Time to consider the potential role of alternative resistance training methods in cancer management?

Exercise has emerged as fundamental therapeutic medicine in the management of cancer.Exercise improves health-related outcomes,including quality of life,neuromuscular strength,physical function,and body composition,and it is associated with a lower risk of disease recurrence and increased survival.Moreover,exercise during or post cancer treatments is safe,can ameliorate treatment-related side effects,and may enhance the effectiveness of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.To date,traditional resistance training(RT)is the most used RT modality in exercise oncology.However,alternative training modes,such as eccentric,cluster set,and blood flow restriction are gaining increased attention.These training modalities have been extensively investigated in both athletic and clinical populations(e.g.,age-related frailty,cardiovascular disease,type 2 diabetes),showing considerable benefits in terms of neuromuscular strength,hypertrophy,body composition,and physical function.However,these training modes have only been partially or not at all investigated in cancer populations.Thus,this study outlines the benefits of these alternative RT methods in patients with cancer.Where evidence in cancer populations is sparse,we provide a robust rationale for the possible implementation of certain RT methods that have shown positive results in other clinical populations.Finally,we provide clinical insights for research that may guide future RT investigations in patients with cancer and suggest clear practical applications for targeted cancer populations and related benefits.

Apoptosis Rate and Objective Diagnosis of Drug Resistance of Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines

Objective： To investigate whether the change of drug resistance degree could be evaluated by apoptotic rate in ovarian cancer cell lines. Methods： Human epithelia ovarian cancer cell line A2780 and its platinum （DDP） resistance cell line AD4 were used. They were divided into 4 groups respectively （A2780-DDP group, A2780-DDP＋VRM group, AD4-DDP group and AD4-DDP＋VRM group）. 3-（4, 5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide （MTT） was used to measure the multiple of drug resistance. The expression of drug-resistance genes （mdrl, TopoⅡα and GSTπ） was detected by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）. Semi-quantity assay was proceed by rate the of multidrug resistance genes to G3 PDH gene. Apoptosis was measured by DNA gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry respectively. The advantages and disadvantage of evaluating drug-resistance with these three methods were analyzed. Results： The 50% inhibition concentration （IC50） of A2780 and AD4 was 19.2 μg/mL and 66 μg/mL respectively, and the resistance fold of the AD4 was 3.4. Some drug-resistance genes could be detected by RT-PCR in A2780 and AD4 cell lines. The expression of mdrl was only （0.09±0.03）×10^-2 ： 1 and （0.10±0.02） × 10^-2：1 respectively （rate to G3 PDH gene） with the difference being not significant between them. The expression of TopoⅡα in the A2780 cells was （2.60±0.12）×10^-2：1 and （0.11±0.03）× 10^-2：1 in the AD4 cells respectively with the difference between them being significant. On the contrary, the expression of GSTπ in A2780 cells was lower than in AD4 cells, and the ratio was （0.11±0.03）×10^-2：1 and （3.13±0.14）×10^-2：1 respectively with tile difference being significant between them. There was no significant difference among the genes expression after the drugs were given for 6 h, 12 h and 24 h. couldn＇t reflect the change of drug-resistance timely. DNA gel electrophoresis used to detect apoptosis was only a qualitative analysis. Different drug resistance degrees may be detected by flow cytometry as early as few hours after drugs were given, which realized the earlier and quantities detection of drug resistance. Conclusion： Detection of apoptosis with flow cytometry may not be affected by the variety of drug-resistance genes, suggested this was a general, quantitative and objective method to reflect drug resistance.

Influence of regenerator flow resistance on stability of pulse tube cooler

Based on the fluid network theory,the possibility of utilizing regenerator flow resistance to suppress the direct current （DC） flow induced by the introduction of a double-inlet in a pulse tube cooler is investigated theoretically. The calculation results show that increasing regenerator flow resistance can lead to a smaller extent of DC flow.Therefore,a better stability performance of the cooler can be realized.On this basis,the stability characteristics of the cooler with various regenerator matrix arrangements are studied by experiments.By replacing 30% space of 247 screens of stainless steel mesh at the cold part of the regenerator by lead balls of 0.25 mm diameter,a long-time stable temperature output at 80 K region is achieved. This achievement provides a new way to obtain stable performance for pulse tube coolers at high temperature and is helpful for its application.

Flow resistance and its prediction methods in compound channels

A series of experiments was carried out in a large symmetric compound channel composed of a rough main channel and rough floodplains to investigate the resistance characteristics of inbank and overbank flows. The effective Manning, Darcy-Weisbach, Chezy coefficients and the relative Nikuradse roughness height were analyzed. Many different representative methods for predicting the composite roughness were systematically summarized. Besides the measured data, a vast number of laboratory data and field data for compound channels were collected and used to check the validity of these methods for different subsection divisions including the vertical, horizontal, diagonal and bisectional divisions. The computation showed that these methods resulted in big errors in assessing the composite roughness in compound channels, and the reasons were analyzed in detail. The error magnitude is related to the subsection divisions.

Flow Resistance Modeling for Coolant Distribution within Canned Motor Cooling Loops

Taylor–Couette–Poiseuille(TCP)flow dominates the inner water-cooling circulation of canned motor reactor coolant pumps.Current research on TCP flow focuses on torque behaviors and flow regime transitions through experiments and simulations.However,research on axial flow resistance in a large Reynolds number turbulent state is not sufficient,especially for the various flow patterns.This study is devoted to investigating the influence of annular flow on the axial flow resistance of liquid in the coaxial cylinders of the stator and rotor in canned motor reactor coolant pumps,and predicting the coolant flow distribution between the upper coil cooling loop and lower bearing lubricating loop for safe operation.The axial flow resistance,coupled with the annular rotation,is experimentally investigated at a flow rate with an axial Reynolds number,Rea,from 2.6×10~3 to 6.0×10~3 and rotational Reynolds number,Ret,from 1.6×10~4 to 4.0×10~4.It is revealed that the axial flow frictional coe cient varies against the axial flow rate in linear relation sets with logarithmic coordinates,which shift up when the flow has a higher Ret.Further examination of the axial flow resistance,with the Rea extending to 3.5×10~5 and Ret up to 1.6×10~5,by simulation shows gentle variation rates in the axial flow frictional coe cients against the Rea.The relation curves with different Ret values converge when the Rea exceeds 3.5×10~5.A prediction model for TCP flow consisting of a polygonal approximation with logarithmic coordinates is developed to estimate the axial flow resistance against different axial and rotational Reynolds numbers for the evaluation of heat and mass transfer during transition states and the engineering design of the canned motor chamber structure.

The Effect of Sparger Geometry on Gas Bubble Flow Behaviors Using Electrical Resistance Tomography

By electrical resistance tomography (ERT) the cross sectional profiles of gas hold-up in a φ56mm bubble column are obtained with four designs of gas sparger. The effect of sparger geometry on the bubble distribution is re-vealed by applying a sensitivity conjugated gradients reconstruction method (SCG). Experimental results show that over-all hold-up obtained by ERT is generally in good agreement with those measured with the pressure transducer and the ERT system produces informative evidence that the radial profiles of hold-up is very similar to the sparger design in the lower section of bubble column. Meanwhile, the rise velocity of bubble swarm and the Sauter mean bubble size are evaluated using ERT based on dynamic gas disengagement theory. The experimental results are in good agreement with correlations and conventional estimation obtained using pressure transmitter methods.

Flow-resistance analysis of nano-confined fluids inspired from liquid nano-lubrication:A review

How to reduce flow resistance of nano-confined fluids to achieve a high flux is a new challenge for modern chemical engineering applications, such as membrane separation and nanofluidic devices. Traditional models are inapplicable to explain the significant differences in the flow resistance of different liquid–solid systems.On the other hand, friction reduction in liquid nano-lubrication has received considerable attention during the past decades. Both fields are exposed to a common scientific issue regarding friction reduction during liquid–solid relative motion at nanoscale. A promising approach to control the flow resistance of nano-confined fluids is to reference the factors affecting liquid nano-lubrication. In this review, two concepts of the friction coefficient derived from fluid flow and tribology were discussed to reveal their intrinsic relations. Recent progress on low or ultra-low friction coefficients in liquid nano-lubrication was summarized based on two situations. Finally, a new strategy was introduced to study the friction coefficient based on analyzing the intermolecular interactions through an atomic force microscope(AFM), which is a cutting-point to build a new model to study flowresistance at nanoscale.

Effect of Radial Resistance Gap on the Pressure Drop of a Compact Annular-Radial-Orifice Flow Magnetorheological Valve

A compact annular-radial-orifice flow magnetorheological(MR)valve was developed to investigate the effects of radial resistance gap on pressure drop.The fluid flow paths of this proposed MR valve consist of a single annular flow channel,a single radial flow channel and an orifice flow channel through structure design.The finite element modelling and simulation analysis of the MR valve was carried out using ANSYS/Emag software to investigate the changes of the magnetic flux density and yield stress along the fluid flow paths under the four different radial resistance gaps.Moreover,the experimental tests were also conducted to evaluate the pressure drop,showing that the proposed MR valve has significantly improved its pressure drop at 0.5 mm width of the radial resistance gap when the annular resistance gap is fixed at 1 mm.

Numerical Study of Viscous Wave-Making Resistance of Ship Navigation in Still Water

The prediction of a ship＇s resistance especially the viscous wave-making resistance is an important issue in CFD applications. In this paper, the resistances of six ships from hull 1 to hull 6 with different hull forms advancing in still water are numerically studied using the solver naoe-FOAM-SJTU, which was developed based on the open source code package OpenFOAM. Different components of the resistances are computed and compared while considering two speed conditions （12 kn and 16 kn）. The resistance of hull 3 is the smallest while that of hull 5 is the largest at the same speed. The results show hull 3 is a good reference for the design of similar ships, which can provide some valuable guidelines for hull form optimization.

A proposed surface resistance model for the Penman-Monteith formula to estimate evapotranspiration in a solar greenhouse

Greenhousing is a technique to bridge season gap in vegetable production and has been widely used worldwide. Calculation of water requirement of crops grown in greenhouse and determination of their irrigation schedules in arid and semi-arid regions are essential for greenhouse maintenance and have thus attracted increased attention over the past decades. The most common method used in the literature to estimate crop evapotranspiration（ET） is the Penman-Monteith（PM） formula. When applied to greenhouse, however, it often uses canopy resistance instead of surface resistance. It is understood that the surface resistance in greenhouse is the result of a combined effect of canopy restriction and soil-surface restriction to water vapor flow, and the relative dominance of one restriction over another depends on crop canopy. In this paper, we developed a surface resistance model in a way similar to two parallel resistances in an electrical circuit to account for both restrictions. Also, considering that wind speed in greenhouse is normally rather small, we compared three methods available in the literature to calculate the aerodynamic resistance, which are the r_a^1 method proposed by Perrier（1975a, b）, the r_a^2 method proposed by Thom and Oliver（1977）, and the r_a^3 method proposed by Zhang and Lemeu（1992）. We validated the model against ET of tomatoes in a greenhouse measured from sap flow system combined with micro-lysimeter in 2015 and with weighing lysimeter in 2016. The results showed that the proposed surface resistance model improved the accuracy of the PM model, especially when the leaf area index was low and the greenhouse was being irrigated. We also found that the aerodynamic resistance calculated from the r_a^1 and r_a^3 methods is applicable to the greenhouse although the latter is slightly more accurate than the former. The proposed surface resistance model, together with the r_a^3 method for aerodynamic resistance, offers an improved approach to estimate ET in greenhouse using the PM formula.

An adaptive electrical resistance tomography sensor with flow pattern recognition capability

The all traditional electrical resistance tomography (ERT) sensors have a static structure, which cannot satisfy the intelligent requirements for adaptive optimization to ERT sensors that is subject to flow pattern changes during the real-time detection of two-phase flow. In view of this problem, an adaptive ERT sensor with a dynamic structure is proposed. The electrodes of the ERT sensor are arranged in an array structure, the flow pattern recognition technique is introduced into the ERT sensor design and accordingly an ERT flow pattern recognition method based on signal sparsity is proposed. This method uses the sparse representation of the signal to express the sampling voltage of the ERT system as a sparse combination and find its sparse solution to achieve the classification of different flow patterns. With the introduction of flow identification information, the sensor has an intelligent function of adaptively and dynamically adapting the sensor structure according to the real-time flow pattern change. The experimental results show that the sensor can automatically identify four typical flow patterns: core flow, bubble flow, laminar flow and circulation flow with recognition rates of 91%, 93%, 90% and 88% respectively. For different flow patterns, the dynamically optimized sensor can significantly improve the quality of ERT image reconstruction.

Blood flow restriction in human skeletal muscle during rest periods after high-load resistance training down-regulates miR-206 and induces Pax7

Backgroud:Blood flow re striction(BFR) with low-intensity re sistance training has been shown to result in hypertrophy of skeletal muscle.In this study,we tested the hypothesis that BFR during the rest periods between acute,high-intensity resistance exercise sessions(70% of 1 repetition maximum,7 sets with 10 repetitions) enhances the effects of the resistance training.Methods:A total of 7 healthy young men performed squats,and between sets BFR was carried out on one leg while the other leg served as a control.Because BFR was applied during rest periods,even severe occlusion pressure(approximately 230 mmHg),which almost completely blocked blood flow,was well-tolerated by the participants.Five muscle-specific microRNAs were measured from the biopsy samples,which were taken 2 h after the acute training.Results:Doppler data showed that the pattern of blood flow recovery changed significantly between the first and last BFR.microRNA-206 levels significantly decreased in the BFR leg compared to the control.The mRNA levels of RAC-β serine/threonine-protein kinase v22,nuclear re spiratory factor 1,vascular endothelial growth factor,lupus Ku autoantigen protein p70 genes(p <0.05),and paired box 7(p <0.01) increased in the BFR leg.The protein levels of paired box 7,nuclear respiratory factor 1,and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor y coactivator 1α did not differ between the BFR leg and the control leg.Conclusion:BFR,during the rest periods of high-load resistance training,could lead to mRNA elevation of those proteins that regulate angiogenesis,mitochondrial biogenesis,and muscle hypertrophy and repair.However,BFR also can cause DNA damage,judging from the increase in mRNA levels of lupus Ku autoantigen protein p70.

Effects of simulated submerged and rigid vegetation and grain roughness on hydraulic resistance to simulated overland flow

Better understanding of the role of vegetation and soil on hydraulic resistance of overland flow requires quantitative partition of their interaction. In this paper, a total of 144 hydraulic flume experiments were carried out to investigate the hydraulic characteristics of overland flow. Results show that hydraulic resistance is negatively correlated with Reynolds number on non-simulated vegetated slopes, while positively on vegetated slopes. The law of composite resistance agrees with the dominant resistance, depending on simulated vegetation stem,surface roughness, and discharge. Surface roughness has greater influence on overland flow resistance than vegetation stem when unit discharge is lower than the low-limited critical discharge, while vegetation has a more obvious influence when unit discharge is higher than the upper-limited critical discharge. Combined effects of simulated vegetation and surface roughness are unequal to the sum of the individual effects through t-test, implying the limitation of using linear superposition principle in calculating overland flow resistances under combined effect of roughness elements.

CFD simulation of flow field and resistance in a 19-core tandem ceramic membrane module

CFD simulation of the permeation process of a 19-core tandem ceramic membrane module was established to investigate flow field and resistance and its change in permeate flux to the membrane element position and the channel of each membrane element.The results show that when the volume flow rate changes from26 m3·h-1 to 89 m3·h-1,the resistance of each part of the membrane module increases gradually.The increase in resistance loss in the membrane element is faster than the plates and the bell mouths.In a single ceramic membrane module,the maximum difference in flow rate of each membrane tube is 7.23%.In a single membrane tube,the outer ring channels 3–5,3–6,3–7,3–8 are relatively slow.The maximum mass flow deviation from the mean is 2.7%.This work helps to clarify the flow mechanism within the modules,optimize the structure of the equipment and provide a reliable basis for the improvement of industrial ceramic membrane modules.

Application of a RaNS and PF-Based Method to Study the Resistance and Motion of a Bulk Carrier

Resistance prediction of ships using computational fluid dynamics has gained popularity over the years because of its high accuracy and low cost. This paper conducts numerical estimations of the ship resistance and motion of a Japan bulk carrier model using SHIP_Motion, a Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RaNS)-based solver, and HydroSTAR, a commercial potential flow (PF)-based solver. The RaNS solver uses an overset-structured mesh and discretizes the flow field using the finite volume method, while the PF-based solver applies the three-dimensional panel method. In the calm water test, the total drag coefficient, sinkage, and trim were predicted using the RaNS solver following mesh dependency analysis, and the results were compared with the available experimental data. Next, calm water resistance was investigated for a range of Froude numbers. The added resistance in short-wave cases was simulated using both RaNS and PF solvers, and the results were compared. The PF solver showed better agreement with the RaNS solver for predicting motion responses than for predicting added resistance. While the added resistance results could not be directly validated because of the absence of experimental data, considering the previous accuracy of the RaNS solver in added resistance prediction and general added resistance profile of similar hull forms (bulk carriers), the prediction results could be concluded to be reliable.

Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Bow Profiles on Resistance of an Underwater Vehicle in Free Surface Motion

In this paper, towing tank experiments are conducted to study the behavior of flow on a model of the underwater vehicle with various shapes of bows, i.e. tango and standard bows in free surface motion tests. The total resistances for different Froude numbers are considered experimentally. The towing tank is equipped with a trolley that can operate in through 0.05-6 m/s speed with ±0.02 m/s accuracy. Furthermore, the study is done on hydrodynamic coefficients i.e. total, residual and friction resistance coefficients, and the results are compared. Finally, the study on flow of wave fields around bows is done and wave filed around two bows are compared. The Froude number interval is between 0.099 and 0.349. Blockage fraction for the model is fixed to 0.005 3. The results showed that the residual resistance of the standard bow in 0.19 to 0.3 Froude number is more than the tango bow in surface motion which causes more total resistance for the submarine. Finally, details of wave generated by the bow are depicted and the effects of flow pattern on resistance drag are discussed.

Simplified Calculation of Flow Resistance of Suspension Bridge Main Cable Dehumidification System

To calculate the flow resistance of a main cable dehumidification system,this study considers the air flow in the main cable as the flow in a porous medium,and adopts the Hagen–Poiseuille equation by using average hydraulic radius and capillary bundle models.A mathematical derivation is combined with an experimental study to obtain a semi-empirical flow resistance formula.Additionally,Fluent software is used to simulate the flow resistance across the main cable relative to the experimental values.Based on the actual measured results for a Yangtze River bridge,this study verifies the semi-empirical formula,and indicates that it can be applied in actual engineering.

A Fast-Fractional Flow Reserve Simulation Method in A Patient with Coronary Stenosis Based on Resistance Boundary Conditions

Fractional flow reserve(FFR)is the gold standard to identify individual stenosis causing myocardial ischemia in catheter laboratory.The purpose of this study is to present a fast simulation method to estimate FFR value of a coronary artery,which can evaluate the performance of vascular stenosis,based on resistance boundary conditions.A patient-specific 3-dimensional(3D)model of the left coronary system with intermediate diameter stenosis was reconstructed based on the CTA images.The resistance boundary conditions used to simulate the coronary microcirculation were computed based on anatomical reconstruction of coronary 3D model.This study was performed by coupling the 3D coronary tree model with the lumped parameter model(0D model).The flow rate and pressure of coronary tree were calculated in twenty minutes.In addition,the effect of inlet pressure and myocardial mass on FFRss values has been investigated.The results showed that the effect of myocardial mass was greater than the effect of inlet pressure on FFRss.This FFRss simulation method can quickly and accurately assess the influence of coronary stenosis in aid clinical diagnosis.

Analytical determination of flow resistance characteristic for combination channel inside hydraulic manifold block

Computational fluid dynamics(CFD)was used in conjunction with BP neural network to study theflow resistance characteristic of the combination-channel inside hydraulic manifold block(HMB).The in-put parameters of the combination-channel model were confirmed to have effect on the pressure-drop bythe numerical method,and a BP neural network model was accordingly constructed to predict the channelpressure-drops.The flow resistance characteristic curves of various channels were achieved,and a perfor-mance parameter was given to evaluate the through-flow characteristic of the channel according to thecurves.The predictions are' in agreement with the numerical computation,indicating that the method canbe utilized to accurately determine the flow characteristic of the combination channel with high efficiency.

Heart and skeletal muscle insulin resistance but not myocardial blood flow reserve could be related to chronic use of thiazolidione in patients with type-2 diabetes

Heart and skeletal muscle insulin resistance and abnormal myocardial flow reserve (MFR) occurs in patients with type-II diabetes. Improvement of heart and skeletal muscle insulin resistance with rosiglitazone use over 16 weeks have been reported. However, it is not clear whether chronic use of troglitazone can improve heart and skeletal muscle insulin resistance and MFR. Materials and Methods: To test the hypothesis whether effects of troglitazone on heart and skeletal muscle insulin resistance and MFR in patients with type-II diabetes, rest and dipyridamole stress perfusion positron emission tomography (PET) with 13N-ammonia and heart and skeletal muscle 18FDG PET scans under insulin clamping were undertaken before and 12 month after the initiation of troglitazone therapy (400 mg/day) in 23 patients with type-II diabetes. Twenty patients with type-II diabetes without CAD and without medications were served as controls. In controls, any medications were not added from the first PET study and 12 months after the second PET study. Results: Baseline myocardial blood flow (MBF) was comparable before and after the troglitazone group as was the controls. MBF during dipyridamole administration (0.56 mg/min/kg) was not significantly improved in troglitazone group and controls. MFR was not improved in troglitazone group and controls. In troglitazone group, whole body glucose disposal rate (GDR;μmole/min/kg) significantly improved (pre;19.0 ± 9.55, post;28.7 ± 15.3, p as did the skeletal muscle glucose utilization rate (SMGU (μmole/min/kg);pre;20.3 ± 12.0, post;34.8 ± 10.6, p insulin resistance is implicated in patients with type-II diabetes and impaired MFR is uncoupled with insulin resistance in the whole body and heart and skeletal muscle in patients with type-II diabetes.