Fluid Inclusions and Isotope Geochemistry of the Emba Derho and the Debarwa VMS Deposits, Asmara District, Eritrea

Objective Recent exploration indicates several localities with significant gold, copper, and zinc resource potential in the Asmara district, Eritrea, including the Emba Derho and Debarwa volcanic-associated massive sulfide deposits. These deposits are hosted by the Neoproterozoic metamorphic volcanic rocks of Asmara green stone belt, which strike NNW-SSE and are 200 km long and 5-20 km wide, and the mineralization is often associated with the altered and deformed rocks. The Emba Derho deposit, located 12 km northwest of Asmara （Fig. la）, the capital of Eritrea, is the largest Cu-Zn-Au VMS deposit in the Asmara metallogeny belt. It is estimated that the Emba Derho deposit of the Asmara project contains total reserves of 49.8~106 tons of copper ores and 16.8~106 tons of zinc ores. The gold grade of this deposit is about 0.3 lg/t. The Debarwa deposit, situated 26 km southwest of Asmara, has similar ore features with the Emba Derho deposit.

Fluid Inclusion and Stable Isotope Geochemistry of the Shangxu Gold Deposit, Northern Tibet

Objective The Shangxu gold deposit is located in the south of the middle Bangong-Nujiang suture zone in northern Tibet. The origin of this deposit as an orogenic gold deposit is debatable. The study of the Shangxu deposit has a profound implication on gold exploration in the Bangong- Nujiang metallogenic belt and can also improve our understanding of gold mineralization in northern Tibet.

Fluid Inclusions of Calcite and Sources of Ore-forming Fluids in the Huize Zn-Pb-(Ag-Ge) District, Yunnan, China

The Huize Zn-Pb- (Ag-Ge) district is a typical representative of the well-known medium-to large-sized carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb- (Ag-Ge) deposits, occurring in the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Pb-Zn Ore-forming Zone. Generally, fluid inclusions within calcite, one of the major gangue minerals, are dominated by two kinds of small (1-10 um) inclusions including pure-liquid and liquid. The inclusions exist in concentrated groups along the crystal planes of the calcite. The ore-forming fluids containing Pb and Zn, which belong to the Na+-K+-Ca2+-Cl--F--SO42- type, are characterized by temperatures of 164-221℃, medium salinity in 5-10.8 wt% NaCl, and medium pressure at 410×105 to 661×105 Pa. The contents of Na+-K+ and C1--F-, and ratios of Na+/K+-Cl-/F- in fluid inclusions present good linearity. The ratios of Na+/K+ (4.66-6.71) and Cl-/F- (18.21-31.04) in the fluid inclusions of calcite are relatively high, while those of Na+/K+ (0.29-5.69) and Cl-/F- (5.00-26.0) in the inclusions of sphalerite and pyrite are relatively low. The ratio of Na+/K+ increases in accord with those of Cl-/F-, which indicates that ore-forming fluid of deep source participates in the mineralization. The waters of fluid inclusions have δD values from -43.5‰ to -55.4‰ of calcite. The δ18OV-SMOW values of the ore-forming fluids, calculated values, range from 17.09‰ to 18.56‰ of calcite and 17.80‰ to 23.14‰ for dolomite. δ13CV-PDB values range from -1.94‰ to -3.31‰ for calcite and -3.35‰ to 0.85‰ for the ore-bearing dolomite. These data better demonstrate that the ore-forming fluids were mainly derived from metamorphic water and magmatic hot fluid, in relation to the metamorphism of the Kunyang Group in the basement and magmatic hydrothermalism. The deposit itself might have resulted from ascending cycles of ore-forming fluid, enriched in Pb and Zn. The Huize Zn-Pb- (Ag-Ge) deposits related to carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb sulphides.

Water in Mantle-derived Xenoliths in the Hannuoba Basalt

: Minerals of various mantle-derived xenoliths from the Hannuoba basalt in Hebei Province have been studied by means of IR spectroscopy. The results show that all xenoliths from the mantle at depths <75 km contain trace amounts of water (0.45%–11.6×10?2% H2O). The data of about 0.1% H2O contained in primary pyrolite estimated by earlier studies may be on the high side. The water might enter the frameworks of olivine, pyroxene and garnet earlier than it entered those of amphibole and phlogopite. The presence of water in amphibole and phlogopite may be a local phenomenon of water enrichment, which is related to relatively small-scale magmatic or metasomatic events although they can contain a hundred times more water than pyroxene contains. There is a little more water (1.11%–3.01×10?2% of H2O mostly) in xenoliths from the Hannuoba basalt than in those from mid-ocean ridge basalt and kimberlites of South Africa (less than 1×10?2% of H2O mostly). This indicates the heterogeneity of water in time and space in the upper mantle. The presence of trace amounts of water in mantle-derived anhydrous silicate minerals provides basic data for us to understand the distribution of water in the upper mantle and the role of water in the mantle dynamic and geochemical processes.

Fluid Inclusion and Geochemistry Studies of Calcite Veins in Shizhu Synclinorium,Central China:Record of Origin of Fluids and Diagenetic Conditions

Calcite veins in carbonate fracture have been investigated by petrographic, fluid inclusion, geochemical analyses and coupled with basin modeling techniques to provide useful insights into fluid activity and deformation conditions of the Cambrian to Triassic Shizhu synclinorium from the western region of Mid-Yangtze, central China. The results of the fluid inclusion microthermometry show a wide range of homogenization temperatures（78.6–215.5 °C） and salinities（0.18–23.11 wt.% NaCl equivalent）, indicating the formation under diverse fluid conditions. All the calcite veins have negative Ce anomalies, which are the typical characteristic of marine carbonate sediments; it is therefore plausible that calcite veins were precipitated from the marine basin fluid. The stable carbon isotopic compositions of calcites（δ^（13）CV-PDB=-2.5‰–4.26‰） and host limestones（δ^（13）CV-PDB=-3.56‰–5.80‰） are very similar with a correlation coefficient of 0.86, however, four calcites from the Lower Permian and Lower Triassic show lower δ^（13）C values relative to the host limestones, and they are depleted in total REE concentrations（∑REE ratio varies from 0.74 to 2.06）, suggesting the derivation of dissolved carbon from marine carbonates hosting the calcite veins and, less commonly, from the degradation of organic matter. Calculated δ^（18）O of the fluids-precipitating calcites（δ^（18）OV-SMOW=-0.41‰–14.42‰）, ^（87）Sr/^（86）Sr ratios varying in the range of coeval seawater and the distinct REE pattern simultaneously suggest calcite-forming fluids in each stratigraphic unit could have formed from the involvement of fluids that originated from coeval seawater and evolved through different degrees of water rock interaction. However, the presence of more radiogenic ^（87）Sr/^（86）Sr ratios than coeval seawater and pronounced positive Eu anomalies in calcites of Lower to Middle Ordovician rocks indicate that terrestrial input from upper strata mudstone and siliciclastic rocks could be involved in the precipitation of the Ordovician calcite. Fluid-inclusion data combined with burial and thermal history modeling indicate there was large-scale flow of evolved basinal fluids through the carbonate formation fractures spanning a time frame from 135 to 50 Ma（Early Cretaceous–Eocene）. Therefore, the geochemical characteristics of calcite veins can provide the basis for deformation events in Late Yanshanian and Early Himalayan orogeny.

Fluid Geochemical Features and Preservation Conditions of Marine Stratum in Typical Structure of Jianghan Plain Area

Many scholars carried out large quantity of researches on oil and gas preservative condi-tions of marine carbonate rocks from the aspects of cap rocks,faults,formation water,hydrodynamic,and tectonism.This article gives dynamic evaluation on oil and gas preservative conditions of marine stratum in Jianghan（江汉） plain of multiphase tectonic disturbance from the view of paleofluid geo-chemistry.The conclusion shows that there mainly existed fluid filling of two periods in the reservoir of Lower-Middle Triassic to Permian.The fluid filled in the earlier period came from Lower Palaeozoic.The interchange of fluid in Lower-Middle Triassic to Permian suggested the oil and gas in Lower Pa-laeozoic had been broken up.The fluid filled in the later period（Lower-Middle Triassic to Permian） came from the same or adjacent strata and lacked anatectic fluidogenous features coming from Palaeozoic.With good preservative conditions of bulk fluid at the time,the fluid of Lower-Middle Triassic to Permian and that of Lower Palaeozoic did not connect with each other.However,the hydrocarbon generation peak of marine source rocks had passed or the paleo-oil and gas reser-voirs had been destroyed at that time and the marine stratum of Palaeozoic to Triassic in the research area did not put out commercial oil and gas flow.

Degassing of deep-sourced CO_(2) from Xianshuihe-Anninghe fault zones in the eastern Tibetan Plateau

A large number of gases are releasing from the medium-high temperature geothermal fields distributed along the large-scale strike-slip fault zones in the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.In this study,11 hot spring water and the associated bubbling gas samples were collected along the Xianshuihe-Anninghe fault zones(XSH-ANHFZ)and analyzed for chemical and isotopic compositions.The δ^(18)_(H_(2)O) and δD_(H_(2)O) values indicate that hot spring waters are predominantly meteoric origin recharged from different altitudes.Most water samples are significantly enriched in Na^(+) and HCO_(3) due to the dissolution of regional evaporites,carbonates and Na-silicates.^(3)He/^(4)He ratios of the gas samples are 0.025-2.73 times the atmospheric value.The ^(3)He/^(4)He ratios are high in the Kangding region where the dense faults are distributed,and gradually decrease with increasing distance from Kangding towards both sides along the Xianshuihe fault zones(XSHFZ).Hydrothermal fluids have dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC)concentrations from 2 to 42 mmol L^(-1),δ^(13)C_(DIC) from -6.9‰ to 1.3‰,δ^(13)C_(CO_(2)) from -7.2‰ to -3.6‰ and Δ^(14)C from -997‰ to -909‰.Combining regional geochemical and geological information,the CO_(2)sources can be attributed to deep-sourced CO_(2)from mantle and metamorphism of marine carbonate,and shallow-sourced CO_(2)from the dissolution of marine carbonate and biogenic CO_(2).The mass balance model shows that 11±6% of the DIC is sourced from the dissolution of shallow carbonate minerals,9±8% formed by pyrolysis of sedimentary organic matter,80±9% derived from deep metamorphic origin and mantle-derived CO_(2).Among them,the deep-sourced CO_(2)in Anninghe fault zones(ANHFZ)is merely metamorphic carbon,whereas ca.12% and ca.88% of the deep-sourced CO_(2)in the XSHFZ are derived from the mantle and metamorphic carbon,respectively.The average deep-sourced CO_(2)flux in the Kangding geothermal field is estimated to be 160 ta^(-1).If all the hot springs in various fault zones in the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau are taken into account,the regional deep-sourced CO_(2)flux would reach ca.10^(5) ta^(-1).These results show that the deep-sourced CO_(2)released from nonvolcanic areas might account for a considerable proportion of the total amount of global deep-sourced carbon degassing,which should be paid more attention to.

Hydrocarbon Accumulation Mechanism of Sinian Reservoir in Anpingdian-Gaoshiti Structure, Middle Sichuan Basin

The Sinian reservior in Anpingdian （安平店）-Gaoshiti （高石梯） structure, Middle Sichuan （四川） basin, is of great importance to prospect for oil and gas. This article dissects the hydrocarbon accumulation mechanism of this area on the basis of comprehensive methods of organic geochemistry, fluid inclusion, modeling of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion from source rocks, and by combining structure evolutions and analyzing the key geologic features of hydrocarbon origin and trap. According to the fluid inclusion homogenization temperature analysis, there exist at least three stages of fluid charging in the Sinian reservoir. From Middle-Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, oil cracked to gas gradually owing to high temperature at 200-220℃. The Sinian gas pool was mainly formed at the stage when natural gas in trap was released from water and paleo-gas pools were being adjusted. It was a process in which natural gas dissipated, transferred, and redistributed, and which resulted in the present remnant gas pool in Anpindian-Gaositi tectonic belt. The authors resumed such an evolution process of Sinian reservoir as from paleo-oil pools to paleo-gas pools, and till today＇s adjusted and reconstructed gas pools.