Dissolution of TiO_(2) and TiN inclusions in CaO–SiO_(2)–B_(2)O_(3)-based fluorine-free mold flux

Mold flux serves the crucial metallurgical function of absorbing inclusions, directly impacting the smoothness of the casting process as well as the cast slab quality. In this study, the dissolution behavior and mechanism of Ti O_(2)and Ti N inclusions in molten Ca O–Si O_(2)–B_(2)O_(3)-based fluorine-free mold flux were explored by in situ single hot thermocouple technology combined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.The results showed that Ti O_(2) inclusions are effectively dissolved by the molten slag within 76 s, during which the original octahedral [Ti O_(6)]^(8-)structures are destroyed and convert to the networker tetrahedral [Ti O_(4)]^(4-)structures. However, the dissolution rate is much lower for Ti N inclusions than for Ti O_(2)inclusions. This can be attributed to the fact that the Ti N particles need to be oxidized and then dissolved in the molten slag to form tetrahedral [Ti O4]4-and octahedral [Ti O_(6)]^(8-)structures during the Ti N inclusion dissolution process, which is accompanied by the generation of a large amount of N_(2)gas. Moreover, Ca Ti O_(3)crystals tend to nucleate and grow on bubble surfaces with sufficient octahedral [Ti O_(6)]^(8-)structures and Ca^(2+)ions, eventually resulting in the molten slag being in a solid–liquid mixed state.

Flux mechanism of compound flux on ash and slag of coal with high ash melting temperature

The melting temperature of Z coal ash was reduced by adding calcium–magnesium compound flux(WCaO/WMgO=1). In the process of simulated coal gasification, the coal ash and slag were prepared. The transformation of minerals in coal ash and slag upon the change of temperature was studied by using X-ray diffraction(XRD). With the increase of temperatures, forsterite in the ash disappears, while the diffraction peak strength of magnesium spinel increases,and the content of the calcium feldspar increases, then the content of the amorphous phase in the ash increases obviously. The species and evolution process of oxygen, silicon, aluminum, calcium, magnesium at different temperatures were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). The decrease of the ash melting point mainly affects the structural changes of silicon, aluminum and oxygen. The coordination of aluminum and oxygen in the aluminum element structure, e.g., tetracoordinated aluminum oxide, was changed. Tetrahedral [AlO4] and hexacoordinated aluminoxy octahedral [AlO6] change with the temperature changing. The addition of Ca2+ and Mg2+ destroys silica chain, making bridge oxide silicon change into non-bridge oxysilicon;and bridge oxygen bond was broken and non-bridge oxygen bond was produced in the oxygen element structure. The addition of calcium and magnesium compound flux reacts with aluminum oxide tetrahedron, aluminum oxide octahedron and silicon tetrahedron to promote the breakage of the bridge oxygen bond. Ca2+ and Mg2+ are easily combined with silicon oxide and aluminum oxide tetrahedron and aluminum. Oxygen octahedrons combine with non-oxygen bonds to generate low-melting temperature feldspars and magnesite minerals, thereby reducing the coal ash melting temperatures. The structure of kaolinite and mullite was simulated by quantum chemistry calculation, and kaolinite molecule has a stable structure.

STUDY ON SLAG DETACHABILITY AND STICK SLAG MECHANISM OF SSFCE

In the paper, the effects of linear expansion coefficient and basic index of melting slag on the detachability of self shielded flux cored electrode (SSFCE) are investigated. An equation is obtained on the principles of ceramics and mineralography which predict the detachability of basic SSFCE. In addition, stick slag mechanism of SSFCE is analyzed.

Softening–melting behavior of mixed burden based on low-magnesium sinter and fluxed pellets

A low MgO content in sinter is conducive to reduce the MgO content in blast furnace slag.This study investigated the effect of MgO content in sinter on the softening–melting behavior of the mixed burden based on fluxed pellets.When the MgO content increased from 1.31 wt% to 1.55 wt%, the melting temperature of sinter increased to 1521℃.Such an increase was due to the formation of the high-meltingpoint slag phase.The reduction degradation index of sinter with 1.31 wt% MgO content was better than that of others.The initial softening temperature of the mixed burden increased from 1104 to 1126℃ as MgO content in sinter increased from 1.31 wt% to 1.55 wt%, and the melting temperature decreased from 1494 to 1460℃.The permeability index(S-value) of mixed burden decreased to 594.46 kPa·℃ under a high MgO content with 1.55 wt%, indicating that the permeability was improved.The slag phase composition of burden was mainly akermarite(Ca_(2)MgSiO_(7)) when the MgO content in sinter was 1.55 wt%.The melting point of akermarite is 1450℃, which is lower than other phases.

Viscosity estimation for slags containing calcium fluoride

Based on recently published experimental data, the Riboud model was modified for viscosity estimation of the slags containing calcium fluoride. The estimated values were in good agreement with measured data. Reasonable estimation can be achieved using the modified Riboud model for mould fluxes and ESR (eletro slag remelting) slags. Especially for ESR slags, the modified Riboud model can provide much more precise values than the original Riboud model.

Visual investigation of slagging characteristics in a pilot-scale facility:Influence of deposition surface

Slagging is a major problem in boilers,especially the low-rank coal applied in boilers.In this study,the influence of heat transfer surface on the slagging characteristics of a pilot-scale furnace was investigated.Ni coatings were applied in modifying the deposition surface to control slagging.The growth characteristics of the slag were studied using an online digital image technique.Scanning electron microscopy linked with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and X-ray diffraction(XRD)were applied to investigate the microstructure,semi-quantitative chemical composition,and mineralogy of slag samples.Ni coating demonstrated a positive effect on the mitigation of slagging.Results revealed that the thicknesses of the slag initially increased with experimental time and then inclined toward stable values for both cases(Case 1:substrate material;Case 2:modified surface).The stable thicknesses for Cases 1 and 2 were 4.91 mm and 3.95 mm,respectively.The heat transfer efficiency was improved by approximately 18.2%with the application of Ni coating for probe surface modification.The mechanism of the mitigation of slagging was investigated in this study.XRD results revealed that the content of alkali reduced when the surface was coated with Ni.The alkali significantly affected the adhesion behavior of the deposition.Hence,Ni coating showed potential in reducing slagging and increasing the efficiency of boilers.The overall study makes a contribution to a deep understanding of the effect of Ni coating on the growth characteristics of the slag.

Analysis on Abnormity Erosion of Monolithic Stopper Slag Line

Monolithic stoppers play a very important role in continuous casting（ short for CC）. Sometimes,the stopper slag line is seriously eroded and broken,CC has to pause. The research shows that there are three main reasons which bring severe erosion of monolithic stopper slag line. Firstly,much Fe_2O_3 and MnO in slag react with carbon（ C） in the stopper,C is gradually eroded and erosion resistance of the stopper greatly weakens. Secondly,F increase in tundish covering flux will quicken erosion of the stopper slag line. Thirdly, High LOI of tundish covering flux also makes erosion of the stopper slag line speed up. On one hand,CaCO_3 in tundish covering flux decomposes and brings CO_2; on the other hand,minerals with water in tundish covering flux decompose at high temperatures and bring water vapor.Then CO_2 and water vapor react with C in the stopper,C is gradually eroded,aggravating the erosion.

Study on arc characteristics and behavior of metal transfer in pulse current flux-cored arc welding of mild steel

The variation in arc characteristics and behavior of metal transfer with the change in pulse parameters has been studied by high speed video camera during pulse current flux-cored arc weld deposition.A comparative study of similar nature has also been carried out during flux-cored arc weld deposition in globular and spray transfer modes.The effect of pulse parameters has been studied by considering their mean current and arc voltage.The arc characteristics studied by its root diameter,projected diameter and length,and the behavior of metal transfer noted by the metal transfer model and the droplet diameter have been found to vary significantly with the pulse parameters.The observation may help in understanding the arc characteristics with respect to the variation in pulse parameters which may be beneficial in using pulse current FCAW to produce desired weld quality.

The optimization of mold fluxes used for casting the peritectic steel of heavy slabs at Baosteel

In order to solve the problem of the high surface longitudinal crack ratio of heavy peritectic steel slabs produced by the No. 3 continuous caster at Baosteel,the physical properties of the original mold flux and the optimized mold flux were compared in a comprehensive way by using analytical measures, such as a slag film heat-flow simulator, a thermowire molten flux crystallization tester and an X-ray diffractometer in the laboratory. The results reveal that one of the major reasons for the cracks is the poor heat transfer ability of the original mold flux. However, the optimized mold flux with a high basicity features a high crystallizing rate,low crystallization temperature and low heat-flow density. Therefore, the optimized mold flux is more suitable for casting peritectic steel by the heavy slab continuous caster. The test results show that the slabs produced by using the optimized mold flux had no surface longitudinal crack in four test casts, while the surface longitudinal crack ratio of the slabs produced by using the original mold flux was 5%. The optimized mold flux can effectively prevent slab surface longitudinal cracks from occurring.

Investigation on mechanism of fixing nitrogen in self-shielded flux cored arc welding

Prevention of nitrogen porosity in weld metal deposited with self-shielded flux cored wire with CaF2-TiO2-MgO slag system can be accomplished by using a 'killing agent' such as titanium to react with nitrogen dissolved in the weld metal. The amount of titanium needed to prevent porosity is calculated thermodynamically for various dissolved nitrogen levels. Experimental flux cored wires are used to verify the thermodynamic model. It is concluded that approximately 0.11 wt% titanium in the weld deposit is need to prevent nitrogen porosity when welding without externally applied shielding.

用RCPT研究功能梯度混凝土抗氯离子渗透性能

用非稳态迁移法(NSSM)和自然浸泡法评定功能梯度混凝土(FGC)的抗氯离子渗透性能都存在局限性,但快速氯离子渗透试验法(RCPT)没有局限性。该研究用RCPT法对基于各种胶凝材料的FGC的电通量进行了大量测试并得到如下结论:提出了FGC的电通量计算公式;FGC的电通量反映了FGC的抗氯离子渗透性能,FGC的电通量越低则其抗氯离子渗透性能越高;碱激发矿渣(AAS)砂浆具有极好的抗氯离子渗透性能,其氯离子渗透系数可低至2.1×10^(–13)m^(2)/s。

碳纳米管/锂渣混凝土抗压强度和抗氯离子渗透性能试验研究

为探究碳纳米管/锂渣混凝土的基本性能,设置水胶比为0.35、0.40和0.45,碳纳米管(CNTs)掺量为0、0.05%、0.10%和0.15%,锂渣(LS)掺量为20%的混凝土配合比,以抗压强度、电通量等作为表征参数,分析不同CNTs掺量、不同水胶比对混凝土抗压强度及抗氯离子渗透性能的影响,结合工业CT(ICT)扫描技术从细观层面分析碳纳米管/锂渣混凝土的孔隙结构及其特征参数。研究结果表明:CNTs掺量为0.10%时达到抗压强度最大值;水胶比由0.45降低到0.35,抗压强度最大提升34.04%;通过电通量测试分别测得28 d、56 d的数据得出碳纳米管/锂渣混凝土电通量等级分布在低与很低两个水平内,抗压强度与抗氯离子渗透性能之间存在明显的正相关性,通过分析证明,可以考虑初始电流作为氯离子渗透性能的评价指标。此外,通过CT扫描进一步研究碳纳米管/锂渣混凝土的孔隙结构,利用Image Proplus与VGStudio等软件对孔隙结构相关特征参数的提取、统计与分析,分析结果表明,适量的CNTs与较低的水胶比有利于孔结构的优化,且细观结构与宏观性能之间有着较强的相关性。

钛渣熔体结构及传输性质分子动力学模拟研究进展

高品位钛渣(TiO_(2)含量≥90%)的高效制备不仅是高品质钛产品生产的关键,而且已成为我国钛冶金行业发展的迫切需要。钛铁矿还原熔炼过程钛渣熔体传输性质的调控是实现高品位钛渣高效制备的关键。国内外学者采用分子动力学模拟的方法,开展钛渣熔体结构演变及传输性质的研究,取得了显著的进展,证实了分子动力学模拟的方法在钛渣熔体研究中的有效性。分子动力学模拟的方法在研究钛渣熔体结构和性质方面具有显著的优势,不但能考察钛渣熔体结构参数、传输性质及相关微观细节,而且不受试验条件(高温、高腐蚀性、高化学活性)的限制。通过分子动力学模拟能够获取钛渣熔体丰富的结构信息和重要的传输性质,避免了钛渣熔体结构及物理性质试验测试中存在的难题。最后,结合冶金熔体成分和结构的复杂性,总结存在的问题,对分子动力学模拟在熔体结构及传输性质研究中的应用进行了展望。

超低碳IF钢冶炼过程炉渣对夹杂物控制研究进展

超低碳IF钢板主要应用于汽车面板等超深冲部件,其面临的主要质量问题是夹杂物、卷渣、气泡造成的炼钢缺陷,因此全生产流程中所采用的炉渣性质对控制炼钢缺陷具有重要作用。分别从炉渣的物化特性以及所在工序炉渣特性两个角度归纳总结了炉渣对夹杂物控制产生的影响,发现炉渣对夹杂物的吸附溶解与炉渣的物化性质和夹杂物的尺寸相关。RH精炼渣主要控制目标是低氧化性和合适的w(CaO)/w(Al_(2)O_(3)),TFe质量分数一般控制在2.0%~8.0%,w(CaO)/w(Al_(2)O_(3))控制在1.2~1.8,此外精炼渣碱度一般控制较高为4.0~10.0。中间包覆盖剂和结晶器保护渣首先要防止钢液增碳,其次是防止渣中SiO_(2)造成钢液的二次氧化,同时它们还应拥有良好的吸附夹杂物的能力。超低碳IF钢中间包高碱度覆盖剂一般碱度为2.9~11.5,w(CaO)/w(Al_(2)O_(3))控制在1.0~2.5,(FeO+MnO)质量分数控制在1.9%~4.0%。而超低碳IF钢结晶器保护渣的碱度一般控制较低在0.85~1.0,w(CaO)/w(Al_(2)O_(3))控制在5.0~8.5,(FeO+MnO)质量分数小于1%。

B_(2)O_(3)对CaO-Al_(2)O_(3)-B_(2)O_(3)三元保护渣熔体结构的影响

通过分子动力学方法对非反应性保护渣CaO-Al_(2)O_(3)-B_(2)O_(3)三元渣系进行了模拟,构建了熔渣的网络结构模型,研究了渣系中B_(2)O_(3)的含量对保护渣熔渣微观结构的影响规律。结果表明:B在网络中与O的结合能力最强,且能够起到简化网络和平衡过剩电荷的作用;Al在熔体中主要以4配位形式存在,同时存在少量高配位Al-O结构,B_(2)O_(3)的含量为5%时,熔渣中[AlO_(4)]含量最高;随着B_(2)O_(3)含量的增多,熔渣网络结构聚合程度降低,复杂Al-O结构减少,熔渣微结构的有序性增加。

A clean disposal method of carbide slag with carbon emission reduction:Used as a flux for iron ore sintering Author links open overlay panel

Limestone or quicklime is a necessary flux in the iron ore sintering process.Its production and application process will cause CO_(2) emissions and various environmental pollution,but this has not attracted enough attention.Carbide slag(CS)is a calcium-rich solid waste produced in acetylene production,the harmless disposal of which is still incomplete,resulting in soil and groundwater pollution.This study investigated the granulation characteristics and sintering performance of the sintering mixture with different proportions of CS.The results show that replacing limestone with an appropriate proportion of CS is promising and beneficial to the formation of high-quality bonding phase.When CS accounts for 75%of the total mass of CS and limestone,the tumbler index increases by 8.10%and the comprehensive index decreases only from 100 to 96.16,which is within the acceptable range.The application of CS in iron ore sintering can achieve a clean disposal of it and a considerable carbon emission reduction,as the main component of which is Ca(OH)_(2).

直流电场下保护渣对氧化锆—碳耐火材料的侵蚀

采用旋转搅拌法,在外加直流电场作用下进行了结晶器保护渣与水口渣线氧化锆—碳耐火材料的侵蚀试验,并研究直流电压(0、5、10 V)对保护渣与水口渣线材料界面行为的影响。结果表明,随着外加电压的增大,保护渣在水口耐火材料表面的附着量逐渐增加,保护渣的附着厚度在0、5、10 V时分别为2、3、7 mm。微观结构表明保护渣与水口材料界面存在的电场可以显著改变固—液两相间的润湿性,从而为熔渣向水口扩散、传质和渗透行为提供良好的动力学条件,且大电压下(10 V)的电场作用会加剧保护渣对材料的侵蚀。

Effect of AI_(2)O_(3)and MgO on crystallization and structure of Ca0-Si0_(2)-B_(2)0_(3)-based fluorine-free mold flux

The crytallization behavior and melt structure of the CaO-Si0^(2-)B20_(3)-based fluorine-free mold fux were investigated.The results show that the crytallization of the mold fux was first inhibited and then promoted with the increase in Al_(2)0_(3) content from 4 to 12 wt.%.However,it was enhanced by MgO in the range of 2-10 wt.%.The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy showed that Al_(2)0_(3) worked as a network former in the mold flux melt when its content was in the range of 4-8 wt.%,whereas it worked as the network breaker to provide 0^(2-)when its content was in the range of 8-12 wt.%.In addition,the combined efects from the charge compensation by Mg^(2+)and the network broken by 0^(2-)led to the increase in some typicalT-O-T(AI-O-A1,B-O-B,etc.,)and simpler structural units(Q^(2)(Si),B_^(O-)in the[B0_(2)0^(-)],.etc.)when the MgO content was in the range of 2-6 wt.%.The continuous increase in 0^(2-)provided by the addition of MgO from 6 to 10 wt.%further depolymerized the network of the melt and fnally caused fast crystallizationo.

结晶器保护渣原渣形貌及连铸结团样矿相组织分析

利用扫描电镜和X射线衍射等测试手段对湖南华菱湘潭钢铁有限公司3种保护渣熔融冷却原渣及其连铸过程中结块的矿物组成、结晶率进行了分析研究。结果表明,三种保护渣试样球型度较高,表面光滑。保护渣A主要析晶矿相为枪晶石、霞石、硅灰石;保护渣B主要析晶矿相为枪晶石、硅灰石、铁钠钾硅石;保护渣C主要析晶矿相为枪晶石。烧结相的大量黏结是渣条、结块形成长大的主要原因。为减少结团样出现的可能性,应降低保护渣中Al_(2)O_(3)含量成分,适当提高保护渣中的碳含量,使保护渣在连铸过程中具有良好析出枪晶石的能力。这样可以均匀和稳定铸坯与结晶器的之间的传热,从而降低渣条发黏导致液渣层动态平衡被破坏可能性,以减少保护渣结块的出现。

从高硅含金物料中回收金银的方法研究及应用

针对高硅含金、银物料难冶炼的问题,使用CaO-Na_(2)O-SiO_(2)三元渣系中频炉火法冶炼的方法回收金、银,研究了CaO-SiO_(2)二元系、CaO-FeO-SiO_(2)-Na_(2)O系和CaO-Na_(2)O-SiO_(2)三元系造渣剂对回收金、银效果的影响,结果表明金、银的回收率分别可达97%、96%。该工艺操作简单,生产成本低,且不会造成二次污染。