Limited studies have investigated the modification of tidal currents by mangrove trees. In particular, the impacts of mangrove trees on a vertical velocity profile remain unclear. An automatic system is developed to o...Limited studies have investigated the modification of tidal currents by mangrove trees. In particular, the impacts of mangrove trees on a vertical velocity profile remain unclear. An automatic system is developed to observe the vertical velocity profiles within a mangrove forest composed of artificially introduced Kandelia obovata located on the Ximen Island, the southern Zhejiang Province. The results reveal low flow velocities throughout the vertical profile within the mangrove forest. The vertical profile shows an overall decrease of the velocity with an increasing height above the bed. This pattern is due to the vertical increase of the drag force by the trunks and tree canopies.In addition, the turbulent energy density also varies vertically, corresponding to the vertical structure of the mangrove trees. In comparison with the vertical structure of flows within bare mudflats(semi-logarithmic) and salt marshes(nearly J-shape), the mangrove trees are shown to have a considerable impact on the vertical velocity profile in different ways.展开更多
Tree-ring chronologies from pine,oak and black locust tree species were used to reconstruct annual streamflow and examine hydrological drought years for Palgong Mountain forested watershed in southeastern South Korea ...Tree-ring chronologies from pine,oak and black locust tree species were used to reconstruct annual streamflow and examine hydrological drought years for Palgong Mountain forested watershed in southeastern South Korea for the period from 1954-2015. The backward elimination multiple regression analysis provided the statistically significant predictor chronologies of streamflow. The final calibration and verification test models accounted for 84.8% and 81.6%,respectively,of the variability in streamflow observed in the gage data. Further verification of the validity of the reconstructed model was undertaken with the Pearson Correlation Coefficient,the Reduction of Error Test,and the Durbin-Watson Statistics and indicated fidelity of the model for reconstructing the annual streamflow. Analyses of the reconstructed annual streamflow indicate that the most persistent years of high flows above the median annual discharge occurred from 1986-2008.This period included 7 single or multiple years of highest flow above the 90 th percentile discharge and multiple years of high flows with a time interval of 2-6 years,although with intervening multiple years of low flows below the 10 th and 50 th percentile. In comparison,the most persistent years of low flows below the median annual discharge occurred from 1954-1985 and 2009-2015. This period included 8 single or multiple years of lowest flow below the 10 th percentiledischarge and multiple years of low flows with a time interval of 2-9 years,although also with intervening multiple years of high flows above the 50 th percentile. No single years of extreme hydrological droughts below the 10 th percentile were identified from 1986-2015 whereas a greater proportion of high flows above the 90 th percentile occurred during this period. The persistent single or multiple years of lowest flows between 1954 and 1985 were the recent most critical hydrological drought years identified in the Palgong Mountain forested watershed providing supportive evidence of the severity of past hydrological droughts during that period,applicable to the southeastern South Korea where the study watershed is located. This interpretation agrees with the hydrological drought event years identified from 1951 to the early 1980 s in a related national study that used precipitation proxy data to reconstruct past occurrences of droughts in Korea.展开更多
The main goal of this paper is to study the following combinatorial problem : given a finite set E = (e1, e2, ...,em} and a subset family a - [S1,S2, ... ,Sk} of E , does there exist a tree T with the edge set E such ...The main goal of this paper is to study the following combinatorial problem : given a finite set E = (e1, e2, ...,em} and a subset family a - [S1,S2, ... ,Sk} of E , does there exist a tree T with the edge set E such that each induced subgraph T[Si] of Si is precisely a path (1≤i≤k) ?展开更多
为揭示新冠疫情背景下公交客流量变化的空间影响因素,以疫情前后公交站点层面客流变化量为因变量,以建成环境、病毒感染情况及病毒传播途径等指标为自变量,构建新冠疫情与建成环境对公交客流量共同影响的线性回归(Ordinary Least Square...为揭示新冠疫情背景下公交客流量变化的空间影响因素,以疫情前后公交站点层面客流变化量为因变量,以建成环境、病毒感染情况及病毒传播途径等指标为自变量,构建新冠疫情与建成环境对公交客流量共同影响的线性回归(Ordinary Least Squares,OLS)模型与梯度提升回归树(Gradient Boosting Regression Trees,GBRT)模型。以广州市为实证对象,基于公交IC卡数据、兴趣点数据(Point of Interest,POI)及道路网络数据等多源异构数据进行模型实证分析。结果表明:考虑非线性效应的GBRT模型比OLS模型具有更好的拟合度;同时,常规公交站点的公交线路数量(22.02%)和到市中心距离(13.56%)是影响疫情背景下公交客流量变化的最重要因素,片区病毒感染与传播情况对疫情防控常态化时期的公交客流量作用有限,居民日常公交出行已经从疫情的影响下逐渐恢复。展开更多
Short-term traffic flow prediction is one of the essential issues in intelligent transportation systems(ITS). A new two-stage traffic flow prediction method named AKNN-AVL method is presented, which combines an advanc...Short-term traffic flow prediction is one of the essential issues in intelligent transportation systems(ITS). A new two-stage traffic flow prediction method named AKNN-AVL method is presented, which combines an advanced k-nearest neighbor(AKNN)method and balanced binary tree(AVL) data structure to improve the prediction accuracy. The AKNN method uses pattern recognition two times in the searching process, which considers the previous sequences of traffic flow to forecast the future traffic state. Clustering method and balanced binary tree technique are introduced to build case database to reduce the searching time. To illustrate the effects of these developments, the accuracies performance of AKNN-AVL method, k-nearest neighbor(KNN) method and the auto-regressive and moving average(ARMA) method are compared. These methods are calibrated and evaluated by the real-time data from a freeway traffic detector near North 3rd Ring Road in Beijing under both normal and incident traffic conditions.The comparisons show that the AKNN-AVL method with the optimal neighbor and pattern size outperforms both KNN method and ARMA method under both normal and incident traffic conditions. In addition, the combinations of clustering method and balanced binary tree technique to the prediction method can increase the searching speed and respond rapidly to case database fluctuations.展开更多
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41006047 and 41776096the Fundamental Research Fund of the Second Institute of Oceanography,State Oceanic Administration of China under contract No.JT1505
文摘Limited studies have investigated the modification of tidal currents by mangrove trees. In particular, the impacts of mangrove trees on a vertical velocity profile remain unclear. An automatic system is developed to observe the vertical velocity profiles within a mangrove forest composed of artificially introduced Kandelia obovata located on the Ximen Island, the southern Zhejiang Province. The results reveal low flow velocities throughout the vertical profile within the mangrove forest. The vertical profile shows an overall decrease of the velocity with an increasing height above the bed. This pattern is due to the vertical increase of the drag force by the trunks and tree canopies.In addition, the turbulent energy density also varies vertically, corresponding to the vertical structure of the mangrove trees. In comparison with the vertical structure of flows within bare mudflats(semi-logarithmic) and salt marshes(nearly J-shape), the mangrove trees are shown to have a considerable impact on the vertical velocity profile in different ways.
基金support of Forest Science and Technology Projects (Project No.S211215L020210) provided by Korea Forest Service
文摘Tree-ring chronologies from pine,oak and black locust tree species were used to reconstruct annual streamflow and examine hydrological drought years for Palgong Mountain forested watershed in southeastern South Korea for the period from 1954-2015. The backward elimination multiple regression analysis provided the statistically significant predictor chronologies of streamflow. The final calibration and verification test models accounted for 84.8% and 81.6%,respectively,of the variability in streamflow observed in the gage data. Further verification of the validity of the reconstructed model was undertaken with the Pearson Correlation Coefficient,the Reduction of Error Test,and the Durbin-Watson Statistics and indicated fidelity of the model for reconstructing the annual streamflow. Analyses of the reconstructed annual streamflow indicate that the most persistent years of high flows above the median annual discharge occurred from 1986-2008.This period included 7 single or multiple years of highest flow above the 90 th percentile discharge and multiple years of high flows with a time interval of 2-6 years,although with intervening multiple years of low flows below the 10 th and 50 th percentile. In comparison,the most persistent years of low flows below the median annual discharge occurred from 1954-1985 and 2009-2015. This period included 8 single or multiple years of lowest flow below the 10 th percentiledischarge and multiple years of low flows with a time interval of 2-9 years,although also with intervening multiple years of high flows above the 50 th percentile. No single years of extreme hydrological droughts below the 10 th percentile were identified from 1986-2015 whereas a greater proportion of high flows above the 90 th percentile occurred during this period. The persistent single or multiple years of lowest flows between 1954 and 1985 were the recent most critical hydrological drought years identified in the Palgong Mountain forested watershed providing supportive evidence of the severity of past hydrological droughts during that period,applicable to the southeastern South Korea where the study watershed is located. This interpretation agrees with the hydrological drought event years identified from 1951 to the early 1980 s in a related national study that used precipitation proxy data to reconstruct past occurrences of droughts in Korea.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The main goal of this paper is to study the following combinatorial problem : given a finite set E = (e1, e2, ...,em} and a subset family a - [S1,S2, ... ,Sk} of E , does there exist a tree T with the edge set E such that each induced subgraph T[Si] of Si is precisely a path (1≤i≤k) ?
文摘为揭示新冠疫情背景下公交客流量变化的空间影响因素,以疫情前后公交站点层面客流变化量为因变量,以建成环境、病毒感染情况及病毒传播途径等指标为自变量,构建新冠疫情与建成环境对公交客流量共同影响的线性回归(Ordinary Least Squares,OLS)模型与梯度提升回归树(Gradient Boosting Regression Trees,GBRT)模型。以广州市为实证对象,基于公交IC卡数据、兴趣点数据(Point of Interest,POI)及道路网络数据等多源异构数据进行模型实证分析。结果表明:考虑非线性效应的GBRT模型比OLS模型具有更好的拟合度;同时,常规公交站点的公交线路数量(22.02%)和到市中心距离(13.56%)是影响疫情背景下公交客流量变化的最重要因素,片区病毒感染与传播情况对疫情防控常态化时期的公交客流量作用有限,居民日常公交出行已经从疫情的影响下逐渐恢复。
基金Project(2012CB725403)supported by the National Basic Research Program of ChinaProjects(71210001,51338008)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject supported by World Capital Cities Smooth Traffic Collaborative Innovation Center and Singapore National Research Foundation Under Its Campus for Research Excellence and Technology Enterprise(CREATE)Programme
文摘Short-term traffic flow prediction is one of the essential issues in intelligent transportation systems(ITS). A new two-stage traffic flow prediction method named AKNN-AVL method is presented, which combines an advanced k-nearest neighbor(AKNN)method and balanced binary tree(AVL) data structure to improve the prediction accuracy. The AKNN method uses pattern recognition two times in the searching process, which considers the previous sequences of traffic flow to forecast the future traffic state. Clustering method and balanced binary tree technique are introduced to build case database to reduce the searching time. To illustrate the effects of these developments, the accuracies performance of AKNN-AVL method, k-nearest neighbor(KNN) method and the auto-regressive and moving average(ARMA) method are compared. These methods are calibrated and evaluated by the real-time data from a freeway traffic detector near North 3rd Ring Road in Beijing under both normal and incident traffic conditions.The comparisons show that the AKNN-AVL method with the optimal neighbor and pattern size outperforms both KNN method and ARMA method under both normal and incident traffic conditions. In addition, the combinations of clustering method and balanced binary tree technique to the prediction method can increase the searching speed and respond rapidly to case database fluctuations.
