Simultaneous measurement of velocity profile and liquid film thickness in horizontal gas–liquid slug flow by using ultrasonic Doppler method

Horizontal gas-liquid two-phase flows widely exist in chemical engineering,oil/gas production and other important industrial processes.Slug flow pattern is the main form of horizontal gas-liquid flows and characterized by intermittent motion of film region and slug region.This work aims to develop the ultrasonic Doppler method to realize the simultaneous measurement of the velocity profile and liquid film thickness of slug flow.A single-frequency single-channel transducer is adopted in the design of the field-programmable gate array based ultrasonic Doppler system.A multiple echo repetition technology is used to improve the temporal-spatial resolution for the velocity profile.An experiment of horizontal gas-liquid two-phase flow is implemented in an acrylic pipe with an inner diameter of 20 mm.Considering the aerated characteristics of the liquid slug,slug flow is divided into low-aerated slug flow,high-aerated slug flow and pseudo slug flow.The temporal-spatial velocity distributions of the three kinds of slug flows are reconstructed by using the ultrasonic velocity profile measurement.The evolution characteristics of the average velocity profile in slug flows are investigated.A novel method is proposed to derive the liquid film thickness based on the instantaneous velocity profile.The liquid film thickness can be effectively measured by detecting the position and the size of the bubbles nearly below the elongated gas bubble.Compared with the time of flight method,the film thickness measured by the Doppler system shows a higher accuracy as a bubble layer occurs in the film region.The effect of the gas distribution on the film thickness is uncovered in three kinds of slug flows.

Field Measurements of Influence of Sand Transport Rate on Structure of Wind-sand Flow over Coastal Transverse Ridge

The structure of wind-sand flow under different total sand transport rates was measured with field vertical anemometer and sand trap on the crest of typical coastal transverse ridge in Changli Gold Coast of Hebei Province, which is one of the most typical coastal aeolian distribution regions in China and famous for the tall and typical coastal transverse ridges. The measurement results show that, on the conditions of approximate wind velocities and same surface materials and environments, some changes happen to the structure of wind-sand flow with the increase of total sand transport rate on the crest of coastal transverse ridge. First, the sand transport rates of layers at different heights in the wind-sand flow increase, with the maximum increase at the height layer of 4-8cm. Second, the ratios of sand trans-port rates of layers at different heights to total sand transport rate decrease at the low height layer (0-4cm), but increase at the high height layer (4-60cm). Third, the distribution of the sand transport rate in the wind-sand flow can be expressed by an exponential function at the height layer of 0-40cm, but it changes from power function model to ex-ponential function model in the whole height layer (0-60cm) and changes into polynomial function model at the height layer of 40-60cm with the increase of total sand transport rate. Those changes have a close relationship with the limit of sand grain size of wind flow transporting and composition of sand grain size in the wind-sand flow.

Origin of Erosion and Hydraulic Problems of the San Roque Underground Arched Culvert Channel and Its Relationship with the Maximum Flow Rate and the Maximum Permissible Velocity

This work presents the hydrologic estimations of the hydraulic underground arched culvert channel (UACC) in Sabinal Basin, Chiapas, México and the hydrological problems associated with it, such as the erosion phenomenon and abrasion cavity formation in it. On the other hand, the maximum flows that the UACC could transport were analyzed, concluding that it no longer has the hydraulic capacity to transport the flow rate associated to return periods equal to or greater than five years and that maximum permissible velocity UACC’s bottom is 3 m/s.

Velocity Slip and Interfacial Momentum Transfer in the Transient Section of Supersonic Gas-Droplet Two-Phase Flows

Modelling and simulations are conducted on velocity slip and interfacial momentum transfer for super-sonic two-phase (gas-droplet) flow in the transient section inside and outside a Laval jet(L J). The initial velocity slipbetween gas and droplets causes an interfacial momentum transfer flux as high as (2.0-5.0) × 104 Pa. The relaxationtime corresponding to this transient process is in the range of 0.015-0.090 ms for the two-phase flow formed insidethe LJ and less than 0.5 ms outside the LJ. It demonstrates the unique performance of this system for application tofast chemical reactions using electrically active media with a lifetime in the order of 1 ms. Through the simulationsof the transient processes with initial Mach number Mg from 2.783 to 4.194 at different axial positions inside theLJ. it is found that Mg has the strongest effect on the process. The momentum flux increases as the Mach numberdecreases. Due to compression by the shock wave at the end of the L J, the flow pattern becomes two dimensionaland viscous outside the LJ. Laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) measurements of droplet velocities outside the LJ arein reasonably good agreement with the results of the simulation.

VISUALIZATION AND MEASUREMENT OF VORTEX FLOW IN SPINNING SHELL-CASE

The characteristics of a flow in spinning devices are one of the fundamental problems innew-type spinning.In this paper the vortex flow in interior of the shell-case was studied by usingexperimental methods,which include flow visualization and laser doppler techniques.The flow sur-vey by measurement has been compared with that photographed by flow visualization method,andshows a fairly good conformity.The results of experiments are similar to those by numericalevaluation.

A New Method for Measurement of Helium Mass Flow Rate in the Cryogenic System of TORE SUPRA

The TORE SUPRA Tokamak was built by EURATOM-CEA association. The NbTi conductor of superconducting coils is inserted in a tight enclosure filled with pressurized superfluid helium of 0.125 MPa at 1.8 K. The thick casing is cooled to 4.5 K by 1.8 MPa in 4.5 K supercritical helium circulation. Around this thick casing, a 80 K thermal shield protects the parts at very low temperatures from the thermal radiation, which is cooled by pressurized helium at 80 K and 1.8 MPa. A new measurement method for helium mass flow rate of 80 K shield and 4.5 K casing is described in this paper. The commissioning was done on the two helium loops of the cryoplant: the supercritical 4.5 K thick casing and 80 K shields. The purpose is to improve control of the 4.5 K and 80 K refrigeration loops.

Partial phase flow rate measurements for stratified oil-water flow in horizontal wells

To accurately measure and evaluate the oil-water production profile of horizontal wells, a dynamic measurement experiment of oil-water two-phase flow in horizontal wells and numerical simulation were combined to establish a method for measuring the partial phase flow rate of oil-water two-phase stratified flow in horizontal wells. An experimental work was performed in horizontal oil-water two-phase flow simulation well using combination production logging tool including mini-capacitance sensor and mini-spinner. The combination tool provides a recording of holdup and velocity profiles at five different heights of the borehole cross-section. The effect of total flow rate and water-cut on the response of spinner and capacitive sensor at five measured positions were investigated. The capacitance water holdup interpolation imaging algorithm was used to determine the local fluid property and oil-water interface height, and the measured local fluid speed was combined with the numerical simulation result to establish an optimal calculation model for obtaining the partial phase flow rate of the oil-water two-phase stratified flow in the horizontal well. The calculated flow rates of five measured points are basically consistent with the experimental data, the total flow rate and water holdup from calculation are in agreement with the set values in the experiment too, suggesting that the method has high accuracy.

Measuring the Internal Velocity of Debris Flows Using Impact Pressure Detecting in the Flume Experiment

Measuring the internal velocity of debris flows is very important for debris flow dynamics research and designing debris flow control works. However, there is no appropriate method for measuring the internal velocity because of the destructive power of debris flow process. In this paper, we address this problem by using the relationship between velocity and kinetic pressure, as described by surface velocity and surface kinetic pressure data. Kinetic pressure is the difference of impact pressure and static pressure. The former is detected by force sensors installed in the flow direction at the sampling section. Observations show that static pressure can be computed using the formula for static water pressure by simply substituting water density for debris flow density. We describe the relationship between surface velocity and surface kinetic pressure using data from seven laboratory flume experiments. It is consistent with the relationship for single phase flow, which is the measurement principle of the Pitot tube.

Effect of particle shape on packing fraction and velocity profiles at outlet of a silo

Many studies on how the particle shape affects the discharge flow mainly focus on discharge rates and avalanche statistics. In this study, the effect of the particle shape on the packing fraction and velocities of particles in the silo discharge flow are investigated by using the discrete element method. The time-averaged packing fraction and velocity profiles through the aperture are systematically measured for superelliptical particles with different blockinesses. Increasing the particle blockiness is found to increase resistance to flow and reduce the flow rate. At an identical outlet size, larger particle blockiness leads to lower velocity and packing fraction at the outlet. The packing fraction profiles display evidently the self-similar feature that can be appropriately adjusted by fractional power law. The velocity profiles for particles with different shapes obey a uniform self-similar law that is in accord with previous experimental results, which is compatible with the hypothesis of free fall arch. To further investigate the origin of flow behaviors, the packing fraction and velocity field in the region above the orifice are computed. Based on these observations, the flow rate of superelliptical particles is calculated and in agreement with the simulated data.

THE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF FLOW CYTOMETRIC DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID MEASUREMENT OF DEPARA-FFINIZED SPECIMEN IN BLADDER TUMOR

A retrospective study of flow cytometric measurements on paraffin-embedded tumor specimens from 188 patients with bladder tumor was conducted. The results were analyzed in combination with the morphological variation of bladder tumors. It was found that the DNA ploid pottern, degree of infiltration and the multiplicity of bladder tumor were closely related with tumor recurrence, among which the DNA ploid pattern was most significant. In aneuploid bladder tumors the recurrent rate and mean annual recurrence frequency were 76.7% and 1.46, and those in the diploid bladder tumors were 18.7% and 0.33 respectively. Aneuploid was the most indicative parameter of the recurrence in bladder tumors. In addition, according to the DNA ploid pattern and DNA index (DI), the aneuploid tumors in our group were divided into 4 types, namely, tetraploid tumors, npn-euploid with DI(?)1.5, non-euploid tumors with DI>1.5 and two-aneuploid tumors. The results showed that the recurrent rate of tetraploid tumors was relatively lower and it became higher and higher in the following order: non-euploid tumors with DI(?)1.5, non-euploid tumors with DI>1.5, and two-aneuploid tumors. This indicates that there are different biological behaviors in tumors with different ploid pattern. Finally, the correlation between DNA ploid pattern and tumor metastasis was also discussed.

Internal Flow Field Measurement of Gas Turbine Based on Optical Flow Method

The in-cylinder flow field of the internal combustion engine is an important factor affecting the quality and combustion quality of the fuel mixture in the cylinder. In order to calculate the high-precision flow field, the paper presents a flow field calculation method based on the optical flow algorithm. The motion of the point was calculated using the change in pixel intensity within two temporally adjacent frame images. The results show the high accuracy and resolution of the flow field at small displacement conditions.

Comparative Analysis on Two Kinds of Measurement Methods of Particulate Matters in Waste Gas of Low Velocity

In the current waste gas sampling of fixed source,it is required that deviation of tracking rate of constant velocity sampling should not be more than 10%.When flow rate of the waste gas is less than 5 m/s,the tracking rate can not meet this requirement.The sampling of fixed velocity can meet the requirement of particulate matter sampling on gas collection volume at low velocity.Through the comparison of two different methods for the determination of particulate matter in waste gas under the low flow velocity of flue gas,it was found that there were some differences between the fixed velocity measurement and the constant velocity measurement.The results showed that measurement result of the fixed velocity was higher than that of constant velocity measurement under low velocity.At the same time,the deviation of fixed velocity measurement was not obvious under different low velocity.

Effects of Orbital Motion on the Boundary Layer Flow on a Spinning Disk

The objective of this study is to experimentally examine the effects of orbital motion on the boundary layer flow on a spinning disk. The boundary layer flow on the disk is visualized by the oil flow method, and velocity in the boundary layer is measured by the hot-wire method. For the oil flow pattern in the case of spinning motion only, streaks are clearly observed on the disk as transient vortices, but by adding orbital motion to the spinning motion, we find that streaks are not observed in a certain range of orbital conditions. With increasing orbital motion speed, the laminar re- gion becomes narrower and transition is promoted from the inward region of the disk, regardless of the direction of ro- tation. Also, with the addition of orbital motion, the velocity profile in the boundary layer becomes more asymmetric with respect to the spin axis of the disk. Furthermore, stationary vortices do not appear on the disk when the orbital speed is beyond a certain critical value. Therefore, the lack of streaks in the oil film pattern when orbital motion is added is due to the spatiotemporal unsteadiness of the flow field on the disk.

Possibility of a Straightening Flow-Meter by Using Woven Screen

In this paper, the possibility of the flow rate measurement for a circular pipe flow by using a wo-ven screen with the property of straightening un-uniform flows is discussed. The resistance coefficient and the flow rate coefficient are estimated from the pressure difference caused by the woven screen under the experiment ranges of the wire Reynolds number, Red = 2.2 × 102-1.8 × 103, and of the open area ratio, β = 0.28-0.65. As a result, the resistance coefficient decreases and the flow rate coefficient increases as the wire Reynolds number Red or the open area ratio β increases. In addition, both coefficients are not affected by the difference between uniform and turbulent pipe flows approaching the woven screen. Therefore, the possibility of a flow-meter having the property to straighten the un-uniform flow is expected.

Experiment on Vaporization of Jet into Cross-Flow

The injection characteristics of the main fuel nozzle,which is widely applied in advanced lean-premixed-prevaporized(LPP)low-emission combustors,can be simplified as the atomization and vaporization processes of a jet into cross-flow.In this study,a nozzle with a diameter of 0.4 mm is designed and processed through the heating of the inlet air,and the vaporization characteristics are investigated.The optical measurement and cyclone separation methods are separately used to investigate the evaporation rate of a jet into cross-flow.Experimental results show that the fuel evaporation rate in cross-flow is mainly affected by the Weber number(We),equivalent ratio(φ),momentum rate of fuel to air(q),and air temperature.In addition,the inlet temperature is a crucial factor for the evaporation ratio of a jet into cross-flow.The evaporation results measured by two different methods in the same cross-flow are very close to each other with a deviation within 10%.

基于调整局部滤袋渗透率的袋式除尘器流量分配方法

矿山开采、矿石破碎等过程产生大量粉尘,袋式除尘器是去除含尘气流中颗粒物的有效设备。袋式除尘器在运行中存在滤袋过滤风量分配不均问题,现有增加导流板的方式增加了结构的复杂性。为解决中箱体下进风袋式除尘器滤袋质量流量分配不均的问题,提出一种基于调整部分滤袋渗透率的滤袋质量流量均匀分配方法。首先,选择Realizable k-ε双方程模型进行模型袋式除尘器流场的数值模拟,通过数值模拟结果与模型实验的结果对比验证了模拟方法的正确性;然后建立安装160条滤袋的中箱体下进风除尘器几何模型,利用数值模拟方法分析了0.5~1.2 m/min过滤风速下除尘器内流场特征、滤袋的质量流量分配规律和均匀性;最后以1 m/min过滤风速下滤袋质量流量分配不均问题为例,设计了减小质量流量大的出口侧滤袋渗透率的方法;并根据达西公式和滤料阻力计算公式,给出了渗透率与滤料厚度、纤维直径和填充率之间的关系。结果表明:本研究模型下,过滤风速增高会使滤袋质量流量分配更不均匀,除尘器出口侧滤袋的质量流量逐渐增大;将流量偏大区域的8~10列滤袋的渗透率由2.0×10^(−11) m^(2)减小到1.7×10^(−11) m^(2),可使滤袋质量流量分布均方根偏差由0.158降低到0.099,且除尘器初始阻力的增长仅为6.1%,方法具有可行性。在滤料制作过程中可进行滤料渗透率的调整,故通过调整局部滤袋渗透率使滤袋质量流量分布均匀的方法可行。

沉积物和流速对环境DNA持久性的影响

环境DNA(Environmental DNA,eDNA)技术作为河流健康评价的关键工具,在水生生态系统生物分析中表现出极大的应用潜力。然而,eDNA与广泛存在于水体中的沉积物的关系非常复杂,同时也受到水流的影响,这严重限制了eDNA技术的推广和应用。研究以中国重要淡水养殖鱼类草鱼为对象,探讨水流和沉积物对草鱼eDNA持久性的影响。结果显示:①在流动水体中,eDNA降解速度随流速增加而加快;②沉积物的存在则加速了eDNA的降解过程,与沉积物铺设厚度相比,沉积物粒径对eDNA持久性的影响更为显著;③在静水中,eDNA降解速度随沉积物粒径增大而减缓,但在流动水中,水流干扰导致了相反的eDNA降解模式,即eDNA的降解速度随着沉积物粒径的增大而加快。研究突显了在eDNA实验设计及解释中考虑沉积物特性的重要性,对于eDNA技术在水生生态系统应用提供了宝贵参考。

竖缝式双池室鱼道与传统VSF水力特性对比

鱼道是为保障鱼类的生存繁衍,保护洄游性水生生物通过水坝、水闸等障碍物的重要通道。采用RNG k-ε模型对竖缝式双池室鱼道和传统竖缝式鱼道(VSF)进行数值模拟计算,对比分析各项水力特性。结果表明:与传统VSF相比,竖缝式双池室鱼道流场的主流区数量更多、回流区更稳定;鱼道具有丰富的流速信息,且各竖缝处的最大流速和平均流速均小于传统VSF的50%;鱼道3条主流区位置分布均匀,流速综合衰减率较传统VSF高3%左右。竖缝式双池室鱼道作为一种新型VSF,其水力特性达到了传统VSF结构优化设计的目的,相关成果可为鱼道工程建设提供参考。

隧道火灾相向射流排烟系统烟气质量流率比例系数

为探究隧道相向射流排烟系统中火灾发生时烟气的流动特性,通过FDS数值模拟研究隧道内不同上、下游风速工况下的上、下游烟气质量流率变化。基于等效风速、理论分析和数值模拟结果得到上、下游风速与烟气质量流率比例系数的关系式。结果表明:当等效风速小于临界风速时,上、下游烟气质量流率比值和烟气质量流率比例系数随等效风速增加而减小,并且等效风速与上、下游烟气质量流率比值存在线性关系;当等效风速大于临界风速时,上、下游烟气质量流率比值和烟气质量流率比例系数为0。

基于COMSOL的剪切速率对超声波流量测量影响分析

为了分析影响超声波流量测量结果的因素,提高超声波流量测量的准确性,需要研究聚合物溶液剪切速率对于流体流态和超声波流量计接收声压的影响,利用多物理场有限元软件COMSOL建立超声波流量计三维模型进行仿真,通过流体域的背景流速曲线和超声波接收器波形图来分析剪切速率的影响。结果表明,在其他条件不变的情况下,随着剪切速率的增大流体流态趋向于湍流,超声波流量计接收器声压最大值与最小值相差1%,其对超声波流量计测量结果影响较小可忽略。