The adsorption-desorption characteristics of chlorimuron-ethyl in soils were investigated to provide the basic data for evaluating the safety in field and the risk to water resource. The adsorption-desorption experime...The adsorption-desorption characteristics of chlorimuron-ethyl in soils were investigated to provide the basic data for evaluating the safety in field and the risk to water resource. The adsorption-desorption experiment was conducted by the batch equilibration and HPLC techniques; furthermore, data were analyzed with 5 mathematic models to describe the characteristics and mechanism of adsorption-desorption and translocation of the herbicide in soils. The results showed that the adsorption-desorption isotherms of chlorimuron-ethyl fitted for the Freundlich model well, and the physical reaction presents the main contribution during the adsorption-desorption process. The adsorption values （Kads-f） of chlorimuron-ethyl in 8 types of soil ranged from 0.798 to 6.891. The isotherms of 2# （Jiangxi clay） and 3# （Jiangxi sand loam） soils belong to the S-type curve, while the isotherms of another 6 type soils belong to the L-type isotherm. The results of desorption indicated that the hysteresis phenomena appeared during the desorption process, and the hysteresis coefficients （H） of the herbicides in 8 soils varied from 0.259-0.980. Furthermore, Kads-f and desorption values （Kads-f） increased with the OM （%） and the clay content increasing, while the values decreased with the soils pH increasing. The H values decreased with the OM and the clay content increasing, and increased with the soils pH increasing. It can be concluded that the low adsorption abilities of chlorimuron-ethyl in test soils and un-reversible adsorption existed in the process, which will induce the great translocation of the herbicide after application in field. It can be transported to ground or groundwater causing risk to environments. The physical and chemical properties of soils, including the OM, the clay content, and the pH of soil were the dominating factors during the adsorption-desorption.展开更多
To discover the fate of fluazinam after its application in pepper field, an efficient residual analytical method for determining fluazinam in pepper and soil was developed. The samples were extracted by acetone, clean...To discover the fate of fluazinam after its application in pepper field, an efficient residual analytical method for determining fluazinam in pepper and soil was developed. The samples were extracted by acetone, cleaned up by solid-phase extraction （SPE） florisil cartridge, and determined by gas chromatography with electronic capture detector （ECD）. The recoveries ranged from 80 to 94.6%, with repeatability relative standard deviation ≤9.3% at spiking levels of 0.1-1 mg kg^-1. The residue dynamics of fluazinam in pepper and soil were studied in a field plot. The experiment data showed that the halflives of fluazinam in peppers and soils were 2.5-3.7 days and 1.2-4.2 days, respectively. When the pepper was treated by fluazinam 50% suspension concentrate （SC） at 495 g ha^-1 4 times at 7-day intervals, the fluazinam in pepper on the 7th day after the last application was all below 0.06 mg kg^-1, which was below the maximum residue limit （MRL） fixed in Korea （0.3 mg kg^-1）. It is implied that fluazinam in pepper is nonpersistent. The results suggested that fluazinam 50% SC should be used in a pepper field at most for 4 times, and the pre-harvest interval should be 7 days.展开更多
【目的】中国花生产区普遍发生冠腐病、根腐病和白绢病,严重影响花生生产。研究旨在比较并评价苯醚甲环唑与氟啶胺的微囊悬浮剂(microcapsule suspension,CS)和悬浮种衣剂(flowable concentrate for seed treatment,FS)对3种致病菌的毒...【目的】中国花生产区普遍发生冠腐病、根腐病和白绢病,严重影响花生生产。研究旨在比较并评价苯醚甲环唑与氟啶胺的微囊悬浮剂(microcapsule suspension,CS)和悬浮种衣剂(flowable concentrate for seed treatment,FS)对3种致病菌的毒力、包衣种子对花生的安全性以及对这3种病害的防治效果,以明确不同剂型制剂的安全性、持效期和施药方法。【方法】分别采用孢子萌发法和菌丝生长速率法比较苯醚甲环唑和氟啶胺的CS和FS对花生冠腐病菌、根腐病菌和白绢病菌的室内毒力,采用种子包衣法评价苯醚甲环唑和氟啶胺的两种制剂对花生的安全性,并进行田间药效试验。【结果】6%苯醚甲环唑FS、15%苯醚甲环唑CS、50%氟啶胺FS和12%氟啶胺CS对花生冠腐病菌孢子萌发的抑制率差异较大,其EC50分别为0.0503、0.4959、5.6141和46.5433 mg·L-1;对花生根腐病菌的EC50分别为0.5386、2.8604、0.3780和28.1665 mg·L-1;对花生白绢病菌的EC50分别为1.1435、3.2615、0.0951和3.8920 mg·L-1,表明微囊化后有效成分释放速度均显著减慢。20和25℃恒温下,与对照相比,苯醚甲环唑FS和CS 50、100、200 g a.i./100 kg种子、氟啶胺FS和CS 40、80和160 g a.i./100 kg种子包衣对花生出苗率、出苗时间、根长及鲜重、株高和茎叶鲜重均无明显影响。田间试验结果,所有处理的花生出苗时间和出苗率均无差异,6%苯醚甲环唑FS和15%苯醚甲环唑CS 100、200 g a.i./100 kg种子包衣对花生冠腐病、根腐病和白绢病的防效均达68.03%以上,12%氟啶胺CS 160 g a.i./100 kg种子对3种花生土传真菌病害的田间防效达74.97%以上,显著高于相同剂量的50%氟啶胺FS的防效。所有药剂处理均显著增加荚果产量,其中15%苯醚甲环唑CS 200 g a.i./100 kg种子处理的增产率最高,达7.22%—11.47%。【结论】6%苯醚甲环唑FS和15%苯醚甲环唑CS均在100、200 g a.i./100 kg种子,12%氟啶胺CS 160 g a.i./100 kg种子剂量下处理种子对花生安全,一次处理可以同时降低花生冠腐病、根腐病和白绢病的危害。展开更多
文摘The adsorption-desorption characteristics of chlorimuron-ethyl in soils were investigated to provide the basic data for evaluating the safety in field and the risk to water resource. The adsorption-desorption experiment was conducted by the batch equilibration and HPLC techniques; furthermore, data were analyzed with 5 mathematic models to describe the characteristics and mechanism of adsorption-desorption and translocation of the herbicide in soils. The results showed that the adsorption-desorption isotherms of chlorimuron-ethyl fitted for the Freundlich model well, and the physical reaction presents the main contribution during the adsorption-desorption process. The adsorption values （Kads-f） of chlorimuron-ethyl in 8 types of soil ranged from 0.798 to 6.891. The isotherms of 2# （Jiangxi clay） and 3# （Jiangxi sand loam） soils belong to the S-type curve, while the isotherms of another 6 type soils belong to the L-type isotherm. The results of desorption indicated that the hysteresis phenomena appeared during the desorption process, and the hysteresis coefficients （H） of the herbicides in 8 soils varied from 0.259-0.980. Furthermore, Kads-f and desorption values （Kads-f） increased with the OM （%） and the clay content increasing, while the values decreased with the soils pH increasing. The H values decreased with the OM and the clay content increasing, and increased with the soils pH increasing. It can be concluded that the low adsorption abilities of chlorimuron-ethyl in test soils and un-reversible adsorption existed in the process, which will induce the great translocation of the herbicide after application in field. It can be transported to ground or groundwater causing risk to environments. The physical and chemical properties of soils, including the OM, the clay content, and the pH of soil were the dominating factors during the adsorption-desorption.
文摘To discover the fate of fluazinam after its application in pepper field, an efficient residual analytical method for determining fluazinam in pepper and soil was developed. The samples were extracted by acetone, cleaned up by solid-phase extraction （SPE） florisil cartridge, and determined by gas chromatography with electronic capture detector （ECD）. The recoveries ranged from 80 to 94.6%, with repeatability relative standard deviation ≤9.3% at spiking levels of 0.1-1 mg kg^-1. The residue dynamics of fluazinam in pepper and soil were studied in a field plot. The experiment data showed that the halflives of fluazinam in peppers and soils were 2.5-3.7 days and 1.2-4.2 days, respectively. When the pepper was treated by fluazinam 50% suspension concentrate （SC） at 495 g ha^-1 4 times at 7-day intervals, the fluazinam in pepper on the 7th day after the last application was all below 0.06 mg kg^-1, which was below the maximum residue limit （MRL） fixed in Korea （0.3 mg kg^-1）. It is implied that fluazinam in pepper is nonpersistent. The results suggested that fluazinam 50% SC should be used in a pepper field at most for 4 times, and the pre-harvest interval should be 7 days.
文摘【目的】中国花生产区普遍发生冠腐病、根腐病和白绢病,严重影响花生生产。研究旨在比较并评价苯醚甲环唑与氟啶胺的微囊悬浮剂(microcapsule suspension,CS)和悬浮种衣剂(flowable concentrate for seed treatment,FS)对3种致病菌的毒力、包衣种子对花生的安全性以及对这3种病害的防治效果,以明确不同剂型制剂的安全性、持效期和施药方法。【方法】分别采用孢子萌发法和菌丝生长速率法比较苯醚甲环唑和氟啶胺的CS和FS对花生冠腐病菌、根腐病菌和白绢病菌的室内毒力,采用种子包衣法评价苯醚甲环唑和氟啶胺的两种制剂对花生的安全性,并进行田间药效试验。【结果】6%苯醚甲环唑FS、15%苯醚甲环唑CS、50%氟啶胺FS和12%氟啶胺CS对花生冠腐病菌孢子萌发的抑制率差异较大,其EC50分别为0.0503、0.4959、5.6141和46.5433 mg·L-1;对花生根腐病菌的EC50分别为0.5386、2.8604、0.3780和28.1665 mg·L-1;对花生白绢病菌的EC50分别为1.1435、3.2615、0.0951和3.8920 mg·L-1,表明微囊化后有效成分释放速度均显著减慢。20和25℃恒温下,与对照相比,苯醚甲环唑FS和CS 50、100、200 g a.i./100 kg种子、氟啶胺FS和CS 40、80和160 g a.i./100 kg种子包衣对花生出苗率、出苗时间、根长及鲜重、株高和茎叶鲜重均无明显影响。田间试验结果,所有处理的花生出苗时间和出苗率均无差异,6%苯醚甲环唑FS和15%苯醚甲环唑CS 100、200 g a.i./100 kg种子包衣对花生冠腐病、根腐病和白绢病的防效均达68.03%以上,12%氟啶胺CS 160 g a.i./100 kg种子对3种花生土传真菌病害的田间防效达74.97%以上,显著高于相同剂量的50%氟啶胺FS的防效。所有药剂处理均显著增加荚果产量,其中15%苯醚甲环唑CS 200 g a.i./100 kg种子处理的增产率最高,达7.22%—11.47%。【结论】6%苯醚甲环唑FS和15%苯醚甲环唑CS均在100、200 g a.i./100 kg种子,12%氟啶胺CS 160 g a.i./100 kg种子剂量下处理种子对花生安全,一次处理可以同时降低花生冠腐病、根腐病和白绢病的危害。
