Characteristics of Sand Dune Pattern and Fluvial-aeolian Interaction in Horqin Sandy Land, Northeast Plain of China

The interaction between fluvial and aeolian processes can significantly change surface morphology of the Earth. Taking the Horqin Sandy Land as the research area and using Landsat series satellite remote sensing images, this study utilizes geomorphology and landscape ecology to monitor and analyze the aeolian geomorphology characteristics of the Horqin Sandy Land. Results show that the sand dunes of the Horqin Sandy Land are mainly distributed on alluvial plains along the banks of the mainstream and tributaries of the Western Liao River, and the sand dune types tend to simplify from west to east and from south to north. The aeolian geomorphology coverage tend to be decreasing in the past 40 years, with an average annual change rate of 0.31%. While the area of traveling dunes decreased, the area of fixed and semi-fixed dunes increased. The fractal dimensions of various types of sand dune have all remained relatively constant between 1.07 and 1.10, suggesting that they are experiencing a relatively stable evolutionary process. There is a complex interaction between fluvial and aeolian processes of the Horqin Sandy Land, which plays a central role in surface landscape molding. Sand dunes on both sides of different rivers on the Horqin Sandy Land present certain regularity and different characteristics in terms of morphology, developmental scale, and spatial pattern. There are six fluvial-aeolian interaction modes in this area: supply of sand sources by rivers for sand dune development, complete obstruction of dune migration by rivers, partial obstruction of dune migration by rivers, influence of river valleys on dune developmental types on both sides, influence of river valleys on dune developmental scale on both sides, and river diversion due to obstruction and forcing by sand dunes. This study deepens our understanding of the surface process mechanism of the interaction between fluvial and aeolian processes in semi-arid regions, and provides a basis for researches on regional landscape responses in the context of global environmental change.

Facies Architecture of the Fluvial-Aeolian Buchan Formation (Upper Devonian) and Its Implications on Field Exploration: A Case Study from Ardmore Field, Central North Sea, UK

The Upper Devonian Buchan Formation in the Central North Sea is a typical terrestrial deposit and predominantly comprises fine to medium-grained sandstones with occasional conglomerates and mudstones. The Buchan Formation has been previously described as being made up mostly of braided fluvial sandstones;however, this study confirms the presence and significance of aeolian sandstones within this fluvial-dominated sequence. Facies architecture is investigated through analogue outcrop study, well log curves and numerical facies modelling, and the results show contrasting differences between fluvial and aeolian facies. The fluvial facies is composed of multiple superimposed and sand-dominated fining-upward cycles in the vertical direction, and laterally an individual cycle has a large width/thickness ratio but is smaller than the field scale. However, the high channel deposition proportion (CDP, average value = 72%) in fluvial-dominated intervals means that it is likely all the sand bodies are interconnected. Aeolian facies comprise superimposed dune and interdune depositions and can be laterally correlated over considerable distances (over 1 km). Although the aeolian sandstones are volumetrically minor (approx. 30%) within the whole Buchan Formation, they have very high porosity and permeability (14.1% - 28%, 27 - 5290 mD) and therefore are excellent potential reservoirs. The fluvial sandstones are significantly cemented by quartz overgrowth and dolomite and by comparison with the aeolian sandstones are poor reservoirs. Aeolian sandstones can be differentiated from fluvial sandstones using several features: pin-stripe lamentation, good sorting, high visible porosity, friable nature and lack of muddy or conglomeratic contents;these characteristics allow aeolian sandstones can be tentatively recognized by low gamma ray values, high sonic transit time and low density in uncored wells. The thin, laterally correlatable and permeable aeolian sandstones within the Buchan Formation are effective reservoirs and could form important exploration targets when the Devonian is targeted elsewhere in the North Sea.

科尔沁沙地粗—细组分的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄特征:对定量物源及区域构造-岩浆演化事件的指示

追踪干旱—半干旱地区大型沙地的物源和风-河流相互作用机制对于理解陆地景观格局演变、地表过程与地貌动态以及大气圈和岩石圈之间的联系至关重要。然而,目前科尔沁沙地的物源仍存在较大争议,且缺乏具有统计意义的锆石U-Pb年龄数据库。因此,本研究对科尔沁沙地地表风成沙进行多点取样,根据不同粒级(<63μm和>63μm)选取1500颗碎屑锆石进行U-Pb测年分析,并利用逆向蒙特卡罗模型对其物源进行定量约束。结果表明,从目视定性的角度看,科尔沁沙地的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谱特征非常相似。但定量重建结果显示沙地的物源整体上以中亚造山带的贡献为主(50.5%~61.3%),然而东南部体现出华北克拉通的绝对优势(~75.8%)。科尔沁沙地的物源存在空间异质性,沙地西部和北部的锆石年龄谱极为相似,与南部锆石年龄特征显著不同。科尔沁沙地的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄特征基本不受粒度分异的影响,但沙地东南部除外。本文认为,风与河流的协同作用及其由此导致的沉积分异和再循环作用解释了科尔沁沙地碎屑锆石的U-Pb年龄特征。结合区域构造演化历史,科尔沁沙地在~2.5 Ga和~1.85 Ga的U-Pb年龄峰值分别是前寒武纪华北克拉通的生长、拼合与碰撞过程中的两期构造事件的产物。此外,~1.7 Ga的锆石年龄可能是对Columbia超大陆聚合与裂解的综合响应。古生代以来的锆石年龄峰值(500~400 Ma、300~250 Ma、130~110 Ma)记录了在古亚洲洋的俯冲闭合、蒙古-鄂霍次克海俯冲碰撞和古太平洋的俯冲、回退的区域构造背景下多期区域构造-岩浆事件。

毛不拉孔兑流域河岸沙丘粒度与地球化学元素的动态时空分异

通过对不同年份库布齐沙漠毛不拉孔兑流域河岸沙丘地表沉积物样品进行粒度、化学元素分析,获得其粒度和元素组成特征及其变化:2019年和2013年样品粒度组成均以极细沙和粉沙为主,含量占70%以上,峰度呈窄峰,分选较好,表现为典型风成特性。但2019年较2013年粒径组成变粗,分选性变好;化学元素组成上以Si、Al为主,与上陆壳平均化学元素组成相比,2019年较2013年大部分化学元素亏损程度加大。A-CN-K图解揭示了2个年份内流域河岸沙丘地表物质化学风化程度均很低,处于较弱的去Na、Ca阶段,其他元素未发生明显的化学风化或迁移;对于不同河流断面,2019年和2013年的样品均表现出自河流上游至河流中下游,粒度组成变细,峰度变窄,分选性变好,风成特性更明显。与上陆壳平均化学元素组成相比,2013年4个断面样品的元素变化趋势一致性较2019年更明显。在流域尺度上,不同年份河岸沙丘地表沉积物样品理化特征具有较大相似性,其原因与母岩,以及在风水交互作用下地表物质呈现一定的动态平衡有关。

风水两相作用和人类活动对无定河粗泥沙输沙量的影响

风沙活动、降雨和人类活动是干旱-湿润过渡区影响粗泥沙(d>0.05mm)入黄的几个重要因素。粗泥沙输沙量的变化取决于全沙输沙量和粗泥沙在全沙中所占的比例。基于悬移质输沙量和泥沙粒径构成、降雨量、沙尘暴日数和水土保持面积等数据,分析了粗泥沙输沙量与影响因素之间的关系,利用Arc-GIS和SPSS软件定量分析了影响无定河流域代表自然过程的风水两相作用和人类活动对粗泥沙输沙量的影响,并通过回归分析确定了不同影响因素对全沙输沙量和粗泥沙比例的贡献。结果表明,影响全沙输沙量的主要因素是降雨量和水土保持措施,而影响粗泥沙比例的是风沙活动和水土保持措施。利用二元回归分析确定了各因素的贡献比例,认为降雨量的减少和人类活动对全沙量减少的贡献相当,人类活动对粗泥沙比例降低的贡献高于风沙活动的作用。

风水复合侵蚀研究述评

风水复合侵蚀或风水交互作用是干旱、半干旱地区常见的侵蚀过程。这种风力与流水对同一侵蚀对象(区域)的共同作用或交替作用塑造了风蚀水蚀交错区特有的侵蚀地貌景观。作为一个相互联系、影响的复杂系统,风水复合侵蚀具有明显的时空分布特征,其侵蚀过程可以划分为古代过程与现代过程。由于以往的风蚀和水蚀研究相互独立,风水复合侵蚀的研究起步较晚。在研究中存在着尺度转化与研究方法不成熟等问题。对风水复合侵蚀的机理与防治以及土壤复合可蚀性的研究都将成为今后研究中的重点与难点。

青海共和盆地多石在沟河道沙丘现代风水交互过程

选择青海共和盆地多石在沟河道中6道新月形沙丘链作为研究对象,采用Trimble4700DGPS与常规测量手段,结合野外风沙观测与自动气象站数据,初步观测分析了2006年多石在沟河道沙丘在不同季节的形态变化过程,计算出2006年风季前比雨季后多石在沟河道沙丘体积减小了548.3m3,风积量为2351m3,流水的蚀平量为2899m3,2006年风水两相营力对河道沙丘的侵蚀贡献率约为45%∶55%,流水的搬运作用强于风力的堆积作用。但从较长的时间尺度来看,研究区的风力侵蚀作用强于流水侵蚀作用,河道沙丘不断增大。多石在沟河道沙丘是一个典型的风水交互作用系统,河道成为风力与流水交互作用的"中转站",在风水的交替作用下,沉积物由风积环境进入流水环境中。

水蚀对风蚀影响的室内模拟试验

为了揭示黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区风水复合侵蚀机制,利用室内风洞,在一定的风速(9.3m/s)、坡度(20°)下,人工模拟不同沟宽、沟深、沟密度对风蚀过程的影响。结果表明,在一定的水蚀沟宽度与密度范围内,风蚀量随着宽度与密度的增加而增加,并且两者与风蚀量都呈线性关系;侵蚀沟深度在4～8cm范围内,风蚀量随着沟深度增加而增加,当沟深大于8cm时,随着沟深度增加,风蚀量有所减少;水蚀沟发生风蚀的部位主要在沟壁和沟头,风沙流的磨蚀作用可能是主要作用力,水蚀沟形成会显著影响风蚀量。

风水两相变化对黄河中游支流粗泥沙的影响

基于黄河中游河口-龙门区间实地考察和对1964—1989年的实测资料进行时空变化分析,结果发现:该区水力、风力变化对河流产出的粗泥沙的量和质的变化具有一定的分异控制作用,水力对河流的输沙量的变化起主导作用,而风力对粗泥沙占全沙的百分比变化起主导作用。随着降雨量的减少和风沙活动的减弱,黄河中游河流输沙量和粗沙比有不同程度的减少,输沙量减少明显,减沙比在50%～70%之间,而粗沙比的变化要小得多,减少量在10%～20%之间。

黄河上游“十大孔兑”高含沙洪水灾害过程与输沙特性

黄河上游'十大孔兑'沙漠流域的高含沙洪水,是该区域季节交替的风水复合侵蚀作用的结果。以'十大孔兑'流域的典型支沟苏达拉尔沟为依托,基于野外原型观测,系统深入地分析了沙漠粗沙高含沙洪水(泥流)输沙特性与致灾过程。研究结果表明:该区域的高含沙洪水,由暴雨诱发,沿程叠加风力、水力、重力等侵蚀作用产沙,最终演变为高含沙洪水(泥流)灾害。降雨强度大于0. 27 mm/min且持续35~60 min以上的暴雨,大多可诱发高含沙洪水,含沙量可高达1 400 kg/m3以上。研究结果为开展'十大孔兑'沙漠流域风水复合侵蚀模型研究打下了坚实的理论基础;为干旱半干旱区沙漠流域水土流失防控与灾害治理提供了工程参考意见;对从流域侵蚀产沙角度出发,探究黄河河道水沙变化,维护黄河健康而言,亦具有重要的参考价值。

青海共和盆地威连滩沙地冲沟风水交互作用研究

选择青海共和盆地威连滩沙地冲沟为研究区,通过野外调查,沉积物样品采集和分析,结合1982年航片和2006年快鸟影像数据,分析研究区地质历史时期风水交互作用的环境变化和沙地冲沟风水交互侵蚀的现代特征。结果表明:全新世初期,研究区由水成沉积环境逐渐过渡到风成沉积环境,并有小的沉积旋回,到了全新世中期,气候变得较温润,风沙活动减弱,风成沙逐渐生草成土,但弱砂质古土壤层较薄,从全新世晚期至今,风沙活动有所增强;冲沟形成后,沙地冲沟发生着风蚀水蚀交互作用。起伏的沟岸和弯曲的谷底发生风积,为流水侵蚀增加了沙物质。风沙流对冲沟的形成有再塑造作用。同时冲沟侵蚀也影响着风沙活动,每年冲沟侵蚀约达8.3×104 t泥沙,是沙丘不断增长的一个重要物源。冲沟的狭长地形,其"狭管效应"加大了风蚀作用,增强了风沙灾害天气。

中国北方三典型流域地表沉积物空间分异及指示（英文）

风水交互作用是干旱区(广义)最为广泛的一种地表现象与地貌过程。通过对西部的克里雅河、中部的毛布拉孔兑河和东部的西拉木伦河三个典型流域的实地考察、地形测量、取样,分析其地表沉积物样品的粒度、化学风化过程以及动力因素,发现:自西向东三流域的粒度特征表现为粒度变粗,分选性变差,峰态变宽,粒度的水成特性更加明显;三流域的矿物及元素风化指数表明了三流域处于化学风化的最初阶段,且自西向东三流域化学风化程度增强,物理风化程度减弱;其中,化学成分变异指数(ICV)与碳酸钙化学参数含量可以很好的区分三流域地表物质的风化特征异质性。究其原因,在流域尺度上,气候引起风和水两种营力对地表沉积物的差异性分选,使得三流域地表沉积物理化特征呈现地带性规律。

科尔沁沙地西部响水河河水与其河岸相互作用的初步研究

近年来,半干旱地区的风水相互作用正成为风沙地貌研究的新热点,为探讨科尔沁沙地西部响水河河水与其河岸间的相互作用,通过对科尔沁沙地西部响水河的3个典型河段的6个断面的断面形态、流速进行现场实测,同步采集了31个水样,然后在室内对其泥沙含量进行测试,并推算断面流量。结果表明:由南向北3个河段瞬时流量和泥沙含量呈递增的趋势,集水效应十分明显;该河丰水期水量较为丰沛,河流与河岸间的相互作用明显且活跃,主要存在河水掏蚀河岸陡坡等5种相互作用的方式;当下风向陡岸弯道的法线方向与当地盛行风向一致时,气流发生明显汇聚,侵蚀加强,形成风蚀槽,且当风蚀槽接近谷底时,又为曲流的摆动创造了有利条件;河流受到沙丘前移的压迫与下风向河谷陡坡的阻挡,曲流较为发育但不完美,属于非自由曲流。

风沙与水沙运动多重时间尺度与深度积分模式

针对风沙与水沙动力学研究的共性,提出风沙与水沙运动统一深度积分模式;在此基础上,将水沙运动过程多重时间尺度理论扩展至风沙运动,比较研究风沙与水沙运动向平衡状态调整的时间尺度特征.数值算例与风洞实验结果对比表明,积分平均模型能够基本准确地捕捉风沙运动的输沙率变化等基本特征;风沙与水沙运动的积分时间尺度比较分析表明,风沙运动与水沙运动类似,推移质运动能够很快地调整到平衡状态,而悬移质运动调整到平衡状态则需要相对较长的过程,在湍流悬移质实验和数值模拟研究中应考虑恢复平衡过程的影响.

末次冰期晚期半干旱环境下黄河阶地上的河流与风沙沉积交互过程

风沙与河流地貌过程的交互作用是半干旱环境典型的地表过程。位于半干旱区的黄河兰州至银川段,现代风沙与河流沉积过程相互影响剧烈,而该区域地质历史时期风沙与河流交互过程的沉积记录还鲜有报道。文章对该区域黄河二级河流阶地堆积序列(河道砾石-具水平层理砂层-沙丘砂-条带状粉砂)进行了详细的沉积学分析。结果表明,流水作用形成的水平砂层之上覆盖的厚2~3.8 m的沙丘,由成分均匀的极细砂和粗粉砂组成;发育块状结构,而未见流水沉积结构;为典型风成沙丘。其上覆盖的粉砂层,粒度组成与该地区砂质黄土有相似性,以粗粉砂颗粒为主;但其还含有少量的粘土和极细砂组分,分选差,且发育薄层条带状纹层(层厚约5~10 cm);为河漫滩环境下主要为风尘输入的颗粒在静水条件下沉降形成的河漫滩相沉积。风成沙丘的众数粒度值略小于下伏水平状河流砂众数粒度,而粗颗粒组分和细颗粒组分含量都略小于下伏河流砂,表明风成沙丘可能是由风力分选、搬运下伏河流砂,就地堆积形成。风成沙丘与下伏河流砂的主量元素组成基本一致,而与该区域物质来源于较大范围的风成砂黄土主量元素的组成相差较远,也表明该阶地堆积序列中发育的风成沙丘物质来源于局地下伏的河流砂层。光释光年代测试的结果表明,风成沙丘堆积于距今约21~16 ka期间,而上覆河漫滩堆积于距今约14~13 ka期间。末次盛冰期,干旱气候和强劲的冬季风导致早期河漫滩上发育风成沙丘,而随后的冰消期夏季风的加强和相对暖湿的气候,使得末次盛冰期形成的沙丘被河漫滩沉积覆盖。该区域黄河二级阶地由辫状河砾石(夹砂透镜体)-河漫滩砂-风成沙丘-河漫滩粉砂构成的沉积序列是该区域末次盛冰期以来风沙与河流交互作用形成的良好记录,反应了半干旱地区地表过程(风沙和河流交互)对气候环境变化的响应。

A review of the research on complex erosion by wind and water

Complex erosion by wind and water, which is also called aeolian-fluvial interactions, is an important erosion process and landscape in arid and semiarid regions. The effectiveness of links between wind and water process, spatial environmental transitions and temporal environmental change are the three main driving forces determining the geomorphologic significance of aeolian-fluvial interactions. As a complex interrelating and intercoupling system, complex erosion by wind and water has spatial- temporal variation features. The process of complex erosion by wind and water can be divided into palaeoenvironmental process and contemporary process. Early work in drylands has often been attributed to one of two schools advocating either an ＇aeolianist＇ or a ＇fluvialist＇ perspective, so it was not until the 1930s that the research on complex erosion by wind and water had been conducted. There are two obstacles restricting the research of complex erosion by wind and water. Firstly, how to transform in different temporal and spatial scales is still unsettled; and secondly, the research methodology is still immature. In the future, the mechanism and control of erosion, the complex soil erodibility in wind and water erosion will be the focus of research on complex erosion by wind and water.

Influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes based on rainfall simulation experiments

Aeolian-fluvial interplay erosion regions are subject to intense soil erosion and are of particular concern in loess areas of northwestern China. Understanding the composition, distribution, and transport processes of eroded sediments in these regions is of considerable scientific significance for controlling soil erosion. In this study, based on laboratory rainfall simulation experiments, we analyzed rainfall-induced erosion processes on sand-covered loess slopes （SS） with different sand cover patterns （including length and thickness） and uncovered loess slopes （LS） to investigate the influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes in case regions of aeolian-fluvial erosion. The grain-size curves of eroded sediments were fitted using the Weibull function. Compositions of eroded sediments under different sand cover patterns and rainfall intensities were analyzed to explore sediment transport modes of SS. The influences of sand cover amount and pattern on erosion processes of loess slopes were also discussed. The results show that sand cover on loess slopes influences the proportion of loess erosion and that the compositions of eroded sediments vary between SS and LS. Sand cover on loess slopes transforms silt erosion into sand erosion by reducing splash erosion and changing the rainfall-induced erosion processes. The percentage of eroded sand from SS in the early stage of runoff and sediment generation is always higher than that in the late stage. Sand cover on loess slopes aggravates loess erosion, not only by adding sand as additional eroded sediments but also by increasing the amount of eroded loess, compared with the loess slopes without sand cover. The influence of sand cover pattern on runoff yield and the amount of eroded sediments is larger than that of sand cover amount. Furthermore, given the same sand cover pattern, a thicker sand cover could increase sand erosion while a thinner sand cover could aggravate loess erosion. This difference explains the existence of intense erosion on slopes that are thinly covered with sand in regions where aeolian erosion and fluvial erosion interact.

风成沙、海成沙、河成沙颗粒特征的对比分析

通过对河成沙、海成沙、风成沙的颗粒进行筛选、称量、观察、对比,分析得出沙物质的粒径范围,同时也对沙粒的磨圆度做了分析。结果表明:风成沙为3.14%的粉沙,而河成沙为0.3%,海成沙(Ⅰ、Ⅱ)分别为0.07%和0.03%。并且,河成沙含有的粗沙和极粗沙最多,为73.35%;海成沙(Ⅰ、Ⅱ)分别为5.12%和0.15%;风成沙为15.71%。对磨圆度而言,风成沙的磨圆度最好,其中圆为26%,次圆为54%;海成沙(Ⅰ、Ⅱ)次之,其中圆分别为3%和4%;次圆为30%和29%;河成沙的磨圆度最差,圆为4%,次圆为14%。

毛乌素沙地无定河上游河岸沙丘地貌格局及风水交互作用

风水交互作用是干旱半干旱地区常见的地貌现象和重要的地表过程。河岸沙丘是风水交互作用下形成的典型沙丘地貌景观。以毛乌素沙地的无定河流域为研究区,基于遥感影像解译等方法,探明河道与沙丘相互作用的地貌动态变化过程。结果表明:(1)1990—2020年,无定河上游的植被覆盖得到良好恢复,河道两侧流动沙丘逐渐固化,流动沙丘向半固定沙丘转化,半固定沙丘向固定沙丘转化。(2)河道影响了沙丘分布的连续性,使其破碎化,也阻挡了沙丘移动和部分粗粒径沙粒的传输,河流成为一道天然防沙屏障。(3)典型河段河岸沙丘地貌格局呈以河道为中心的带状分布,随着远离河道,依次分布着流动沙丘、半固定沙丘、固定沙丘。风向和河流流向的夹角通过影响风水交互作用的方式和强度,进而影响河岸沙丘的形成与分布。(4)半干旱区河岸沙丘地貌系统与河流水文系统通过水源补给关系保持动态平衡状态,但过度的人类活动可能会打破其阈值,引起沙化程度加大以及河流水文状况的恶化。

库布齐沙漠水沙景观的历史演变

库布齐沙漠位于鄂尔多斯高原北部,东西走向呈带状横于黄河南岸,"十大孔兑"由北向南贯穿沙漠汇入黄河,形成风水交互的水沙格局。结合前人研究成果、古籍、遥感影像等资料,梳理并探讨库布齐沙漠水沙景观的演变历史及形成原因。研究认为库布齐沙漠发育过程可分为两大阶段:古沙漠阶段和现代沙漠阶段,现代沙漠发育于全新世,末次冰消期气温回暖,使得古沙漠固定并消亡,古沙漠主要源自于地质作用和气候波动,而现代沙漠则是人为和自然的共同作用;"十大孔兑"发育在更新世早-中期,全面形成于更新世晚期,主要受到新构造运动及区域气候因素的影响开始发育并切割鄂尔多斯高原北部。同时研究指出,"流水占主导"的风水交互模式是现代库布齐沙漠水沙格局的主要成因。