all the stress components. The dominant contributor to large scale SGS stress is the cross stress between small scale and subgrid scale motions, while the cross stress between large scale and subgrid scale motions make major contributions to small scale SGS stress. The energy transfer from resolved large scales to subgrid scales is mainly caused by SGS Reynolds stress, while that between resolved small scales and subgrid scales are mainly due to the cross stress. The multiscale formulation of SGS models are evaluated a priori, and it is found that the small- small model is superior to other variants in terms of SGS dissipation.

超声B-Flow联合外周血NLR、CRP对颈动脉粥样硬化斑块易损性的诊断效能研究

目的探讨超声二维灰阶血流显像技术(B-Flow)联合外周血中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)、C反应蛋白(CRP)诊断颈动脉粥样硬化(CAS)斑块易损性的价值。方法纳入2019年2月至2022年8月在天津市永久医院诊查的152例CAS患者为研究对象,均利用颈动脉斑块超声B-Flow和数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查斑块性质,并检测外周血NLR、CRP水平,以DSA结果为“金标准”,将患者分为易损斑块组和稳定斑块组,统计超声B-Flow检查结果,比较两组外周血NLR、CRP水平,分析超声B-Flow、外周血NLR、CRP水平三者单独及联合诊断CAS斑块易损性的价值。结果DSA检查结果显示,152例CAS患者检出66例易损斑块,86例为稳定斑块;超声B-Flow检查出72例易损斑块,80例稳定斑块,以DSA检查结果作为“金标准”,超声B-Flow诊断易损斑块的灵敏度、特异度、准确度分别为84.85%、81.39%、82.89%;易损斑块组外周血NLR、CRP水平均高于稳定斑块组(P<0.05);超声B-Flow联合外周血NLR、CRP水平诊断CAS易损性斑块的灵敏度、特异度、曲线下面积(AUC)分别为98.48、81.39%、0.907,联合诊断的灵敏度高于单独诊断,AUC高于单独诊断(P<0.05),特异度与单独诊断相近。结论超声B-Flow、外周血NLR、CRP均对CAS斑块易损性具有一定的诊断效能,但三者联合诊断效能更好。

Parameterizations of the Daytime Friction Velocity, Temperature Scale, and Upslope Flow over Gently Inclined Terrain in Calm Synoptic Conditions

A set of new parameterizations for the friction velocity and temperature scale over gently sloped terrain and in calm synoptic conditions are theoretically derived. The friction velocity is found to be proportional to the product of the square root of the total accumulated heating in the boundary layer and the sinusoidal function of the slope angle, while the temperature scale is proportional to the product of the boundary layer depth, the sinusoidal function of the slope angle and the potential temperature gradient in the free atmosphere. Using the new friction velocity parameterization, together with a parameterization of eddy diffusivity and an initial potential temperature profile around sunrise, an improved parameterization for the thermally induced upslope flow profile is derived by solving the Prandtl equations. The upslope flow profile is found to be simply proportional to the friction velocity.

DAFT:一种OpenFlow大规模流表区分存储与加速查找架构

软件定义网络作为一种数据转发与逻辑控制相解耦的创新网络范式,当采用OpenFlow协议进行大规模部署时,其数据平面的流表规模急剧增大,对OpenFlow交换机的流表存储资源和分组转发性能提出了严峻的挑战.对此,本文构建了一种OpenFlow大规模流表区分存储与加速查找架构DAFT.该架构根据流量分布特性将OpenFlow网络流区分为重要流和次要流,进而采用TCAM和SRAM分别存储其标识字段,并采用DRAM单独存储其内容字段,有效缓解OpenFlow流表存储资源紧张问题.针对重要流/次要流区分问题,在分析传统大象流/老鼠流区分方法的基础上,基于OpenFlow网络流的包成批特性,提出活跃流/空闲流区分方法,以提高TCAM命中率.针对SRAM流表查找性能瓶颈,利用掩码访问不均匀的特点,采用"往前移1"启发法自适应调整掩码顺序,以减少后续数据包的掩码失败探测次数;利用掩码探测多数会失败的特点,借助计数型布鲁姆过滤器预测元组查找失败结果,从而绕过对应的子流表遍历过程.最后,借助骨干网络流量样本,对本文所提DAFT流表架构的查找性能进行实验评估.实验结果表明:DAFT流表架构的TCAM命中率、SRAM平均查找长度和平均流表访问时间均明显优于传统的大象流/老鼠流架构,且稳定性强,有效提升了OpenFlow交换机的分组转发性能.

Experimental and numerical investigations of scale-up effects on the hydrodynamics of slurry bubble columns

Experiments and simulations were conducted for bubble columns with diameter of 0.2 m(180 mm i.d.), 0.5 m(476 mm i.d.) and 0.8 m(760 mm i.d.) at high superficial gas velocities(0.12–0.62 m·s-1) and high solid concentrations(0–30 vol%). Radial profiles of time-averaged gas holdup, axial liquid velocity, and turbulent kinetic energy were measured by using in-house developed conductivity probes and Pavlov tubes. Effects of column diameter, superficial gas velocity, and solid concentration were investigated in a wide range of operating conditions. Experimental results indicated that the average gas holdup remarkably increases with superficial gas velocity, and the radial profiles of investigated flow properties become steeper at high superficial gas velocities. The axial liquid velocities significantly increase with the growth of the column size, whereas the gas holdup was slightly affected. The presence of solid in bubble columns would inhibit the breakage of bubbles, which results in an increase in bubble rise velocity and a decrease in gas holdup, but time-averaged axial liquid velocities remain almost the same as that of the hollow column. Furthermore, a 2-D axisymmetric k–ε model was used to simulate heterogeneous bubbly flow using commercial code FLUENT 6.2. The lateral lift force and the turbulent diffusion force were introduced for the determination of gas holdup profiles and the effects of solid concentration were considered as the variation of average bubble diameter in the model. Results predicted by the CFD simulation showed good agreement with experimental data.