Effect of Shoot Control on Flower Bud Differentiation,Flowering,and Fruit Setting in Zanthoxylum armatum DC.

In this study,newly sprouted shoots of Zanthoxylum armatum(Z.armatum),which were collected after the harvesting period,were used as the primary experimental specimens.A randomized block design and paraffin sectioning method were used to investigate the flower bud differentiation process and the quantity and vitality of buds.Furthermore,the study examined the response of flowering and fruiting to cultivation methods for shoot growth,including layering and plant growth regulator application.The results showed that(a)layering and application of plant growth regulators for Z.armatum accelerated the process of flower bud differentiation by approximately 20 days compared to the control group.Additionally,both shoot control methods generated more and larger bud primordia and perianth primordia during the same differentiation phase.(b)The application of plant growth regulators resulted in well-developed buds,exhibiting higher levels of flower bud differentiation than the layering method.The quality of flower bud formation for both shoot control methods was superior to that of the control group.(c)The flowering phenological period was relatively consistent between the two cultivation methods,but the fruit maturity phase for shoot-controlled trees occurred 20 days earlier than the control group.(d)Both layering and the application of plant growth regulators significantly decreased the rates of unfertilized flower shedding and fruit shedding.However,no significant difference was noted in fruit setting per inflorescence and per flower between the two methods and the control.The effect of altitude for both methods on the fruit setting was not significant.Under both shoot control methods,the Z.armatum exhibited earlier morphological differentiation of flower buds,faster differentiation process,improved flower bud quality,and significantly decreased rates of flower and fruit shedding.Thus,these cultivation methods demonstrated the potential to promote flowering,improve fruit setting,and reduce fruit shedding in Z.armatum.

Research Progress of Flower Bud Differentiation of Apple

Flowering is a prerequisite for apple fruiting,and apple flower buds are mixed buds,that is,the vegetative organs and flower structure exist in the same terminal bud simultaneously,which are formed in the year before flowering and fruiting,mainly including spur terminal buds and axillary buds.The infrequent formation of flower buds during its growth and biennial bearing are closely related to flower bud differentiation.Therefore,this paper reviews the research progress of flower bud differentiation of apple from the morphological differentiation,plant hormones and flowering-related genes,in order to provide a theoretical reference for efficient cultivation and stable yield of apple.

Paraffin section observation of flower bud differentiation of Chimonanthus praecox in Kunming and comparison of the differentiation processes in different regions,China

Chimonanthus praecox is an important ornamental plant and cut flower material in China.It blooms in the freezing winter and its flower emits charming fragrance.However,in different region the flowering time is variable.In order to understand the flowering mechanism of Ch.praecox in the winter,we studied the flower bud differentiation in Spring City-Kunming using paraffin sectioning method in the present study.Meanwhile we compared the differentiation process difference from different regions.It was found that the temperature is the key factor for its flower bud differentiation and blossom of Ch.praecox.In the process of bud differentiation,the temperature 20℃was the optimum for inducing changes from vegetative axillary buds to reproductive buds and subsequent morphological differentiation in Ch.praecox.Furthermore in the first three differentiation periods—tepal primordial stage,staminal primordial stage and pistil primordial stage,Kunming took the shortest time to finish the process due to very rapid temperature rise to 20℃,whereas,in Zhengzhou the time for these differentiations was the longest,which may be caused by the slow temperature rise.After May,the high temperature stress forced the flower buds into the first long dormant period in all regions except Kunming.In Kunming,the average temperature was only 20–25℃,so the flower bud continued to differentiate.In all regions,Kunming is the first to complete whole flower bud differentiation even on the early August,and started the second dormancy very early but very long.In the other regions,the plants went through a shorter dormancy and the low temperature broke the dormancy rapidly.Contrarily the plants of Kunming spent a longer period for the low temperature.Thus,the low temperature less than 10℃is a key factor to breaking the second dormancy.Surely the regular effects of temperature on flower bud differentiation and blossom is very helpful for florescence regulation of Ch.praecox.

Changes in Nutritive Materials in Off-season Mango in Flower Bud Differentiation Stage

Under off-season production mode, change laws of nutritive materials in leaves of fruiting mother branches of mango in flowering process induced by dif- ferent agents were investigated. The results showed that the flowering time of manga trees in the potassium nitrate treatment was earlier than the ethephon treatment by 7 d, and changes trends of materials in leaves of the potassium nitrate and ethephon treatments were substantially the same. The nutritive materials in leaves showed trends of increasing at first and decreasing then. In early flower bud differentiation stage, soluble sugar and starch in leaves increased rapidly, and content of soluble protein also increased rapidly and showed its their peak values, thereby providing energy substances and structural substances demanded by flower bud formation. With flower bud differentiation going on, soluble sugar, starch and soluble protein decreased gradually. It was indicated that the accumulation of soluble sugar, starch and soluble protein is beneficial to flower bud differentiation.

Effects of Photoperiod on Alternative Respiration Pathway in Nectarine Flower Buds During Dormancy Induction

Characteristics of dormancy induction and alternative respiration pathway （also known as cyanide-resistant respiration） of nectarine flower buds in different photoperiods were studied to determine the function of photoperiod and alternative respiration pathway in dormancy induction. Oxygen-electrode system and respiratory inhibitors were used to measure total respiratory rates and rates of alternative respiration pathway. The results showed that total respiration rate （Vt） in flower buds showed to be double hump-shaped curves. Short day raised, brought the first-hump of Vt forward and delayed the second-hump, while long day delayed the whole curve. The capacity （Vast） and activity （pValt） of SD and LD changed synchronously and both showed to be double hump-shaped curves. Short day made the first climax of Vast and pValt existed much earlier, while long day increased their rates significantly. The length of day had little effects on the later period climax. Long day also increased the contributions of altemative respiration pathway in total respiration rate （pValt/Vt）. The changes in alternative respiration pathway were correlated with the induction of dormancy and adjusted by photoperiod. Short day promoted dormancy induction of nectarine trees, while long day delayed it.

Expression of AP1 Gene During Off-season Flower Bud Differentiation of Mango

This study was conducted to investigate changes in the expression of AP1 gene in flowering process. Potassium nitrate and ethephon were sprayed on 7- year-old Guifei trees out of season. The results showed that AP1 gene had a higher expression level in terminal buds, and especially, the expression level increased significantly in late stage of flower bud differentiation. Potassium nitrate and ethephon promoted flower bud differentiation, and the expression level of AP1 gene in- creased in flowering process remarkably. Expression ofAP1 gene of the potassium nitrate treatment was significantly greater than that of the ethephon treatment and the CK.

Observation on Flower Bud Differentiation of Crape Myrtle in Red Soil Environment

Flower bud differentiation is a key component of plant blooming biology and understanding how it works is vital for flowering regulation and plant genetic breeding,increasing the number and quality of flowering.Red soil is the most widely covered soil type in the world,and it is also the most suitable soil type for crape myrtle planting.The flower buds of crape myrtle(Lagerstroemia indica)planted in red soil were employed as experimental materials in this study,and the distinct periods of differentiation were identified using stereomicroscopy and paraffin sectioning.We optimized the steps of dehydration,transparency,embedding,sectioning and staining when employing paraffin sections.When seen under a microscope,this optimization can make the cell structure of paraffin sections obvious,the tissue structure complete,and the staining clear and natural.The flower bud differentiation process is divided into 7 periods based on anatomical observations of the external morphology and internal structure during flower bud differentiation:undifferentiated period,start of differentiation period,inflorescence differentiation period,calyx differentiation period,petal differentiation period,stamen differentiation period,and pistil differentiation period.The differentiation time is concentrated from the end of May to mid-June.Crape myrtle flower bud differentiation is a complicated process,and the specific regulatory mechanism and affecting elements need to be investigated further.

Sorbitol induces flower bud formation via the MADS-box transcription factor EjCAL in loquat

Sorbitol is an important signaling molecule in fruit trees. Here, we observed that sorbitol increased during flower bud differentiation(FBD) in loquat(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.). Transcriptomic analysis suggested that bud formation was associated with the expression of the MADS-box transcription factor(TF) family gene, EjCAL. RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that EjCAL was enriched in flower primordia but hardly detected in the shoot apical meristem. Heterologous expression of EjCAL in Nicotiana benthamiana plants resulted in early FBD. Yeast-one-hybrid analysis identified the ERF12 TF as a binding partner of the EjCAL promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-PCR confirmed that EjERF12 binds to the EjCAL promoter, and β-glucuronidase activity assays indicated that EjERF12 regulates EjCAL expression.Spraying loquat trees with sorbitol promoted flower bud formation and was associated with increased expression of EjERF12 and EjCAL. Furthermore, we identified EjUF3GaT1 as a target gene of EjCAL and its expression was activated by EjCAL. Function characterization via overexpression and RNAi reveals that EjUF3GaT1 is a biosynthetic gene of flavonoid hyperoside. The concentration of the flavonoid hyperoside mirrored that of sorbitol during FBD and exogenous hyperoside treatment also promoted loquat bud formation. We identified a mechanism whereby EjCAL might regulate hyperoside biosynthesis and confirmed the involvement of EjCAL in flower bud formation in planta. Together,these results provide insight into bud formation in loquat and may be used in efforts to increase yield.

Glucosylated caffeoylquinic acid derivatives from the flower buds of Lonicera japonica

Three new glucosylated caffeoylquinic acid isomers(1–3),along with six known compounds,have been isolated from an aqueous extract of the flower buds of Lonicera japonica.Structures of the new compounds were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods as()-4-O-(4-O-β-D-glucopyranosylcaffeoyl)quinic acid(1),()-3-O-(4-O-β-D-glucopyranosylcaffeoyl)quinic acid(2),and()-5-O-(4-O-β-D-glucopyranosylcaffeoyl)quinic acid(3),respectively.In the preliminary in vitro assays,two known compounds methyl caffeate and 2?-O-methyladenosine showed inhibitory activity against Coxsackie virus B3 with IC50 values of 3.70 μmol/L and 6.41 μmol/L and SI values of 7.8 and 12.1,respectively.

A New Dammarane Glycoside, Ginsenoside Ⅲ from the Flower-buds of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer

From the dried flower-buds of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, a new ndnor dammaranetype triterpene saponin named ginsenoside III was iso1ated. On the basis of spectral and chemical evidence, the structure of the new saponin was elucidated as 3 -O- [β-D -glucopyranosyl (1→2 ) - βD- glucopyranosyl] - 20-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl 3 β, 12β- 20(S) -trihydroxydammar- 25 - en- 24-one.

Optimum harvesting time of herbaceous peony buds for cutting flowers

The herbaceous peony is one of the cut flowers that has become increasingly popular in the international market in recent years. In the study, 11 cultivars of herbaceous peonies suitable for cutting flowers were selected; different harvesting stages （three or four stages） were identified according to bud development observation （bud firmness, bud diameter, sepal angle, petal angle, and color showing）. Moreover, flower development and vase life were also recorded in the experiment of vase. Bud development observation shows that there are great differences in optimum harvesting stage between the culti- vars, especially between the hybrid peony group and lactiflora group. This implies that bud diameter could not be the only indicator for optimum harvesting stage. Bud description, including sepal opening angle, sepal color, petal color showing, and degree of firmness, is necessary for the determination of the harvesting stage. Among the 11 cultivars,‘Pink Hawaiian Coral＇, ‘Red Charm＇, ‘Edulis Superba＇, ‘Red Magic＇, and ‘Sarah Bernhardt＇ should be harvested at stage 1. ‘Duchesse de Nemours＇, ‘Taff＇, ‘Sorbet＇ and ‘Monsieur Jules Elie＇ should be harvested at stage 2. ‘Kansas＇ should be at stage 3 and ‘Karl Rosenfield＇ at stage 4. The determination of optimum harvesting stage for each cultivar is an important element in cut flower production.

GC-MS Analysis of Liposoluble Constituents from Buds,Flowers and Fruits of Millettia speciosa Champ.

[Objectives] To study the material foundation of liposoluble constituents from buds,flowers and fruits of Millettia speciosa Champ.and provide a reference for the development of flowers and fruits of Millettia speciosa Champ.[Methods]The liposoluble constituents were extracted from buds,flowers and fruits of Millettia speciosa by Soxhlet extraction and solvent extraction method,and analyzed by GC-MS.[Results]24 compounds were identified from the liposoluble constituents of buds,accounting for 88. 31 % of the total liposoluble constituents,mainly comprising alkanes and olefins compounds( 52. 00%) and alcohols compounds( 17. 46%); 29 compounds were identified from the liposoluble constituents of flowers,accounting for 91. 38 % of the total liposoluble constituents,mainly comprising alkanes and olefins compounds( 60. 64%) and alcohols compounds( 17. 17%); 32 compounds were identified from the liposoluble constituents of fruits,accounting for 80. 01 % of the total liposoluble constituents,mainly comprising alkanes and olefins compounds( 32. 56%),phenyl and its derivatives compounds( 22. 46%) and fatty acids compounds( 12. 54%). 6 compounds were common in buds,flowers and fruits. [Conclusions] Although there were some differences in liposoluble constituents from flowers,fruits,leaves and roots of Millettia speciosa Champ.,the different parts of Millettia speciosa Champ. had development value.

天红2号苹果花芽分化期枝条和叶片碳水化合物含量和C/N变化

以天红2号苹果为试材,研究不同砧木短枝和中枝在花芽分化期间叶片和枝条中碳水化合物含量和C/N变化情况。结果表明,稳产期天红2号苹果成花率不受砧木影响。整个花芽分化期,无论嫁接在SH40中间砧还是八棱海棠乔砧上,在同一枝类中,天红2号苹果叶片可溶性糖、蔗糖、果糖和氮含量高于枝条,淀粉含量和C/N低于枝条。嫁接在SH40中间砧上的天红2号苹果成花率高的短枝叶片淀粉和果糖含量低于成花率低的中枝叶片,可溶性糖、蔗糖含量和C/N于花芽分化初期至花瓣原基分化期高于中枝叶片,短枝枝条可溶性糖、果糖含量和C/N低于中枝枝条,短枝枝条淀粉含量于花瓣原基分化期前高于中枝枝条;嫁接在八棱海棠乔砧上的天红2号苹果成花率高的短枝叶片可溶性糖、淀粉、果糖含量和C/N低于成花率低的中枝叶片,短枝枝条可溶性糖、果糖含量和C/N低于中枝枝条,短枝枝条淀粉含量于转化期低于中枝枝条。说明碳水化合物含量和C/N的高低对苹果成花不起决定性作用。在整个花芽分化期,叶片中可溶性糖含量呈上升趋势,枝条中淀粉含量和C/N呈波动性上升趋势,说明天红2号苹果花芽形态分化需要碳水化合物和C/N的积累。

一种优化的桑树花芽石蜡切片制作方法

针对常规石蜡切片方法无法获得完整桑树花芽切片的问题,以“无籽大十”品种桑树花芽为供试材料,在常规石蜡切片技术基础上,对石蜡切片样品制作过程中固定、软化、脱水、透明及染色等环节进行了优化。结果表明,使用15%氢氟酸软化后,采用优化后的系列脱水、透明等步骤进行制片,可以使切片连续性、完整性得到明显提高。通过切片显微观察,可见细胞轮廓明显、裂痕较少、结构较完整,染色较清晰,并且对发育后期的花芽效果更为明显。优化后的制样流程解决了常规制片出现浸蜡不彻底、组织变脆、蜡带不连续、内部结构不完整等一系列问题。该研究可以从解剖学上为桑树花芽发育形态和花芽分化机制研究提供技术参考。

四季花金花茶花芽分化进程及叶片内源激素变化

四季花金花茶(Camellia perpetua)为山茶属中唯一几乎全年开花的珍稀濒危植物。为探究其花芽分化进程及不同花发育时期和年生长周期叶片内源激素变化,该研究通过石蜡切片,观察四季花金花茶花芽分化进程,采用酶联免疫吸附法测定不同花发育时期叶片及年生长周期内有花芽和无花芽叶片的脱落酸(ABA)、吲哚乙酸(IAA)、赤霉素(GA3)和玉米素核苷(ZR)含量的变化规律。结果表明:(1)四季花金花茶花芽分化顺序由外向内进行,分为6个时期,共历时35 d,从花芽分化至开花约2个月。(2)花芽形态分化期叶片ABA、GA3的含量及GA3/ABA、(IAA+GA3)/ZR的比值较高,IAA、ZR的含量及IAA/ABA、ZR/ABA的比值较低。(3)年生长周期内有花芽叶片ABA、IAA、ZR的含量整体上高于无花芽叶片;IAA/ZR及(IAA+GA3)/ZR的比值整体上低于无花芽叶片。综上表明,四季花金花茶花芽分化至开花时间较短;高水平的ABA、GA3及低水平的IAA、ZR有利于花芽分化;较高水平的ABA、IAA及ZR有利于花芽发育。该研究为该物种持续开花机理的阐明提供了参考依据。

西番莲花芽分化过程观察及花生长模型的拟合

【目的】明确我国南方生态区主栽西番莲品种的花芽分化过程,建立西番莲花芽形态分化的花生长模型,为西番莲促花保花提供参考。【方法】以紫果类主栽品种‘台农1号’(TN)和黄果类广西主推新品种‘壮蜜05’(同‘壮乡蜜宝’,MB)为试验材料,通过扫描电镜和石蜡切片解剖观察两品种花芽分化过程,观察茎顶端分生组织以下各节位分化进程,并测量各节位花芽的第一苞片长、叶片长、卷须长;通过将茎顶端分生组织以下第7节记为初始标记节位,此时花芽为第一苞片分化期,跟踪调查标记后0—16 d花芽分化进程及标记后至开花的第一苞片长、花蕾长等5个花形态指标的动态变化,构建花生长模型。【结果】供试的两个西番莲品种花芽分化的主要过程包括第一苞片形成期、额外苞片形成期、萼片形成期、花瓣形成期、雄蕊形成期、雌蕊形成期和副花冠形成期等,其中第一苞片形成到雌蕊形成历时10—12 d,TN较MB进程快1—2 d,雌蕊形成是西番莲花芽发育成功的重要标志,此时花芽第一苞片长度为3—4 mm,第一苞片形成到开花历时36—44 d,TN较MB进程快3—4 d。茎顶端分生组织以下第4—5节位可见卷须分化,第6节位花原基分化,着生于卷须旁侧,第7节位可见第一苞片分化,第9节位出现腋生营养分生组织,单独位于卷须和花芽内侧,第10—11节位可见腋芽形成,第14—15节位雌蕊原基分化。利用Origin软件对MB和TN的第一苞片长度、第一苞片宽度、花梗长、花蕾长、花梗和花蕾总长共5个花形态指标和标记后天数进行Logistic模型的非线性回归拟合,决定系数R2为0.9524—0.9988,标准化均方根误差(n RMSE)为8.54%—19.62%,模型方程的拟合效果较好。根据模型参数和实际观察,苞片的长度在标记后即第一苞片形成期后11—12 d进入快速增长期,标记后24—26 d进入缓慢增长期后趋于稳定;之后花梗和萼片迅速生长,萼片长度超过苞片,花蕾和花梗总长在标记后24—25 d进入快速增长期,标记后41—42 d进入缓慢增长期到最大值后开花。【结论】西番莲的花芽与卷须紧靠,而与营养芽分开独立;西番莲花芽分化和形态分化可分为3个阶段,第一苞片形成期到雌蕊形成期,历时10—12 d;苞片生长期,历时12—14 d;花梗和花蕾生长期,历时15—17 d。在西番莲实际生产中,可通过花生长模型预测开花时间,通过苞片长度等形态指标判断花芽分化进程,为促花保花方案提供参考依据。

乙烯利对5个菠萝品种成花及品质的影响

【目的】筛选出不同菠萝品种适宜的乙烯利催花质量浓度,为菠萝成熟期调节及新品种推广提供参考依据。【方法】利用25~1000 mg·L^(-1)乙烯利对Josapine、台农4号、MD-2、台农21号和台农22号5个菠萝品种进行灌心处理,探究不同乙烯利质量浓度对各菠萝品种成花率、抽蕾期、果实内外品质及畸形率的影响。【结果】除台农22号外,各菠萝品种随着乙烯利质量浓度的增加成花率显著提升。其中,Josapine和台农4号诱导成花的最佳质量浓度为400 mg·L^(-1),MD-2和台农21号诱导成花的最佳质量浓度为800 mg·L^(-1)。当处理质量浓度大于400 mg·L^(-1)时,Josapine、台农4号和台农21号抽蕾期进一步缩短,MD-2抽蕾期则逐渐延长。当乙烯利质量浓度大于200 mg·L^(-1)时,Josapine、MD-2和台农22号纵横径、单果质量等形态指标呈下降趋势。随着乙烯利质量浓度的升高,各品种可滴定酸含量呈下降趋势;相反地,可溶性固形物含量随质量浓度的升高呈上升的趋势。此外,5个菠萝品种在乙烯利诱导下均有畸形果产生,其中Josapine在高质量浓度乙烯利作用下,畸形率最高,达到65.52%,而MD-2畸形率仅为6.67%。【结论】Josapine最适乙烯利催花质量浓度为400 mg·L^(-1);台农4号、MD-2和台农21号最适质量浓度为800 mg·L^(-1);而单一乙烯利不能诱导台农22号成花。

‘红地球’葡萄VvARF18功能分析

【目的】生长素响应因子ARF是生长素信号转导途径中的重要调控因子,在植物生长发育和各类生理过程中发挥着重要作用。分析‘红地球’葡萄VvARF18启动子、异源表达、内源激素含量及其对激素响应的表达,以探究VvARF18在‘红地球’葡萄生长素(IAA)信号转导途径及花芽分化进程中的作用机理。【方法】以设施‘红地球’葡萄花芽为试验材料,通过同源克隆获得VvARF18序列,利用在线数据库PLACE分析启动子的顺式作用元件。以pCAMBIAI2300植物表达载体为基础,通过双酶切和同源重组法构建植物超表达载体pC2300-VvARF18。采用电击法将重组载体pC2300-VvARF18转化至根癌农杆菌GV3101菌株中,以本氏烟草叶片为外植体,通过农杆菌介导的愈伤组织转化法转入烟草中,经PCR检测获得阳性转基因幼苗。利用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)对转VvARF18烟草株系表达水平进行分析,筛选出高表达量的转基因株系培养至T_(3)代,并分别进行IAA和GA_(3)处理,以分析VvARF18的表达情况。通过酶联免疫法测定转基因烟草花芽和叶片中的IAA、GA、ABA、CTK含量。【结果】‘红地球’葡萄VvARF18位于第13条染色体,含有3个外显子和2个内含子。VvARF18启动子区域存在多种光响应、植物激素响应和逆境响应的顺式作用元件。表型分析发现,转基因烟草的花芽分化进程快于野生型烟草。qRT-PCR结果显示,VvARF18在转基因烟草花芽发育的4个时期中呈先上升后下降的表达趋势,且S3时期表达量达到最高。转基因烟草植株花芽和叶片中IAA、CTK、GA和ABA测定结果表明,转基因烟草花芽和叶片中4种植物激素的含量均高于野生型植株,其中GA/IAA在转基因烟草花芽发育的4个时期中变化趋势与VvARF18表达趋势相一致。转基因烟草植株经IAA和GA_(3)处理后,VvARF18的表达量随IAA处理浓度的增高而降低,也随GA_(3)处理时间的延长而降低。【结论】葡萄Vv ARF18负调控生长素参与植物花芽分化进程,可能与赤霉素信号转导途径中的关键因子相互作用协同调控植物花芽中的激素水平,对植物花芽分化具有促进作用。