Studies on Amylase and Degradation of Starch and Pigment of Tobacco Leaf During Process of Flue-Curing

The changes in the activity of amylase and amylase-isoenzyme and the degradation of starch and pigment of tobacco leaf during flue-curing were studied by using the electric- heated flue-curing barn designed and made by the Henan Agricultural University. The temperature and humidity of the barn were controlled automatically. The results indicated that starch in tobacco leaf decreased rapidly and leveled off after 48 h of curring, in the meantime, the content of soluble sugar increased accordingly and reached a peak at the stage of color-fixing. Both of them had a rapid-changing stage in the first 36 hours of yellowing. The changes of starch and soluble sugar contents had highly significant negative-correlation at 1 % level (rNC89 = -0.8962**, rYY85 = -0.9704**). The activity of amylase increased with the proceeding of curing and reached a peak after 36 hours of curing, then decreased. But the activity of amylase kept at a high level when the humidity of curing-environment was very low, even if the tobacco leaf had been dried. The rapid degradation of starch showed a significantly negative correlation with the increase of activity of amylase at 5 % level (rNC89 = -0.8495*, rYY85 = -0.7839*). The degradation of starch and pigment had the same regulation and had highly significant correlation at 1 % level (rNC89= 0.9649**, rYY85= 0.9428**). There were mainly three amylase-isoenzyme bands -A, B, C respectively, in tobacco leaf during flue curing. They were identified as α-AMY, β-AMY, R-AMY, and the activity of β-AMY was the highest. The changes in amylase activity and contents of starch and pigment were affected by the tobacco leaf moisture and environmental humidity during curing.

Changes of Polyphenols in Tobacco Leaves During the Flue-Curing Process and Correlation Analysis on Some Chemical Components

The changes of polyphenols in tobacco leaves during the flue-curing process and correlation analysis on some chemical components were studied. Leaf samples were taken from different tobacco-producing regions in Henan Province, China. The results indicated that the content of total phenols increased during the first 24 h of curing, and then decreased. It reached the lowest value at 72 h of curing and increased rapidly after that. The content of chlorogenic acid also increased during 0-24 h of curing. But the lowest point occurred at 60 or 72 h of curing and then it increased till the end of the curing process. The content of mtin generally increased with curing, and showed little fluctuations. The changes of PPO and POD activity were the opposite. Rutin was found to have a highly significant positive correlation with total sugar （r=0.822^＊＊）, but a highly significant negative correlation with starch, nicotine, and protein.

Application of Polyurethane Curing Barn in Flue-cured Tobacco Production

[ Objective] This study aimed to investigate the curing performance of polyurethane curing barn and reduce the cost of tobacco leaf flue-curing. [ Meth- odl The temperature control effect, curing effect and curing cost of polyurethane curing barn and traditional bulk curing barn were analyzed and compared. [ Re- suit] The results showed that there were no significant differences in curing performance between two types of curing barns. Horizontal temperature differences in- creased slightly as the temperature rose. Specifically, horizontal temperature differences between each layer ranged from 0.2 ~C to 0.5 ~. Both two types of curing barns exhibited uniform air distribution. Polyurethane curing barn exhibited stable vertical temperature differences. Both two types of curing barns presented good curing effects with slight differences. Polyurethane curing barn exhibited higher economic benefits, lower coal cost, lower electricity cost, lower labor cost and lon- ger service life than traditional bulk curing barn, but its construction cost was higher. [ Conclusion] Polyurethane curing barn exhibits better curing performance with ~ood application prospects.

Effects of Different Flue-curing Technologies on Microscopic Structure of Flue-cured Tobacco Leaves

[Objective] This study aimed to compare the effects of Chinese quality-improving fragrunce-increasing tobacco flue-curing technology, Chinese three- stage tobaeeo flue-curing technology and Zimbabwean tobaceo flue-euring technology on microscopie structure of flue-cured tobacco leaves to provide theoretical basis for tobacco flue-curing. [ Method ] Middle leaves of tobacco cultivar K326 were collected in Pengshui County of Chongqing City for flue-curing experiment using three flue-curing technologies. Leaf samples were collected regularly in the flue-curing process, to investigate the microscopic structure of flue-cured tobaceo leaves. [ Result] During three flue-curing processes, leaves, palisade tissues and sponge tissues shrank gradually. Three flue-euring processes exhibited significant differ- ences in the peak of tissue shrinkage ： microscopic structure of flue-cured tobacco leaves in Chinese three-stage tobacco flue-curing process shrank earliest, follower by Chinese quality-improving fragrance-increasing tobacco flue-curing process; flue-eured tobacco leaves in Zimbabwean tobacco flue-curing process presented the latest shrinkage. At 84 h post-curing, leaf thickness in three flue-curing processes showed a descend order of Chinese three-stage tobacco flue-curing process 〉 Chinese quality-improving fragrance-increasing tobacco flue-curing process 〉 Zimbabwean tobacco flue-curing process. Upper and lower epidermal cells in Zimb- abwean tobacco flue-curing process ruptured earlier than other two flue-curing processes; eventually, the majority of cells ruptured and mixed with palisade tissues and sponge tissues. In Chinese quality-improving fragranee-increasing tobacco flue-curing process, only a small number of epidermal cells in dried leaves ruptured. Among three flue-curing technologies, Zimbabwean tobacco flue-curing technology exhibited the greatest damage to epidermal cells, followed by Chinese three-stage tobaceo flue-curing technology; Chinese quality-improving fragrance-increasing tobacco flue-curing technology had the minimum damage to epidermal cells. Mese- phyll cross-section exhibited significant morphological changes in stomata. To be specific, at 0 - 12 h post-curing, stomata of tobacco leaves closed with slightly prominent stamatal apparatuses on upper and lower epidermis; at 24 -72 h post-curing, stomata of tobaceo leaves changed gradually from opening to closure with significantly prominent stomatal apparatuses on upper and lower epidermis; at 84 h post-curing, stomata of tobacco leaves closed, and the majority of stomatal appa- ratuses were significantly prominent. In Chinese quality-improving fragrance-increasing tobacco flue-curing process, only a small number of epidermal ceils ruptured at 84 h pest-flue-curing; palisade tissues and sponge tissues shrank almost simultaneously. Significant gaps were observed between palisade tissues and between pal- isade tissues and sponge tissues. Chinese quality-improving fragrance-increasing tobacco flue-curing technology exhibited lower disorder level compared with other two flue-curing technologies. [ Conclusion] Chinese quality-improving fragrance-increasing tobacco flue-curlng technology was conducive to maintaining the micro- scopic structure integrity of flue-cured tobacco leaves and obtaining high-quality flue-cured tobacco leaves.

Effects of Different Flue-curing Technologies on Submicroscopic Structure of Flue-cured Tobacco Leaves

[ Objective] This study aimed to compare the effects of low-temperature low-humidity tobacco flue-curing technology, moderate-temperature moderate- humidity tobacco flue-curing technology and moderate-temperature high-humidity tobacco flue-curing technology on submicroscopic structure of flue-cured tobacco leaves to provide theoretical basis for tobacco flue-curing. [ Method] Middle leaves of tobacco cuhivar K326 were collected in Pengshui County of Chongqing City for flue-curing experiment using three flue-curing technologies. Leaf samples were collected regularly in the flue-curing process, to investigate the submicroscopic structure of flue-cured tobacco leaves. [ Result] Morphology changes and structural rupture of chloroplasts occurred at different time during three flue-curing proces- ses. In low-temperature low-humidity flue-curing process, morphology changes and structural rupture of chloroplasts occurred late but rapidly; in moderate-tempera- ture moderate-humidity flue-curing process and moderate-temperature high-humidity flue-curing process, morphology changes and structural rupture of chloroplasts occurred early but slowly. Among these three flue-curing processes, the speed of changes in mitochondria morphology, cristae number and membrane rupture pres- ented an upward order of low-temperature low-humidity flue-curing process 〈 moderate-temperature high-humidity flue-curlng process 〈 moderate-temperature moderate-humidity flue-curing process. In low-temperature low-humldity flue-curing process, starch granules in chloroplasts ruptured after flue-curing for 36 -48 h ; in moderate-temperature moderate-humidity flue-curing process, starch granules in chloroplasts ruptured after flue-curing for 24 - 36 h; in moderate-temperature high-humidity flue-curing process, starch granules in chloroplasts ruptured after flue-curing for 12 - 24 h. [ Conclusion ] Using low-temperature low-humidity flue- curing technology could prolong the maintenance duration of the submicroscopic structure integrity of flue-cured tobacco leaves, which was conducive to fully decom- posing and transforming substances in tobacco leaves and obtaining high-quality flue-cured tobacco leaves.

The Quality Difference of Tobacco Leaves Between Different Flue-curing Processes in Honghe Tobacco-growing Area

[Objectives] This study was conducted to compare the effects of different curing processes,in order to optimize the local supporting intensive fluecuring process.[Methods] A comparative experiment was carried out in Mile,Luxi and Jianshui on the four-layer tobacco-packed intensive curing process(K1)and the eight-point precise and intensive curing process(K2).[Results]The results showed that according to the appearance evaluation of the tobacco leaves,K1 was higher than K2 in respective scores of color,maturity,leaf structure and defects and the total score,while K1 equaled K2 in the scores of identity,oil content,chroma and length.The differences in respective scores of the two processes were not significant.According to the results of sensory evaluation,the two tobacco enterprises got different evaluation results of unblended cigarettes made of the middle leaves due to different raw material requirements of the enterprises by different processes.K1 was higher than K2 in the sensory evaluation of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co.,Ltd.,while it was lower than K2 in that of China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co.,Ltd.,and the difference in the total score between the two processes was significant.From the content of chemical components,in the conventional chemical component contents including total sugar,reducing sugar,chlorine and starch,K1 was higher than K2,while in the contents of potassium,total phytonine,total nitrogen and petroleum ether extract,K1 was lower than K2,but the differences were not significant.K1 was lower than K2 in the contents of neutral aroma components including ketones,alcohols,aldehydes,heterocyclics,neophytadiene and total content,while K1 was higher than K2 in the contents of esters,phenols,but the respective differences were not significant.Except the significant difference in the total score in the sensory evaluation of China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co.,Ltd.,there were no significant differences in other items in the appearance evaluation,sensory evaluation and chemical composition of tobacco leaves between K1 and K2.[Conclusions] The supporting intensive curing process can be further optimized on the basis of this study.

Effects of Different Chemical Fertilizer Reduction Techniques on Flue-cured Tobacco Production

[Objectives]This study was conducted to find out the most suitable special formula fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco production in tobacco-growing areas of Zhaotong City,so as to provide a basis for scientific fertilization and reduced application of inorganic fertilizers with improved efficiency in tobacco production in Zhaotong City.[Methods]Different formulas of special base fertilizer and special topdressing for tobacco were designed by optimizing and adjusting the application amounts and proportions of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium and medium trace elements in fertilizer formulas,and the formulas of special base fertilizer and special topdressing for flue-cured tobacco production were selected through a field plot experiment.[Results]The combination of special base fertilizer and special topdressing was conducive to the early growth and rapid growth of tobacco plants under the condition of reduced fertilizer application,and the treatment using organic-inorganic compound fertilizer as the special base fertilizer was the most obvious,with an average growth period of two days increased.Compared with conventional fertilization,the yield,output value,average price,proportion of superior tobacco and proportion of medium and superior tobacco increased in the organic-inorganic compound fertilizer treatment,with the yield increasing by 5.96%,the output value increasing by 17.08%,the average price increasing by 10.49%,the proportion of superior tobacco increasing by 4.63%,and the proportion of medium and superior tobacco increasing by 2.44%.It was concluded from indexes including growth period,agronomic traits,disease incidence and economic traits,the fertilization mode of organic-inorganic compound fertilizer with the addition of trace elements(boron,magnesium and zinc)applied as the base fertilizer and nitrogen and potassium topdressing was most efficient and economic.[Conclusions]This study provides a basis for scientific fertilization and reduced application of inorganic fertilizers with improved efficiency in tobacco production in Zhaotong City.

变容积密集烤房的CFD分析与试验研究

为保障密集烤房装烟密度,降低烘烤的能源消耗,研发一套适用于密集烤房的变容积系统。在完成变容积装置的设计后,基于CFD方法模拟分析装置与烟叶的不同距离对烤房内部气体分布均匀性的影响。通过烘烤试验获取实际烘烤数据,对模拟值加以验证。试验结果表明:当隔板与烟叶距离为0 cm时,流速不均匀系数Kv为0.40,温度不均匀系数Kt为0.41,距离为10 cm时,Kv=0.41,Kt=0.43;距离为20 cm时,Kv=0.42,Kt=0.49。装烟区9个测量点的温度模拟值与实测值基本吻合,误差在6%以内。变容积烤房在装烟量为一半时,相比常规烤房的燃料消耗可节约13.4%。研究结果表明:当隔板与烟叶距离为0 cm时烤房内部的气体分布最均匀;CFD模型与数值模拟结果具有可靠性;变容积装置具有较好的保温效果,可保证装烟密度,降低烤烟能耗。

改良热泵密集烤房烘烤工艺及其效果分析

为进一步利用热泵密集烤房优势,解决热泵密集烤房与现有工艺不匹配、初烤烟叶化学成分提升不明显等问题,对传统三段式烘烤工艺进行改良,对初烤烟叶的主要化学成分、石油醚提取物、多酚类物质、香气代谢产物及评吸质量进行分析。结果表明:与传统三段式烘烤工艺相比,可变频密集烤房采用改良三段式烘烤工艺后效果较好,其初烤烟叶化学成分赋值提高8.9%,淀粉含量下降20.0%,中性致香物质含量提高0.7%,多酚类物质含量提高49.4%,评吸得分提高6.2%。说明改良三段式烘烤工艺可促进烟叶香气代谢产物的积累和化学质量、评吸质量的提高。综合分析,改良后的三段式烘烤工艺能够有效提升热泵密集烤房初烤烟叶质量,有较好的实用价值。

朱利安·巴恩斯小说中的历史记忆与身份认同

朱利安·巴恩斯是英国当代著名小说家,2011年荣获布克奖,历史记忆是其小说的重要主题。巴恩斯通过多样的艺术形式深刻展现了历史记忆对型塑身份认同的重要意义。在其小说中,个体的记忆困惑与遗忘导致了身份认同危机,而记忆重拾则参与了身份认同的建构,此外国家也运用历史记忆型塑国民的国家认同,而超国家政治共同体则同样借用历史记忆维护其成员的认同感,巩固其政治地位。

基于Barnes滤波原理的降水场客观分析及尺度分离

基于Barnes滤波原理(又称高斯加权客观分析),在进行网格点插值的同时,通过选择适当的滤波参数C、G滤去原始场中的短波噪音,使分析结果平稳光滑;另外可通过它构成一带通滤波器,根据实际需要分离出影响天气过程的各种次天气尺度,达到尺度分离的目的。以全国160个国家基准代表站1954—2006年共53a的年平均降水场为例作实例分析,并同用Grads内插函数(Oacres函数)、九点平滑函数(Smth9函数)的绘图结果进行对比分析,结果表明客观分析结果同Grads内插平滑分析结果基本相似,都能反映出我国53a年平均降水场从东南向西北逐渐递减的趋势且与实际情况相符,降水场高值中心位于长江流域及以南的华南等地区,低值中心位于黄河流域以北的广大西部地区。取不同的参数C和G得到的尺度分离后的带通滤波值,既抑止了长波,又抑制了短波,达到较好的尺度分离效果。

芒果柑桔花蕾蛆（Contarinia citri Barnes）的生物学及其防治研究

柑桔花蕾蛆是云南芒果的主要害虫之一。其幼虫对芒果花蕊的危害率为６０％～７０％，最高达１００％，严重影响芒果开花、座果。该虫在云南景谷湿热气候区，１年发生５～６代，完成１代需１６～３２日，世代重叠。采取综合防治措施，危害率可控制在０．２９％左右。

高效空气源热泵式烤房优化设计

针对普通燃煤烤房能源消耗大、污染环境和生物质燃料烤房存在较大的安全隐患等问题,对普通烤房进行改造,引入空气源热泵系统,利用流体力学软件FLUENT对烤房不同气流形式结构、装烟室地面分风坡结构、加热室底部导流板结构的烘烤过程进行数值模拟,以获得烘烤性能最优的烤房结构形式;同时对温湿度控制系统进行设计,以实现烤房温湿度的精准调控,最后开展节能应用效果和温湿度操控性能正交试验。试验结果表明:所设计的空气源热泵烤房与普通燃煤烤房和生物质燃料烤房相比,能源消耗减少,平均烘干1 kg烟叶可分别节约0.77元和0.35元,烟农节能增收成效显著;在温湿度调节上更加准确灵敏,烟叶烘烤质量明显提高。

2021年辽宁西部两次暴雨过程典型特征对比

基于常规气象观测资料和ERA5再分析数据,利用Barnes带通滤波法,借鉴计算地形阻挡气流上升高度的方法,对辽宁西部地区2021年6月下旬到7月中旬发生的两次暴雨过程(简称“6·27”暴雨“、7·13”暴雨)进行分析。结果表明:两次暴雨过程降水中心均位于北镇市,高空均有冷涡生成,下游高压脊阻挡冷涡东移,低空急流带来的暖湿水汽通过南边界流入暴雨区,975 h Pa均存在风速辐合线和中尺度气旋式辐合中心。由于高空冷涡、下游高压脊、低空急流、对流不稳定强弱不同,以及975 hPa风速辐合线、中尺度气旋式辐合中心、850 hPa低空急流和地面中尺度辐合线的配置不同,导致“6·27”暴雨局地性强,降水时段集中,雨强偏大,而“7·13”暴雨影响范围较大,降水时段较分散,强降水维持时间长,雨强偏小。从雷达特征上看,降水最强时,“6·27”暴雨影响北镇的是低质心高效率降水回波,对流云区维持时间较长“;7·13”暴雨是高质心降水回波,对流云区维持时间较短,因此“6·27”暴雨雨强较大,北镇最大小时雨强达68 mm。

Research on Soil Conservation and Improvement Technology in Zhaoyang District

The environment of tobacco-growing soil directly affects the yield and quality of tobacco leaves.In order to solve problems of tobacco-growing soil degradation,low organic matter content and unbalanced soil nutrient supply and promote sustainable and healthy development of tobacco production,this paper comprehensively discussed conservation and improvement techniques of tobacco-growing soil based on existing problems in Zhaoyang District,aiming to provide reference for tobacco-growing soil conservation.

不同新能源类型密集烤房烘烤效果研究

通过烘烤试验对比,从烤房建造成本、运行参数、烘烤能耗用工、控温精度、烤后烟叶外观质量、化学成分、经济效益等方面探索内置式生物质烤房、密闭式热泵烤房、光伏一体化烤房的烘烤效果,旨在筛选曲靖烟区最适宜的烤房类型,并为烟草行业的绿色可持续发展提供理论依据。结果表明,密闭式热泵烤房烘烤能耗和用工成本较低,控温精度、烤后烟叶质量、经济效益较好,是目前最适宜曲靖烟区的烤房类型;光伏一体化烤房建造成本高昂,且烘烤效果表现一般,目前推广难度较大,但可作为未来烤房的发展方向;内置式生物质烤房建设使用门槛较低,可在生物质颗粒供方市场成熟和电力配套设施不齐全的烟区加以应用。

密集烤房排湿余热回收系统性能研究

针对密集烤房开式排湿造成的能源浪费问题,设计了一种利用重力热管的排湿余热回收系统。通过烘烤试验研究,得到了排湿气流的状态参数和燃料消耗量。结果表明,密集烤房排湿余热回收系统的平均显热效率为36.61%,平均全热效率为15.97%;与对照烤房相比,每公斤干烟可节约燃料0.22kg,节能率达到9.11%,该系统具有良好的工程应用价值。

关于32维Barnes-Wal格的有效译码算法

本文给出了３２维Ｂａｒｎｅｓ－Ｗａｌ格的一个有效的译码算法，该算法将这个格的译码问题转化为在ＲＭ（２，５）＝（３２，１６，８）码的修正赋权格子图上求最短路径的问题，该算法在最坏情况下的译码时间复杂性为２２７８３次二元运算，小于Ｆｏｒｎｅｙ给出算法的最坏时间复杂性。此外。

当代与过往的交融对话——上海市肺科医院肺部疾病临床诊疗中心项目

围绕上海市肺科医院肺部疾病临床诊疗中心项目实例,从项目概况、总体布局、外观效果、功能布局等方面出发,结合历史风貌保护区的呼应和对话进行了深入探讨,对通仓交融手术室、智能化立体车库及BIM等高新技术在该项目中的运用进行了阐述。

基于区间值测度伪积分的Barnes-Godunova-Levin型和Lyapunov型不等式（英文）

本文首先证明了伪积分的Barnes-Godunova-Levin型不等式以及实值函数区间值测度伪积分的Barnes-Godunova-Levin型不等式.随后证明了两种不同区间值测度伪积分的Lyapunov型不等式.其中一种是基于区间值函数的伪积分,另一种是基于实值函数的伪积分.