Fluidized-Bed Bioreactor Applications for Biological Wastewater Treatment： A Review of Research and Developments

Wastewater treatment is a process that is vital to protecting both the environment and human health. At present, the most cost-effective way of treating wastewater is with biological treatment processes such as the activated sludge process, despite their long operating times. However, population increases have created a demand for more efficient means of wastewater treatment, Fluidization has been demonstrated to in- crease the efficiency of many processes in chemical and biochemical engineering, but it has not been widely used in large-scale wastewater treatment. At the University of Western Ontario, the circulating fluidized-bed bioreactor （CFBBR） was developed for treating wastewater. In this process, carrier particles develop a biofilm composed of bacteria and other microbes. The excellent mixing and mass transfer characteristics inherent to fluidization make this process very effective at treating both municipal and industrial wastewater. Studies of lab- and pilot-scale systems showed that the CFBBR can remove over 90% of the influent organic matter and 80% of the nitrogen, and produces less than one-third as much biological sludge as the activated sludge process. Due to its high efficiency, the CFBBR can also be used to treat wastewaters with high organic solid concentrations, which are more difficult to treat with conventional methods because they require longer residence times; the CFBBR can also be used to reduce the system size and footprint. In addition, it is much better at handling and recovering from dynamic loadings （i.e., varying influent volume and concentrations） than current systems. Overall, the CFBBR has been shown to be a very effective means of treating wastewa- ter, and to be capable of treating larger volumes of wastewater using a smaller reactor volume and a shorter residence time. In addition, its compact design holds potential for more geographically localized and isolat- ed wastewater treatment systems.

CO_2 capture using dry TiO_2-doped Na_2CO_3/Al_2O_3 sorbents in a fluidized-bed reactor

Abstract： In order to improve the reactivity of Na2CO3/Al2O3 sorbent with CO2, a new sorbent showing high reactivity was developed by doping Na2CO3/Al2O3 with TiO2 using impregnation. Fourteen multi-cycle carbonation/regeneration tests of the sorbent were carried out in a fluidized-bed reactor and the sorbent was characterized by X-ray diffraction and nitrogen adsorption. It is confirmed that TiO2 shows a positive effect on the adsorption process of Na2CO3 and the reaction rate is observed to increase significantly, especially in the first 10 min. Moreover, TiO2 is stable within the temperature range of the process and no other Ti-compounds are detected. The carbonation products are NaHCO3 and Na5H3 （CO3 ）4. The surface area and the pore volume of the sorbent keep stable after 14 cycles. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are used to analyze the effect mechanism of TiO2 on CO2 adsorption process of Na2CO3/Al2O3.

Mathematical Model and Advanced Control for Gas-phase Olefin Polymerization in Fluidized-bed Catalytic Reactors

In this study, the developments in modeling gas-phase catalyzed olefin polymerization fluidized-bed reactors （FBR） using Ziegler-Natta catalyst is presented. The modified mathematical model to account for mass and heat transfer between the solid particles and the surrounding gas in the emulsion phase is developed in this work to include site activation reaction. This model developed in the present study is subsequently compared with well-known models, namely, the bubble-growth, well-mixed and the constant bubble size models for porous and non porous catalyst. The results we obtained from the model was very close to the constant bubble size model, well-mixed model and bubble growth model at the beginning of the reaction but its overall behavior changed and is closer to the well-mixed model compared with the bubble growth model and constant bubble size model after half an hour of operation. Neural-network based predictive controller are implemented to control the system and compared with the conventional PID controller, giving acceptable results.

Reaction behavior of oil sand in fluidized-bed pyrolysis

The reaction behavior of oil sand from Inner Mongolia（China） were studied in a fluidizedbed pyrolysis process,and a comparative study was conducted on the properties of the liquid products obtained through fluidized-bed pyrolysis of oil sand and the native bitumen obtained by solvent extraction.The results indicated that the fluidized-bed pyrolysis,a feasible carbon rejection process,can be used to upgrade oil sand.The reaction temperature and time were found to be the key operating parameters affecting the product distribution and yields in fluidized-bed pyrolysis of oil sand.The optimal temperature was 490℃ and the most suitable reaction time was 5 min.Under these operation conditions,the maximum yield of liquid product was 80wt%.In addition,the pyrolysis kinetics of oil sand at different heating rates of 5,10,20 and 30℃/min was investigated using a thermogravimetric analyzer（TGA）.

Highly selective synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes from methane in a coupled Downer-turbulent fluidized-bed reactor

For the synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes （SWCNTs） from CH4 over a Fe/MgO catalyst, we proposed a coupled Downer-turbulent fluidized-bed （TFB） reactor to enhance the selectivity and yield （or production rate） of SWCNTs. By controlling a very short catalyst residence time （1-3 s） in the Downer, only part of Fe oxides can be reduced to form Fe nano particles （NPs） available for the growth of SWCNTs. The percentage of unreduced Fe oxides increased and the yield of SWCNTs decreased accordingly with the increase of catalyst feeding rate in Downer. SWCNTs were preferentially grown on the catalyst surface and inhibited the sintering of the Fe crystallites which would be formed thereafter in the downstream TFB, evidenced by TEM, Raman and TGA. The coupled Downer-turbulent fluidized-bed reactor technology allowed higher selectivity and higher production rate of SWCNTs as compared to TFB alone.

Experimental investigation of fluidized-bed reactor performance for oxidative coupling of methane

Performance of the oxidative coupling of methane in fluidized-bed reactor was experimentally investigated using Mn-Na2WO4/SiO2,La2O3/CaO and La2O3-SrO/CaO catalysts.These catalysts were found to be stable,especially Mn-Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst.The effect of sodium content of this catalyst was analyzed and the challenge of catalyst agglomeration was addressed using proper catalyst composition of 2%Mn2.2%Na2WO4/SiO2.For other two catalysts,the effect of Lanthanum-Strontium content was analyzed and 10%La2O 3-20%SrO/CaO catalyst was found to provide higher ethylene yield than La2O3/CaO catalyst.Furthermore,the effect of operating parameters such as temperature and methane to oxygen ratio were also reviewed.The highest ethylene and ethane （C2） yield was achieved with the lowest methane to oxygen ratio around 2.40.5% selectivity to ethylene and ethane and 41% methane conversion were achieved over La2O3-SrO/CaO catalyst while over Mn-Na2WO4 /SiO2 catalyst,40% and 48% were recorded,respectively.Moreover,the consecutive effects of nitrogen dilution,ethylene to ethane production ratio and other performance indicators on the down-stream process units were qualitatively discussed and Mn-Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst showed a better performance in the reactor and process scale analysis.

Reduction of Precursors of Chlorination By-products in Drinking Water Using Fluidized-bed Biofilm Reactor at Low Temperature

Objective To investigate the reduction of chlorination by-products （CBPs） precursors using the fluidized-bed biofdm reactor （FBBR）. Methods Reduction of total organic carbon （TOC）, ultraviolet absorbance （UV254）, tfihalomethane （THM） formation potential （THMFP）, haloacetic acid （HAA） formation potential （HAAFP）, and ammonia in FBBR were evaluated in detail. Results The reduction of TOC or UV254 was low, on average 12.6% and 4.7%, respectively, while the reduction of THMFP and HAAFP was significant. The reduction of ammonia was 30%-40% even below 3℃, however, it could quickly rise to over 50% above 3℃. Conclusions The FBBR effectively reduces CBPs and ammonia in drinking water even at low temperature and seems to be a very promising and competitive drinking water reactor for polluted surface source waters, especially in China.

Heat and Mass Transfer in Process of Fluidized-Bed Spray Granulation

This article presents a mathematical model of heat and mass transfer for the process of fluidized-bed spray granulation, which can be applied in the analysis of bed temperature profile, temperature and humidity of outlet gas and moisture content of particles. Effects of operation parameters on the batch granulation are investigated. The theoretical calculation agrees reasonably well with the experimental data.

Simulation and Off-line Optimization of an Acrylonitrile Fluidized-bed Reactor Based on Artificial Neural Network

A mathematical model is developed for an industrial acrylonitrile fluidized-bed reactor based on arti-ficial neural networks. A new algorithm, which combines the characteristics of both genetic algorithm (GA) andgeneralized delta-rule (GDR) is used to train artificial neural network (ANN) in order to avoid search terminatedat a local optimal solution. For searching the global optimum, a new algorithm called SM-GA, incorporating ad-vantages of both simplex method (SM)and GA, is proposed and applied to optimize the operating conditions of anacrylonitrile fluidized-bed reactor in industry.

Phytotoxicity Assessment of Biofertilizer Produced from Bioreactor Composting Technology Using Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Seeds

Establishing reliable technological information on the safety of biofertilizers produced from a bioreactor composting technique is a must prior to its commercialization. A phytotoxicity study of biofertilizer made from the bioreactor composting technology at Aklan State University, Banga, Aklan, Philippines was conducted for fourteen (14) days using commercially available lettuce seeds (Lactuca sativa L.). Standard phytotoxicity attributes such as hypocotyl length, radicle length, relative germination percentage, and relative radicle growth observed during the germination stage were evaluated. Results revealed no significant difference in the radicle lengths of the germinated lettuce seeds as affected by the varying levels of biofertilizer dilution at H(3) = 10.567, p = 0.061 > 0.05. On the other hand, the hypocotyl length of the lettuce showed significant differences in response to varying levels of biofertilizer dilution with Welch’s F(5, 5.163) = 8.175, p = 0.017 < 0.05. Also, the different levels of biofertilizer affected significantly the germination percentage of lettuce seeds F(5, 12) = 5.822, p = 0.006 < 0.05. All levels of biofertilizer treatments indicated a decrease in relative germination percentage. However, those seeds applied with 10% biofertilizer have the highest reduction of germination percentage, equivalent to 86.9% (RGP = 13.10%). All levels of biofertilizer showed an increase in radicle growth in contrast to the negative control plant except for the one given a 10% level of biofertilizer. Seeds that received 10% biofertilizer showed an extremely high reduction in radicle growth, equivalent to 72.22% (RRG = 27.78%). The study shows that applying low levels of the bioreactor-produced biofertilizer will observably reduce the measure of the germination characteristics of lettuce seeds, but not necessarily low enough to be considered phytotoxic. However, the application of at least 10% bioreactor-produced biofertilizer can presumptively lead to phytotoxicity.

MBR与HMBR除污效能及相关功能微生物对比研究

复合式膜生物反应器(Hybrid membrane bioreactor,HMBR)是在膜生物反应器(Membrane bioreactor,MBR)中引入悬浮生物膜载体。利用高通量测序及相关分析软件筛选出具有降碳、脱氮、除磷功能的微生物,对比HMBR、MBR内微生物群落结构差异,结合两种反应器各自最优工况下对污染物去除效果,探究二者除污效能存在差异的原因。试验结果表明,HMBR的除污性能优于MBR,且MBR与HMBR污染物降解机制不同。HMBR拥有更优运行性能的原因在于HMBR内部拥有物种更加丰富、分布更加均匀、数量更多的微生物群落,相关功能菌在HMBR内增殖明显,尤其是悬浮填料的投加带来了功能菌的额外增量,从而提升了HMBR的污染物降碳、脱氮、除磷效能。

生物制氢原理及研究进展

主要综述了光解水、光发酵、暗发酵、暗-光发酵耦合等生物制氢技术,分析各方法的产氢机制、工艺优劣、影响因素和研究现状等,同时对比了生物制氢反应器的类型与特点。结果表明:生物制氢在低品位能源处理与高级能源生产方面具有巨大潜力。最后,给出了目前生物制氢技术的发展建议。

生物炭强化厌氧膜生物反应器处理废水性能的研究进展

厌氧膜生物反应器(AnMBR)因其在各种废水处理中对有机物的高效降解和能量的回收能力而受到研究者的广泛关注。生物炭具有优异的吸附和导电能力,将其添加在AnMBR中用于厌氧消化处理污废水,可以提高反应器性能并促进能源回收。基于此,系统综述了生物炭的制备和改性方法对生物炭性能影响的研究,以及近年来利用生物炭强化AnMBR处理性能的研究进展,并主要讨论了生物炭在AnMBR中的作用及主要机制,指出了目前生物炭强化AnMBR研究存在的问题和未来的发展方向,为生物炭强化AnMBR处理废水提供理论依据与技术参考。

不同进水方式对污泥床膨胀的影响

为了探究不同进水方式对污泥膨胀床性能的影响,设计一种侧向进水物理模型和四种不同进水夹角的底部进水口的数值模型,对比分析计算流体力学的三维模拟与实物模型的运行状态。结果表明:侧向进水方式污泥床在进水时膨胀速率比底部进水方式快19%;进水流量对两种进水方式的污泥膨胀高度及死区面积的减少有显著影响,在模拟中倾角为15°时,流量提升2.7倍,死区面积减少87%;底部圆锥倾角的变化,对死区产生显著的影响;侧向进水时,流场分为左右两部分,未有明显的优先流,底部进水则存在沿中轴线前进的主流,两侧的速度场分布梯度较小。

膜生物反应器在医疗废水处理中的应用

医院作为社会公共卫生体系的重要组成部分,其日常运营中产生的污水问题日益凸显。医疗废水作为一类特殊类型的废水,不仅含有高浓度的有机物、悬浮物,还携带大量的病原体,如细菌、病毒、寄生虫卵等,对环境和公众健康构成潜在威胁,所以必须确保医疗废水得到有效处理。在医疗废水处理领域,膜生物反应器凭借其卓越的处理效果、占地面积小、操作简便等优点,逐渐受到广泛关注。通过深入研究膜生物反应器在医疗废水处理中的工艺优化、运行参数调控、膜污染控制等关键问题,可以进一步提升其处理效率和稳定性,为医疗废水的高效、安全处理提供有力支持。基于此,分析膜生物反应器在医疗废水处理中的应用。

典型陶瓷膜在水处理中应用与研究进展

针对陶瓷膜技术在水处理中的应用,介绍了陶瓷膜发展历程和研究现状。综述了典型陶瓷膜在饮用水、海水淡化、生活污水和工业废水等方面的应用,以及近年来陶瓷膜分离与臭氧、光催化、微生物耦合技术及其应用于水处理领域的国内外研究进展。对陶瓷膜在水处理领域中的发展前景进行了展望。

200 m^(3)透明质酸生物反应器的流场模拟

随着透明质酸市场规模不断扩大,发酵生产透明质酸产量日益增多,为了对大型透明质酸生物反应器的放大设计提供理论依据,该文将透明质酸发酵液视为非牛顿流体,使用剪切应力输运模型对200 m^(3)生物反应器中不同搅拌器组合下的流场进行模拟建模。计算结果表明,使用斜叶桨式搅拌器流速最低,功耗最低,三折叶桨式搅拌器流速最高,流体流动性增强效果最好,功耗最高;弧叶圆盘涡轮搅拌器流体流速分布好于直叶圆盘涡轮搅拌器,功耗更低,更适合作为发酵罐底桨。综合流场分布,表观黏度分布以及轴功率数据考虑,选定最佳桨叶组合为三层三折叶桨式搅拌器+弧叶圆盘涡轮搅拌器进行发酵试生产,经过24 h发酵,透明质酸产率达到12.53 g/L。为工业高黏物料生物反应器放大设计提供了思路。

智能生物反应器装备制造进展

生物反应器是生物医药和生物技术产业的核心装备,全球生物反应器市场规模逐年增长,将成为装备制造领域重要的增长点。随着合成生物学和人工智能技术的迅猛发展,高通量、微型化生物反应器已开始应用于工艺开发和优化,大型生物反应器则朝着低能耗、智能化方向发展。生物反应器流场结构的复杂性是导致生物过程放大困难的关键问题之一,需要对反应器内的混合、传质、剪切等要素进行综合研究。为了提高生物反应器效率,需要采用人工智能和机器学习等技术进行数据采集和优化。未来结合生物技术、信息技术和控制技术的高集成度智能生物反应器将在多个领域有更广阔的发展空间。

合成生物学表型测试生物反应器及其装备化研究进展

合成生物学经过多年的发展,形成了典型的细胞工厂创制“设计-构建-测试-学习”(design-build-testlearn,DBTL)循环,成为支撑面向加速生物制造发展的智慧生物育种的重要方法。其中,测试环节是对前期所设计与构建的生物体系进行表型测试,以提供大量数据用于后续的学习和迭代升级。测试阶段的通量主要依赖于细胞自身或其培养测试所使用的生物反应器及其装备,是整个DBTL流程的限速步骤。本文系统综述了合成生物学表型测试所开发的面向不同通量的生物反应器及装备,从单细胞检测和筛选及不同尺度生物反应器包括皮纳升级生物反应器、微升级生物反应器、毫升级生物反应器和升级生物反应器等,系统地介绍了各自的特点和应用场景。同时,指出了现有生物反应器及其装备的应用潜力、面临的挑战与发展趋势,为合成生物学表型测试技术研究提供重要参考。