Background:Avian influenza viruses(AIVs)have been identified from more than 100 different species of wild birds around the globe.Wild migratory birds can act as potential spreaders for AIVs to domestic birds between d...Background:Avian influenza viruses(AIVs)have been identified from more than 100 different species of wild birds around the globe.Wild migratory birds can act as potential spreaders for AIVs to domestic birds between different countries.Egypt is situated on important migratory flyways for wild birds between different continents.While much is known about circulation of zoonotic potential H5N1 and H9N2 AIVs in domestic poultry in Egypt,little is known about the pivotal role of migratory birds in the maintenance and transmission of the viruses in Egypt.Methods:Targeted AIV surveillance has been conducted in 2017 in different wetlands areas in Northern and Eastern Egypt.Results:AIV of subtype H5 was detected in two bird species.In addition,a novel reassortant strain of the H6N2 subtype was identified which reveals the continuous risk of new influenza virus(es)introduction into Egypt.This novel virus possesses a reassortant pattern originating from different AIV gene pools.Conclusions:Intervention control strategies should be performed to minimize the possible contact of domestic birds with wild birds to lower the risk of virus transmission at this interface.In addition,constant monitoring of AIVs in migratory birds is essential in the early detection of influenza virus introduction into Egypt.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the potential adjuvant effect of Agrocybe aegerita lectin(AAL), which was isolated from mushroom, against a virulent H_9N_2 strain in vivo and in vitro. Methods: In trial 1, 50 BALB/c male mice(...Objective: To evaluate the potential adjuvant effect of Agrocybe aegerita lectin(AAL), which was isolated from mushroom, against a virulent H_9N_2 strain in vivo and in vitro. Methods: In trial 1, 50 BALB/c male mice(8 weeks old) were divided into five groups(n=10 each group) which received a subcutaneous injection of inactivated H_9N_2(control), inactivated H_9N_2+0.2%(w/w) alum, inactivated H_9N_2+0.5 mg recombinant AAL/kg body weight(BW), inactivated H_9N_2+1.0 mg AAL/kg BW, and inactivated H_9N_2+2.5 mg AAL/kg BW, respectively, four times at 7-d intervals. In trial 2, 30 BALB/c male mice(8 weeks old) were divided into three groups(n=10 each group) which received a subcutaneous injection of inactivated H_9N_2(control), inactivated H_9N_2+2.5 mg recombinant wild-type AAL(AAL-wt)/kg BW, and inactivated H_9N_2+2.5 mg carbohydrate recognition domain(CRD) mutant AAL(AAL-mut R63H)/kg BW, respectively, four times at 7-d intervals. Seven days after the final immunization, serum samples were collected from each group for analysis. Hemagglutination assay, immunogold electron microscope, lectin blotting, and coimmunoprecipitation were used to study the interaction between AAL and H_9N_2 in vitro. Results: Ig G, Ig G1, and Ig G2 a antibody levels were significantly increased in the sera of mice co-immunized with inactivated H_9N_2 and AAL when compared to mice immunized with inactivated H_9N_2 alone. No significant increase of the Ig G antibody level was detected in the sera of the mice co-immunized with inactivated H_9N_2 and AAL-mut R63 H. Moreover, AAL-wt, but not mutant AAL-mut R63 H, adhered to the surface of H_9N_2 virus. The interaction between AAL and the H_9N_2 virus was further demonstrated to be associated with the CRD of AAL binding to the surface glycosylated proteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. Conclusions: Our findings indicated that AAL could be a safe and effective adjuvant capable of boosting humoral immunity against H_9N_2 viruses in mice through its interaction with the viral surface glycosylated proteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase.展开更多
基金funded by an internal project of the Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production,Animal Health Research Institutesupported in part by the Swedish Research Council VR(Grant Numbers 2016-02596 and 2018-02569)to MMN
文摘Background:Avian influenza viruses(AIVs)have been identified from more than 100 different species of wild birds around the globe.Wild migratory birds can act as potential spreaders for AIVs to domestic birds between different countries.Egypt is situated on important migratory flyways for wild birds between different continents.While much is known about circulation of zoonotic potential H5N1 and H9N2 AIVs in domestic poultry in Egypt,little is known about the pivotal role of migratory birds in the maintenance and transmission of the viruses in Egypt.Methods:Targeted AIV surveillance has been conducted in 2017 in different wetlands areas in Northern and Eastern Egypt.Results:AIV of subtype H5 was detected in two bird species.In addition,a novel reassortant strain of the H6N2 subtype was identified which reveals the continuous risk of new influenza virus(es)introduction into Egypt.This novel virus possesses a reassortant pattern originating from different AIV gene pools.Conclusions:Intervention control strategies should be performed to minimize the possible contact of domestic birds with wild birds to lower the risk of virus transmission at this interface.In addition,constant monitoring of AIVs in migratory birds is essential in the early detection of influenza virus introduction into Egypt.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.30771501 and 81102850)the National Basic Research Program(973)of China(No.2011CB811302)+2 种基金the National Mega Project on Major Drug Development(No.2009ZX09301-014-1)the Chinese 111 Project(No.B06018)the Wuhan Municipal Project(No.201160923296),China
文摘Objective: To evaluate the potential adjuvant effect of Agrocybe aegerita lectin(AAL), which was isolated from mushroom, against a virulent H_9N_2 strain in vivo and in vitro. Methods: In trial 1, 50 BALB/c male mice(8 weeks old) were divided into five groups(n=10 each group) which received a subcutaneous injection of inactivated H_9N_2(control), inactivated H_9N_2+0.2%(w/w) alum, inactivated H_9N_2+0.5 mg recombinant AAL/kg body weight(BW), inactivated H_9N_2+1.0 mg AAL/kg BW, and inactivated H_9N_2+2.5 mg AAL/kg BW, respectively, four times at 7-d intervals. In trial 2, 30 BALB/c male mice(8 weeks old) were divided into three groups(n=10 each group) which received a subcutaneous injection of inactivated H_9N_2(control), inactivated H_9N_2+2.5 mg recombinant wild-type AAL(AAL-wt)/kg BW, and inactivated H_9N_2+2.5 mg carbohydrate recognition domain(CRD) mutant AAL(AAL-mut R63H)/kg BW, respectively, four times at 7-d intervals. Seven days after the final immunization, serum samples were collected from each group for analysis. Hemagglutination assay, immunogold electron microscope, lectin blotting, and coimmunoprecipitation were used to study the interaction between AAL and H_9N_2 in vitro. Results: Ig G, Ig G1, and Ig G2 a antibody levels were significantly increased in the sera of mice co-immunized with inactivated H_9N_2 and AAL when compared to mice immunized with inactivated H_9N_2 alone. No significant increase of the Ig G antibody level was detected in the sera of the mice co-immunized with inactivated H_9N_2 and AAL-mut R63 H. Moreover, AAL-wt, but not mutant AAL-mut R63 H, adhered to the surface of H_9N_2 virus. The interaction between AAL and the H_9N_2 virus was further demonstrated to be associated with the CRD of AAL binding to the surface glycosylated proteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. Conclusions: Our findings indicated that AAL could be a safe and effective adjuvant capable of boosting humoral immunity against H_9N_2 viruses in mice through its interaction with the viral surface glycosylated proteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase.
