Climate Characters of Summer Drought in Mountain City and the Effect on Flowers and Trees

[Objective] The aim was to provide references for development of industries engaging in flowers and trees in Beipei area in Chongqing. [Method] The occurring trend, intensity trend of summer drought, relationship of intensity with rainfall and extremely highest temperature, occurring trend during initial period of summer drought and the effects in mountain cities were analyzed, based on information on lasting period, rainfall, average temperature, extremely highest temperature of sum- mer drought in Beipei area in mountain cities during 1981-2010 and, growth condi- tion and phenological phenomena of Michelia champaca during 2005-2007. [Result] The occurring probability of summer drought in mountain cities was 57% and the probabilities of light, moderate, heavy and extreme drought were 30%, 10%, 7% and 10%; intensity of summer drought was none of linear relation with rainfall and ex- tremely highest temperature. In summer drought, daily average rainfall was less than 0.9 ram; extremely highest temperature was 35.0-45.0 ℃ with probability at 30%; initial period of summer drought was from later June to middle August and of extreme drought was later June-later July; the ending period was early September. During drought, when the extremely highest temperature （〉35.0 ℃） occurred in three days within a Hou, flowers and trees were affected by the hot drought and when the extreme temperature （〉40.0 ℃） occurred in three days within a Hou, the plants were seriously affected. [Conclusion] Based on characters of summer drought, pre- cautions can be taken to reduce effects of summer drought on flowers and trees with the help of weather forecast.

Climatic Characteristics of Extreme Cold and Frost Disaster and the Effects on Flowers and Trees in Mountain City in 2010

[Objective] The aim was to explore climatic characteristics of cold and frost disaster and the effects on flowers and trees in mountain city in 2010. [Method] Extremism of cold and frost disaster in temperature and lasting period, and the effects on flowers and trees in 2010 were researched based on information of average ten-day temperatures and extreme lowest temperature in 1951-2010 and Michelia alba DC. growth in a Hou in 2008-2010, as per statistical analysis technique. [Result] Cold and frost disaster in winter of 2010 proved the longest in lasting period, lowest in average temperature, and most serious for flowers and trees, resulting in serious loss of flowers and trees in Beibei area. [Conclusion] Countermeasures in the research would reduce owners’ loss in flowers and trees.

Evaluation on the fresh eating quality of tree peony flowers

Tree peony(Paeonia suffruticosa)is an ornamental and medicinal plant in China.The fresh eating of flower petals has gradually become a new idea for further development.This study analyzed the sensory indexes,nutritional indexes and antioxidant indexes of fresh flowers of five cultivars,namely,‘Fengdan’(P.ostia‘Fengdan’),‘Xiangyu’(P.suffruticosa‘Xiangyu’),‘Zhaofen’(P.suffruticosa‘Zhanfen’),‘Luoyanghong’(P.suffruticosa‘Luoyanghong’)and‘High Noon’(P.‘High Noon’),to provide a theoretical basis for eating fresh tree peony flowers.The aroma volatiles of petals mainly comprised terpenes,alcohols and alkanes.‘Luoyanghong’and‘High Noon’have brighter colors.The taste test showed that‘Luoyanghong’,‘High Noon’and‘Xiangyu’were the most palatable.‘High Noon’contained the highest soluble sugar content,‘Luoyanghong’contained the highest starch and vitamin C(VC)levels,and‘Zhaofen’contained the highest soluble protein content.The contents of bioactive compounds were the highest in‘Luoyanghong’,and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity was the highest in‘Xiangyu’.The petals were rich in essential amino acids,with the highest amount in‘Xiangyu’.‘Luoyanghong’and‘High Noon’showed strong antioxidant capacity.Therefore,tree peony flowers have excellent sensory qualities,abundant nutrients and strong antioxidant activity and could be further developed as a food to be eaten fresh.The results showed that tree peony flowers had great edible potential.Flowers of red and yellow cultivars can be considered for fresh eating on the basis of the traditional consumption of white and pink tree peony flowers.

Some Results on Sum Graph, Integral Sum Graph and Mod Sum Graph

Let N denote the set of positive integers. The sum graph G^＋（S） of a finite subset S belong to N is the graph （S, E） with uv ∈ E if and only if u ＋ v ∈ S. A graph G is said to be a sum graph if it is isomorphic to the sum graph of some S belong to N. By using the set Z of all integers instead of N, we obtain the definition of the integral sum graph. A graph G = （V, E） is a mod sum graph if there exists a positive integer z and a labelling, λ, of the vertices of G with distinct elements from {0, 1, 2,..., z - 1} so that uv ∈ E if and only if the sum, modulo z, of the labels assigned to u and v is the label of a vertex of G. In this paper, we prove that flower tree is integral sum graph. We prove that Dutch m-wind-mill （Dm） is integral sum graph and mod sum graph, and give the sum number of Dm.