Evaluation of Application Value of 30 Introduced Flowering Shrubs in Landscape in Hefei City Based on AHP Method

The application effect of 30 introduced flowering shrubs in landscape in Hefei City was comprehensively evaluated by the analytic hierarchy process(APH).A comprehensive evaluation model was established by using factors such as plant type,resistance and drought tolerance of introduced flowering shrubs.The results show that the application effect of grade-I introduced flowering shrubs(including 12 kinds,e.g.Lantanacamara)was the best(j≥2.6),and that of grade-II introduced flowering shrubs(including 14 kinds,e.g.Abelia×grandiflora‘Francis Mason’)was better(2.2≤j<2.6),while that of grade-III introduced flowering shrubs(including 4 kinds,e.g.Ligustrum×vicaryi)was moderate(j<2.2).The evaluation results can provide reference for the application effect of introduced flowering shrubs in landscape in Hefei City.

Application of Flower Borders in Hefei City

The application value of 70 kinds of flowers in Hefei City was evaluated by analytic hierarchy process(AHP).From the three aspects of adaptability,ornamental value and economic traits,12 indicators were summarized to establish a comprehensive evaluation system.The results show that the application of grade-I plants(J≥3.6642)in flower borders is the most suitable,and they include 19 species of plants such as Osmanthus fragrans var.thunbergii,accounting for 27.14%.The application of grade-II plants(3.2319≤J≤3.6641)in flower borders is suitable,and 36 species of plants such as Jacobaea maritima are included,with the proportion of 51.42%.The application of grade-III plants(2.7935≤J≤3.2318)in flower borders is relatively suitable,and they contain 8 species of plants such as Acer palmatum’Atropurpureum’(Van Houtte)Schwerim,accounting for 11.42%.Grade-IV plants(J≤2.7934)can be applied in flower borders under special circumstances,and include 6 species of plants such as Muehlenbeckia complexa Meisn.,accounting for 8.57%.The results can provide reference for the selection of flower border plants in Hefei.The locations and types of 40 flower borders were summarized to provide a basis for the development direction and future planning of flower borders in Hefei.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Application Value of Wild Flower Resources in Flower Border in Hefei City

In order to further understand and better develop and utilize wild flower resources in Hefei City,a comprehensive evaluation model of landscape value of wild flowers in the application of flower border was constructed by field investigation and analytic hierarchy process(AHP).The application value of wild flowers in Hefei was evaluated by selecting evaluation indicators from three aspects of ornamental value,adaptability and resource potential.

A new PAT application: Optimization of processing methods for honeysuckle flower (Lonicerae Japonicae Flos) and wild honeysuckle flower (Lonicerae Flos)

Objective:A novel processing analytical framework of Chinese Material Medica (CMM) includes breeding process analysis,planting process analysis,producing process analysis and manufacture process analysis.In order to study this framework,we used quality control of honeysuckle flower (Lonicerae japonicae Flos) including diploid and tetraploid Lonicera japonica,and wild honeysuckle flower (Lonicerae Flos) including Lonicerae hypoglauca,Lonicerae confusa,Lonicerae fulvotomentosa and Lonicerae macranthoides as an example.Methods:A total of 360 samples were analyzed from three variables including species,growing areas,and optimization of processing methods.For quantitative analysis,chlorogenic acid (CA),isochlorogenic acid A (3,5-DCA),and isochlorogenic acid C (4,5-DCA) were measured with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Results:The three organic acids contents are higher in wild honeysuckle flower than honeysuckle flower;L.japonica (tetraploid) is higher than L.japonica (diploid).Modern processing methods (kill-enzyme torrefaction and fixing machine drying) are popular in growing areas and are superior to traditional methods (sun and shade drying).Conclusions:Novel process analysis concepts in processing analytical technology (PAT) enriched the Chinese MateHal Medica contents.

An overview of the endogenous and environmental factors related to the Coffea arabica flowering process

The transition of vegetative meristems to a reproductive state followed by floral development and flowering is a complex process regulated by many regulatory pathways that integrate(epi)genetic and environmental factors to guarantee the reproductive success in angiosperms.In woody and perennial species,such as coffee trees,the extended life cycle reflects adaptive strategies,i.e.,two-year cycle,sequential flowering and bud latency during the winter,that ensure reproductive success in a variable environment.The dynamics of coffee flowering integrate multiple stimuli to induce morpho-physiological changes,especially during the reproductive phase.We discussed diverse stimuli which are directly and indirectly associated with molecular pathways related to the reproductive meristem transition and floral development until anthesis.Here,we propose to redefine some concepts regarding coffee floral development,such as:i)a summary of genes possibly involved in the flowering pathways;ii)a new classification of buds by position in the node(B1-B4)to avoid misunderstandings with the uneven developmental stages;iii)comparative ABC model to Arabidopsis and tomato to allow evolutionary discussions of whorls development in Coffea sp.From this,we expect to collaborate to drive future studies towards coffee breeding and production,for example,improving floral bud activation,controlling the flowering time,anthesis synchronization to produce more homogeneous ripening fruits,reducing abortion or early flower openings,and increasing fruitification.Moreover,we think that the explored relationship between physiological and molecular approaches during the coffee flowering may be extended to understand other tropical perennial species,especially those with asynchronous flowering behavior,and to understand evolutive aspects in Rubiaceae.

Manufacturing Process of Floating Flower Art

Floating flower art belongs to a category of embossing art,which is a kind of garden art that makes plant materials into flower decorations after treatment.In this paper,the whole technological process of making floating flower products was described in detail,and the unique manufacturing process of Japanese embossing brand "Sola Cube" was analyzed,in order to provide some theoretical reference for floating flower lovers and promote its development in China.

特金罕山国家自然保护区野生球根花卉资源综合评价

目的:为探究特金罕山国家自然保护区野生球根花卉资源,筛选出适合当地城市绿化的野生球根花卉种类。方法:采用野外实地调查和文献检索的方法,调查特金罕山国家自然保护区野生球根花卉资源,并运用层次分析法从观赏价值、适应性、开发价值3个方面对其进行综合评价。结果:特金罕山国家自然保护区共有野生球根花卉37种,隶属12科,28属,其中,百合科种类最多,14种。根据综合评价结果,37种野生球根花卉分为4个等级:综合价值高的Ⅰ级(R>4.0)5种;综合价值较高的Ⅱ级(3.7<R≤4.0)10种;综合价值一般的Ⅲ级(3.5<R≤3.7)12种;综合价值较低的Ⅳ级(R≤3.5)10种。结论:特金罕山国家自然保护区野生球根花卉资源丰富,建议加强资源保护并优化开发利用方式,丰富城市园林绿化球根花卉种类。

基于改进YOLOv8-Seg的苹果单枝条花序疏除方法

针对苹果疏花作业中无法自动识别枝干以及缺乏花序疏除方法,该研究提出了一种适用于现代果园的苹果树单枝条花序疏除方法。首先,对YOLOv8-Seg模型进行改进:在Backbone部分添加GCT(Gaussian context transformer)模块,通过引入全局上下文信息和调整通道的重要性,提高模型对遮挡目标的分割性能;在对应3个检测头的Neck部分的C2f模块内部增加EMA(efficient multi-scale attention)机制,通过并行子网结构和跨空间信息聚合更好地关注多尺度特征。其次,使用改进YOLOv8-Seg模型对单枝条中的花苞、花序、开放花朵和花枝四类目标进行实例分割。最后,基于分割结果应用多项式拟合曲线表征花枝,并计算花序间距离实现花序疏除。结果表明,改进的YOLOv8s-Seg模型在自建数据集mask水平的精确率、召回率和mAP分别达到了89.9%、89.5%和91%,比原模型分别提升了6.5、4.1和5.8个百分点。与主流分割模型Mask R-CNN,YOLACT,SOLOv2进行对比,mask水平的mAP分别高出10.8、12.3和9.1个百分点。花序疏除决策结果与人工决策结果对比误差不超过10%。该方法可应用于单枝条水平上的花序疏除任务,为苹果智能疏花提供技术支持。

西洋参花多糖闪式提取工艺优化及抗氧化活性研究

目的:研究西洋参花多糖闪式提取的最佳工艺条件及抗氧化活性。方法:以西洋参花为原料,考察提取电压、液料比、提取时间对西洋参花多糖得率的影响,采用响应面法优化西洋参花多糖闪式提取工艺。通过测定西洋参花多糖对DPPH自由基和羟基自由基的清除作用及总还原力,考察西洋参花多糖的抗氧化活性。结果:通过实验得到西洋参花多糖的最佳提取工艺条件为:提取电压:130 V,液料比:30:1 mL/g,提取时间:100 s。在此条件下,西洋参花多糖得率为11.12%±0.23%,与模型预测值相当;西洋参花多糖体外抗氧化显示其对DPPH自由基和羟基自由基清除率的IC_(50)值分别为1.34、1.42 mg/mL,且具有一定还原力。表明西洋参花具有较强的抗氧化活性,且随着多糖浓度的增加,抗氧化活性不断增强。结论:本实验得到的提取工艺条件具有可行性,可用于西洋参花多糖的提取。西洋参花多糖具有较好的抗氧化活性。本研究可为西洋参花的开发利用提供理论依据。

衡阳市野生草本花卉资源评价体系的构建及应用

为深入了解和更好地开发利用衡阳市野生草本花卉资源,采用野外调查和查证相结合的方法,运用层次分析法(Analytic hierarchy process,AHP)建立定性与定量相结合的综合评价模型,对湖南省衡阳市60种野生草本花卉资源的开发利用价值进行综合评价。结果表明:该综合评价模型有1个目标层,3个约束层[约束层权重值大小为:开发利用潜力(0.6607)>观赏价值(0.2079)>生物学特性(0.1314)],11个标准层[其中综合指标权重值较高的分别是:抗逆性(0.3968)、资源数量(0.1403)、利用程度(0.1236)和观花特征(0.0819)等];60种野生花卉资源隶属于34个科53个属,以菊科(8种)、禾本科(5种)等居多;60种野生草本花卉资源中,综合得分(A)≥3.8000分有24种,可大规模开发利用,3.5000≤综合得分(A)<3.8000分有14种,可适度开发利用,综合得分(A)<3.5000分有22种,可选择性开发利用。AHP模型评价结果将为今后衡阳市及相似条件的地区开发利用野生草本花卉资源提供理论依据。

多花指甲兰开花特性与繁育系统研究

【目的】研究多花指甲兰Aerides rosea的开花特性与繁育系统,为多花指甲兰的种质资源保护提供理论依据。【方法】观察记录温室栽培条件下多花指甲兰的花部特征和开花进程,检测花粉活力与柱头可授性,估算杂交指数(OCI)及进行人工控制授粉试验。【结果】①多花指甲兰5—7月开花,开放时有香味,单株花期约15 d,单花花期约10 d。花蕾期为开花前1-5 d,初花期为开花后1-4 d,盛花期为开花后5-6 d,末花期为开花后7-8 d,凋谢期为开花后9-10 d。②总状花序,有1-4个花序,花序较长,密生数十朵花,整株花期一致。③在花蕾期,花朵还未开放时花粉已具备活力,部分柱头具备可授性;花粉活力与柱头可授性在盛花期(开花5-6 d)达到峰值。多花指甲兰的OCI为4。④无论是否去雄、套袋,不进行人工授粉的结实率均为0,而人工自花授粉、同株异花授粉和异株异花授粉的结实率分别为85.71%、88.00%、84.00%,均高于不进行人工授粉的植株。【结论】多花指甲兰自5月初开花至7月底结束,盛花期较短,持续约2 d。多花指甲兰不存在无融合生殖现象,是需要传粉者传粉的自交和异交混合的繁育系统。

茶树花的品质成分及功效研究进展

茶树花是茶叶生产产生的附加产物,含有丰富的营养成分,具有多种保健功能。为提高茶树花资源利用效率,本文综合文献资料,总结分析茶树花的主要成分及其功效,其中成份包括水溶性糖、茶皂素、蛋白质、氨基酸、黄酮类化合物和超氧化物歧化酶等,讨论不同茶树花之间有效部分的差异及其潜在的研究应用价值,包括水浸出物、茶多糖、茶氨酸和茶多酚,并对不同茶树花在食品领域、日用领域和医疗领域的选择性深度生产加工进行展望。

黄花倒水莲花总黄酮超声提取工艺优化

目的优化黄花倒水莲花总黄酮超声提取工艺。方法在单因素试验基础上,以料液比、乙醇体积分数、超声时间为影响因素,总黄酮含量为评价指标,Box-Behnken响应面法优化提取工艺。结果最佳条件为超声时间35 min,料液比1∶25,乙醇体积分数70%,总黄酮含量为3.783 mg/g。结论该方法合理可行,操作简便,可用于超声提取黄花倒水莲花总黄酮,能为该药材开发利用提供依据。

杜仲雄花活性成分的提取、活性机制及质量标志物的研究进展

文章旨在综述杜仲雄花中的主要活性成分及其相关的药理作用机制,进而归纳出可行的质量指标,为工业生产杜仲雄花保健产品的质量评估提供参考,并明确产地和提取加工条件对相关茶饮的活性成分及功效的可能影响。希望该论述能够为杜仲雄花保健食品的研发、工业化生产与创新等提供理论基础和新的思路。

核桃花中绿原酸、新绿原酸和隐绿原酸的提取工艺优化及其抗氧化活性研究

目的探讨干燥核桃花中绿原酸、隐绿原酸和新绿原酸的最佳提取工艺及其抗氧化活性。方法采用超声波辅助乙醇法提取核桃花中的绿原酸、新绿原酸和隐绿原酸,以提取温度、乙醇体积分数、提取时间和料液比为自变量,以得率的总评归一值(overall desirability,OD)为因变量,应用响应面对提取工艺进行优化,并通过体外实验评价了其抗氧化活性。结果最佳提取工艺为:温度77℃、乙醇体积分数67%、提取时间28 min,料液比1:23(g/mL)。此时,绿原酸、新绿原酸和隐绿原酸的总提取率最佳,OD值可达0.91,对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基、2,2’-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐[2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)ammonium salt,ABTS]阳离子自由基和羟自由基的半数抑制浓度(half-maximal Inhibitory concentrations,IC50)值分别为41.63、41.68和34.43μg/mL。结论优选出的工艺稳定可行,且提取液具有较好的体外抗氧化活性,为核桃花中绿原酸类成分的进一步开发利用提供了理论基础。

茶树花肉脯加工工艺优化及其体外抗氧化活性

为探明最优的茶树花肉脯加工工艺并对茶树花肉脯的体外抗氧化活性进行研究,以茶树花肉脯为研究对象,以肉脯的质构特性和感官评分为评价指标,设计单因素试验对茶树花粉添加量、腌制温度、腌制时间、焙烤温度、焙烤时间5个因素进行研究,并通过响应面优化得到最优工艺条件:茶树花粉添加量为5.7%、焙烤温度180℃、焙烤时间23 min,在此条件下,茶树花肉脯的硬度为(216.32±3.21)N,弹性为(1.81±0.03)mm,感官评分为89.39±1.02。对茶树花肉脯的体外抗氧化活性进行研究,结果表明:茶树花肉脯DPPH自由基清除率能力、羟自由基清除能力及还原能力均明显优于同质量浓度的普通肉脯,茶树花肉脯的DPPH自由基、羟自由基清除率的IC50分别为2.98mg/mL和127 mg/mL。综上,茶树花粉能提高肉脯的抗氧化活性。

合欢花黄酮超声辅助提取工艺优化及其抗氧化活性研究

以合欢花为原料,根据单因素和响应面试验,利用超声提取法研究超声功率、料液比、乙醇浓度和超声时间对合欢花黄酮含量的影响;并研究合欢花黄酮的种类、含量及抗氧化活性。结果表明:响应面法优化提取合欢花中黄酮的最佳工艺为:超声功率120 W、料液比(1∶8)g/mL、乙醇浓度80%、时间为100 min,提取的合欢花黄酮含量为9.23%。对合欢花黄酮提取液真空冷冻干燥后进行抗氧化活性检测时发现,当合欢花黄酮浓度为7 mg/mL时,对DPPH·的清除率为67.15%;浓度为100μg/mL时,对ABTS^(+)·的清除率为83.27%。LC-MS检测到合欢花黄酮类物质有27种,其中槲皮素量最高,达到412.472μg/g,其次是芦丁,含量为88.753μg/g,异槲皮苷的含量排在第三,含量为83.641μg/g。该研究为合欢花在食品中的开发利用提供了理论基础。

早花露地小菊杂交后代株系的综合评价与筛选

【目的】建立早花露地小菊综合评价体系,筛选出花期为9月中旬至10月中旬、花色接近纯正红色或黄色、花型和株型等综合表现优异的株系,丰富华北地区早秋节庆用花。为进一步培育早花露地小菊新品种提供育种材料和选择方法。【方法】以露地小菊3个早花亲本和1个重瓣性高且花色鲜艳亲本及其25个经田间初选的杂交后代无性株系为供试材料,划分花色、花期、花型、株型和叶型5个层次,从观测的30个原始性状中筛选出18个关键性状指标作为评价因子,利用层次分析法及K-Means聚类分析法建立综合评价体系,开展杂种株系的综合筛选。【结果】以早花、花型圆整丰满、红黄两种花色稳定为育种目标确定了层次分析法各性状的权重值,其中初花期起始时间(0.1817)权重值最大,其次是花色稳定性(0.1695)、盛花期单株着花数量(0.1383)、开花持续时间(0.1301),再次是花色适宜度(0.0565)、盛花期着花整齐度(0.0565)、花序直径(0.0539)、舌状花数量(0.0574)。通过K-Means聚类分析法将29份材料划分为3个等级,Ⅰ级10个(34.38%),Ⅱ级11个(37.93%),Ⅲ级8个(27.59%);杂交子代性状分离广泛,花色、花型和株型均出现了超亲性状,但花期仍以2个早花亲本初花期最早,符合前人研究认为花期为多基因控制的数量性状。因此,早花露地小菊育种仍需筛选更多亲本,增加可早秋使用的露地小菊资源。【结论】本评价方法综合各类评价体系优势,以数量化结果充分表征田间观测的性状特征,以育种目标为导向进行层次分析赋值评价,为综合评价和筛选早花露地小菊优良品种提供了量化方法。建立的评价体系可以很好地对早花露地小菊进行评价与筛选,为后期早花露地小菊新品种的选育提供了一种可靠方法,有助于提高后代优良种质筛选效率。最终筛选出10个观赏性状优良的早花露地小菊株系,可作为新品种或新品系应用,也可作为育种材料。

基于《上海市中药饮片炮制规范》(2018年版)花类中药的特点及临床应用分析

目的:分析《上海市中药饮片炮制规范》(2018年版)(以下简称《炮规》)中花类中药的特点及临床应用情况,为花类中药的研究应用提供数据参考。方法:统计《炮规》收录的花类中药信息,包括来源科属、入药部位、习用名、性味归经、用法用量、处方应付、注意事项等,并分析其功效和现代应用等内容。结果:《炮规》共收录花类中药56种,包括54种常用品种及2种少用品种,占其收录973种中药饮片的5.76%。入药部位以花(33.93%)、花蕾(25.00%)、花序(19.64%)三者居多。药性以平(29.09%)、温(29.09%)为主,药味以甘(41.77%)为主,归经以肝(27.72%)、肺(19.80%)为主。功效以清热药(23.21%)占比最高,其次为止血药(17.86%)和理气药(12.50%)。花类中药多数入汤剂,常规用量在9g以内。结论:花类中药具有较高的药用价值,通过对《炮规》中所收录的花类中药进行详细的统计分析,可为后续花类中药的发展与应用提供数据支持。

不同干燥工艺对金牡丹茶树花品质及挥发性风味成分的影响

为探究不同干燥工艺对金牡丹茶树花品质和挥发性风味成分的影响,选择真空冷冻干燥(预冻2 h,冷冻干燥6、8、10 h,冷阱温度-50℃,处理1、2、3)、热风干燥(处理时间3、4、5 h,烘焙温度75℃,处理4、5、6)及自然干燥处理(CK)3种干燥工艺处理,分析不同干燥处理方式对茶树花感官品质、内含物及挥发性风味成分的影响。结果表明:采用真空冷冻干燥工艺所制茶树花感官品质最优,均能保留花蜜香,且处理3的茶树花感官审评总分最高,水浸出物、茶多酚及咖啡碱含量较高,总氨基酸、甜味、鲜味、必需氨基酸含量最高。3种干燥工艺条件下共鉴定出挥发性成分107种,醇类、烷类及酮类为相对含量较高的挥发性成分。基于主成分分析(PCA)进一步进行聚类分析(HCA)表明,挥发性物质分为4组,与3种干燥工艺相对应。建立偏最小二乘-判别分析(PLS-DA)模型筛选出变量重要性(VIP)值大于1的标志差异性挥发性成分35个,而苏合香醇为CK特有的挥发性成分。综上所述,采用真空冷冻干燥工艺处理最能保留茶树花香和内含物,其中处理3综合评价最优。本研究为探究干燥方式对茶树花品质和风味的影响及挥发性成分变化规律提供了理论依据。