Stabilization of Expansive Soil by Lime and Fly Ash

An experimental program was undertaken to study the individual and admixed effects of lime and fly ash on the geotechnical characteristics of expansive soil.Lime and fly ash were added to the expansive soil at 4%-6% and 40%-50% by dry weight of soil,respectively.Testing specimens were determined and examined in chemical composition,grain size distribution,consistency limits,compaction,CBR,free swell and swell capacity.The effect of lime and fly ash addition on reducing the swelling potential of an expansive soil is presented.It is revealed that a change of expansive soil texture takes place when lime and fly ash are mixed with expansive soil.Plastic limit increases by mixing lime and liquid limit decreases by mixing fly ash,which decreases plasticity index.As the amount of lime and fly ash is increased,there are an apparent reduction in maximum dry density,free swell and swelling capacity under 50 kPa pressure,and a corresponding increase in the percentage of coarse particles,optimum moisture content and CBR value.Based on the results,it can be concluded that the expansive soil can be successfully stabilized by lime and fly ash.

Growth, Metabolism and Yield of Rice Cultivated in Soils Amended with Fly Ash and Cyanobacteria and Metal Loads in Plant Parts

Soil amendment with fly ash（FA） and combined supplementation with N_2-fixing cyanobacteria masses as biofertilizer were done in field experiments with rice. Amendments with FA levels, 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 and 10.0 kg/m2, caused increase in growth and yield of rice up to 8.0 kg/m2, monitored with several parameters. Pigment contents and enzyme activities of leaves were enhanced by FA, with the maximum level of FA at 10.0 kg/m2. Protein content of rice seeds was the highest in plants grown at FA level 4.0 kg/m2. Basic soil properties, p H value, percentage of silt, percentage of clay, water-holding capacity, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, and organic carbon content increased due to the FA amendment. Parallel supplementation of FA amended plots with 1.0 kg/m2 N_2-fixing cyanobacteria mass caused further significant increments of the most soil properties, and rice growth and yield parameters. 1000-grain weight of rice plants grown at FA level 4.0 kg/m2 along with cyanobacteria supplementation was the maximum. Cyanobacteria supplementation caused increase of important basic properties of soil including the total N-content. Estimations of elemental content in soils and plant parts（root and seed） were done by the atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Accumulations of K, P, Fe and several plant micronutrients（Mn, Ni, Co, Zn and Cu） and toxic elements（Pb, Cr and Cd） increased in soils and plant parts as a function of the FA gradation, but Na content remained almost unchanged in soils and seeds. Supplementation of cyanobacteria had ameliorating effect on toxic metal contents of soils and plant parts. The FA level 4.0 kg/m2, with 1.0 kg/m2 cyanobacteria mass supplementation, could be taken ideal, since there would be recharging of the soil with essential micronutrients as well as toxic chemicals in comparative lesser proportions, and cyanobacteria mass would cause lessening toxic metal loads with usual N_2-fixation.

Characteristics of heavy metal accumulation on fly ash-and sewage sludge-amended calcific soil

Land disposal of fly ash(FA)and sewage sludge(SS)is a major problem due largely to their potentially harmful constituents.In this paper,a potting experiment was performed to evaluate the effects on the plant growth and to discuss in particular the potential hazard to soils and plants according to the characteristics of heavy metal accumulation and migration when FA and SS are used as the amendments of calcific soil in a limestone mining area. The results showed that the application of FA-SS mixture is capable of accelerating the growth of plants and improving the biomass production at either 1:1 or 1:2 FA-SS mixture:soil(w/w).The highest yields were obtained at 1:1(w/w)mixing ratio.When compared with the Element Background Values of Soils in China,the analysis on heavy metals indicated that the contents of Pb,Cr,Hg,Cd,As,Ni,Cu and Zn in the amended soils came up to the second-class environmental quality standards,only Hg and Cd showed significant accumulation.At the same time, though the metal concentrations in roots were higher than those for the control,the concentrations except Cu,Zn in shoots were lower.And all the heavy metal contents in the plants were substantially lower than the toxicity limits. The results indicated that the combined use of FA and SS at a rational rate of application should pose no danger to both soil and food chain based on the characteristics of the FS and SS,heavy metals and calcific soil.

Enhanced strength in novel nanocomposites prepared by reinforcing graphene in red soil and fly ash bricks

Low-dimensional nanomaterials such as graphene can be used as a reinforcing agent in building materials to enhance the strength and durability. Common building materials burnt red soil bricks and fly ash bricks were reinforced with various amounts of graphene, and the effect of graphene on the strength of these newly developed nanocomposites was studied. The fly ash brick nanocomposite samples were cured as per their standard curing time, and the burnt red soil brick nanocomposite samples were merely dried in the sun instead of being subjected to the traditional heat treatment for days to achieve sufficient strength. The water absorption ability of the fly ash bricks was also discussed. The compressive strength of all of the graphene-reinforced nanocomposite samples was tested, along with that of some standard (without graphene) composite samples with the same dimensions, to evaluate the effects of the addition of various amounts of graphene on the compressive strength of the bricks.

Influence of Fly Ash and Growth Regulator with Soil for Determination of Chlorophyll in <i>Arachis hypogaea</i>L.

The present investigation was conducted to find out the effect of varying levels of fly ash and growth hormones on the determination of chlorophylls. The experiments were conducted in pots during 2009-2010 with Arachis hypogaea L. (groundnut) grown with different levels of fly ash concentration, and soil was used (various combinations) at Guru ghasidas University, Bilaspur (CG.) India. In fresh leaf, chlorophylls content varies in the plain soil from 0.29 to 0.64 mg g-1, which is less for photosynthetic activities. Arachis hypogaea L. showed maximum germination percentage, increasing leaf area, enhancement of root & shoot length, whereas Fly ash, bio fertilizers with growth hormone showed minimum values in all parameters. Results showed that, for combination of A to E, the value of chlorophyll ranged from 0.270 mg g-1 to 0.395 mg g-1, and chlorophyll b ranged from 0.400 mg g-1 to 0.489 mg g-1, whereas fro total chloro- phyll ranged from 0.67 to 0.85 mg g-1. In the present work, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b & total chlorophyll content in fresh leaf, after 45 days, were recorded as 0.395 mg g-1, 0.489 mg g-1 and 0.851 mg g-1 while in 90 days were recorded as 10.38 mg g-1, 0.48 mg g-1 and 0.86 mg g-1 respectively, in less amount combination of fly ash, soil content with application of growth hormone.

Solubility of ion and trace metals from stabilized sewage sludge by fly ash and alkaline mine tailing

Stabilized sewage sludge （SS） by fly ash （FA） and alkaline mine tailing as artificial soil, to be applied on the ecological rehabilitation at mining junkyards, offers a potentially viable utilization of the industrial by-product, as well as solves the shortage of soil resource in the mine area. An incubation experiment with different ratios of SS and FA was conducted to evaluate the solubility of ions and trace elements from stabilized sewage sludge. Results showed that fly ash offset a decrease in pH value of sewage sludge. The pH of （C） treatment （FA：SS = 1：1） was stable and tended to neutrality. The SO4^2- and Cl^- concentrations of the solution in the mixture were significantly decreased in the stabilized sewage sludge by alkaline fly ash and mine tailing, compared to the single SS treatment. Stabilized sewage sludge by FA weakened the nitrification of total nitrogen from SS when the proportion of FA in the mixture was more than 50%. The Cr, Ni, and Cu concentrations in the solution were gradually decreased and achieved a stable level after 22 days, for all treatments over the duration of the incubation. Moreover stabilized sewage sludge by fly ash and/or mine tailing notably decreased the trace metal solubility. The final Cr, Cu, and Ni concentrations in the solution for all mixtures of treatments were lower than 2.5, 15, and 50 μg/L, respectively.

木质素纤维-高钙粉煤灰复合改良膨胀土试验研究

为改进单一方法改良膨胀土存在的不足,选用木质素纤维和粉煤灰复合改良膨胀土,提升改良土强度和破坏韧性,抑制膨胀变形。分别开展了自由膨胀率、有荷膨胀率(50 kPa)、无侧限抗压强度试验、低应力直剪试验获得单掺粉煤灰时的最优掺量,再掺入木质素纤维进行力学强度试验、水稳试验和微观试验,以力学特性变化结合微观结构特征分析复合改良效果。结果表明:单掺粉煤灰能够抑制膨胀土的膨胀特性,提升改良土强度,最佳粉煤灰掺量为20%;加入木质素纤维进行复合改良能够进一步提升土体强度,增强破坏韧性,水稳性也大大增强,20%粉煤灰和1.0%木质素纤维复合改良效果最好;复合改良能够很好地改善孔隙分布,抑制土体裂缝延伸,增强土体密实度。

碱激发低钙粉煤灰改良膨胀土的工程特性及微观机理

为了研究碱激发低钙粉煤灰对弱膨胀土改良的作用效果,通过膨胀性试验、无侧限抗压强度试验、环境扫描电镜试验及X射线衍射分析仪(X-ray diffraction,XRD)物相分析试验研究不同掺量的碱性激发剂NaOH对低钙粉煤灰膨胀土力学性能的影响,对土体微观结构及孔隙形成特征进行分析量化,并基于XRD试验分析土体中矿物成分变化特征,揭示碱激发粉煤灰与土体之间的作用机理。结果表明:碱性激发剂可以提升粉煤灰的活性,加快水化反应,可以加快早期强度发展和提高后期强度;随着碱激发剂的增加,粉煤灰改良膨胀土的无侧限抗压强度先增后降,10%掺量的NaOH为最佳掺量;土体中孔隙类型复杂,碱激发改良土微观发现产生的凝胶可以填充孔隙,且和土体相互黏结,减少孔隙。NaOH作为激发剂,可以有效改善粉煤灰的活性,并提高膨胀土的基本特性。

粉煤灰联合水泥原位固化软土现场试验研究

针对软土含水率高、承载能力低和粉煤灰资源利用化等工程难题,采用原位固化和强力搅拌工艺,进行粉煤灰联合水泥固化软土施工,开展了不同固化剂配比、处理深度和龄期下固化土轻型动力触探测试,并对数据进行系统分析。结果表明:加入1%粉煤灰能够有效降低水泥固化软土含水率,含水率降低幅度随水泥用量增加而增加;粉煤灰联合水泥原位固化对软土密度影响较小,但会限制固化土早期承载力的发展;固化土承载力随深度增加存在较大波动,增加处理深度有助于减小波动幅度;粉煤灰联合水泥使用将进一步提升水泥固化土对重金属及污染物稳定作用。尤其地,基于双线性插值算法提出固化配比量化方法,并引入变异系数建立原位固化评价指标,可为类似软土原位固化施工工程提供参考依据。

脱硫石膏与粉煤灰配施对碱化土壤改良及苜蓿生长的影响

【目的】筛选适宜新垦龟裂碱化土壤改良和苜蓿生长的脱硫石膏和粉煤灰配比。【方法】采用小区试验,试验设置CK(脱硫石膏0、粉煤灰0)、T1(脱硫石膏30 t/hm^(2)、粉煤灰15 t/hm^(2))、T2(脱硫石膏30 t/hm^(2)、粉煤灰30 t/hm^(2))、T3(脱硫石膏30 t/hm^(2)、粉煤灰45 t/hm^(2))、T4(脱硫石膏45 t/hm^(2)、粉煤灰15 t/hm^(2))、T5(脱硫石膏45 t/hm^(2)、粉煤灰30 t/hm^(2))、T6(脱硫石膏45 t/hm^(2)、粉煤灰45 t/hm^(2))共7个处理,研究脱硫石膏和粉煤灰配施对土壤pH值、碱化度和可溶性盐量及苜蓿生长影响。【结果】脱硫石膏和粉煤灰配施显著改善龟裂碱化土壤物理性质,与CK相比,T3处理土壤体积质量降低7.69%,土壤孔隙度和田间持水率分别提高9.69%和18.70%;脱硫石膏和粉煤灰配施对0~40 cm土层土壤化学性质改良效果较好,T4处理0~10、10~20 cm土层土壤pH值分别降低10.51%、11.66%,碱化度分别降低56.76%和50.27%;T4处理0~10、10~20、20~40 cm土层土壤可溶性盐量分别下降32.33%、52.55%、3.04%;T4、T1处理苜蓿增产效果较好,与CK相比,苜蓿鲜质量分别提高61.76%、43.21%,干物质量分别提高48.80%、30.72%;但脱硫石膏和粉煤灰配施量过大则会造成减产,T6处理苜蓿鲜质量和干物质量分别较CK降低19.69%、10.24%。【结论】脱硫石膏和粉煤灰配合施用能有效降低龟裂碱化土壤的体积质量、pH值、碱化度和可溶性盐量,提高土壤孔隙度、田间持水率,从而有利于苜蓿的生长和发育,其中45 t/hm^(2)脱硫石膏与15 t/hm^(2)粉煤灰为最优配比组合。

黄原胶-粉煤灰联合处理酸污染土试验研究

绿色环保型生物聚合物黄原胶应用于岩土工程,可提高土体强度及抗风蚀、水蚀能力。鉴于黄原胶分子中的丙酮酸基团和糖苷键在酸性土壤条件下易水解,导致凝胶黏性减小、固土效果减弱,拟采用碱性材料粉煤灰协同黄原胶固化酸污染土,并开展液塑限、击实及无侧限抗压强度试验。结果表明:粉煤灰有助于提高固化土的塑限、最优含水率及最大干密度。酸性土壤条件下,粉煤灰能明显改善黄原胶固土效果,联合法固化酸污染土强度甚至超过联合法固化未污染土。另外,粉煤灰可提高土壤的pH值,缓解黄原胶水解,使其发挥增黏及胶结土颗粒的作用。基于试验结果,建议采用联合法固化酸污染土(FA=9%,XG=3%),可比酸污染上海黏土强度提高310%;在未污染土中采用黄原胶即可(XG=4%),可比未污染天然上海黏土强度提高90%。研究成果有助于绿色环保型生物聚合物的推广与应用。

粉煤灰改良粉砂土动静力学特性研究

为探究不同粉煤灰掺量粉砂土的动力特性和粉煤灰改良粉砂土的改性机理,以绥化—大庆高速公路路基填土为研究对象,开展无侧限压缩试验和动三轴试验,分析粉煤灰掺量对粉砂土静力学特征影响情况,以及围压、动荷载加载次数和粉煤灰掺量对改良粉砂土动强度的影响规律。结果表明:围压相同的情况下,土体的无侧限压缩强度和动强度,均随粉煤灰掺量增加先升高后降低;加载次数相同时,围压越大,土体动强度越大;选取加载次数为100次动强度进行拟合分析,得出粉煤灰掺入量与动剪切强度对应关系的经验公式。为改善路基强度,加快粉煤灰综合利用进程,结合试验结果与数据分析,建议在粉砂土路基掺加质量比15%粉煤灰进行路基施工。15%粉煤灰掺入量的改良粉砂土对比素土,存在颗粒紧凑,孔隙更小,结构相对致密,骨架更强等优点,可为东北地区粉砂土改良等工程建设提供参考。

某生活垃圾焚烧厂排放废气、飞灰、环境空气和土壤中各二噁英类单体分布特征

以某生活垃圾焚烧企业为研究对象,研究其烟道气废气、焚烧飞灰、企业周边环境空气和土壤中二噁英的水平和各二噁英类单体指纹分布特征,研究结果表明,废气中的二噁英呈现出冬季稍高于夏季的排放特征,呋喃对总∑TEQ的贡献率范围为72%-90%.飞灰作为垃圾焚烧中二噁英的主要捕集途径,TEQ浓度季度变化比废气更加明显,呋喃对总∑TEQ的贡献率范围为74%-81%.环境空气和土壤中二噁英的季度分布特征与废气、飞灰的分布特征一致,且主导风向土壤中二噁英的TEQ浓度明显高于次主导风向.环境空气单体指标中呋喃对总∑TEQ的贡献率与废气和飞灰规律一致,说明该区域环境空气中的二噁英与企业排放废气中的二噁英具有同源性.与废气、飞灰和环境空气相比,土壤中呋喃与二噁英的比值和呋喃对总∑TEQ的贡献率存在差异,说明土壤中的二噁英并非单一来源于企业排放废气.废气、飞灰、企业周边环境空气和土壤中的17种PCDD/Fs单体中含量最丰富的是O8CDD,PCDDs的浓度随着取代氯原子个数的增加而增大.17种PCDD/Fs单体中对毒性当量贡献最大的单体是2,3,4,7,8-P5CDF.2,3,7,8-T4CDD是引起废气中二噁英排放呈现出冬季稍高于夏季的特征污染因子,需要重点关注.

干湿循环条件下复合改良膨胀土的工程特性及微观机理研究

为研究粉煤灰(高钙)复合木质素纤维改良云南蒙自膨胀土的工程特性和微观机理,开展改良土的胀缩特性试验,并且在干湿循环条件下进行复合改良土的力学特性试验,结合改良前后微观结构和物相变化分析得出改良机理。试验表明:粉煤灰能降低膨胀土的膨胀率,单掺粉煤灰改良土胀缩率降低至无膨胀性水平,土体强度提升,黏聚力增幅显著,试样趋于脆性破坏,最佳掺量为20%。以最优粉煤灰掺量复合木质素纤维进行力学特性试验,复合改良土强度较单一改良土均有进一步提升,且强度随养护龄期延长而继续增加;土体内摩擦角随改良物掺入并无明显变化,基于素膨胀土上下微小波动,20%粉煤灰+1.0%木质素纤维为最佳复合改良配比。进行干湿循环试验后,试样无侧限抗压强度、抗剪强度和黏聚力均随干湿循环次数增加而减小,在前三次干湿循环中降幅较大,内摩擦角随干湿循环次数增加无明显规律变化。改良土强度在数次干湿循环过程中力学特性均优于膨胀土,其中复合改良抑制干湿循环破坏效果比单掺改良更好。结合微观试验结果可知,掺入粉煤灰后土体中生成了硅酸胶凝产物,该产物可填充土体中的孔隙,增加土体密实度,纤维掺入可抑制土体干湿循环过程裂隙发育。

固化剂固化粉煤灰-土的工程性能分析

通过分别掺入水泥和固废基固化剂对粉煤灰-土进行固化试验,研究对比两种固化材料对粉煤灰-土的固化效果的差异.通过无侧限抗压强度试验和水稳定性试验探讨固化剂掺量、种类和龄期对粉煤灰-土性能的影响,综合评价两种固化材料固化粉煤灰-土的综合路用性能,并通过X射线衍射分析固化材料固化粉煤灰-土的微观机制.结果表明:相同龄期条件下的固化粉煤灰-土的无侧限抗压强度与固化材料的掺量呈正相关关系.相同固化材料掺量条件下,固废基固化剂固化粉煤灰-土的7d强度低于水泥固化粉煤灰-土,28d强度赶超水泥固化粉煤灰-土.固化粉煤灰-土的水稳定性系数随固化材料掺量的增加而提升,而随龄期的延长出现降低的规律.固废基固化剂固化粉煤灰-土的水稳定性系数后期要优于水泥固化粉煤灰-土的水稳定性系数.

焚烧飞灰-水泥协同处置软土冻融与干湿循环下强度及环境耐久性分析

焚烧飞灰的处置成为社会越来越关心的热点,实现其资源化是当下研究的热门。以广西某填埋场的生活垃圾焚烧飞灰为主要研究对象,对标准养护条件下飞灰-水泥-软土体系进行干湿及冻融循环处理,通过无侧限抗压强度试验、翻转振荡试验及酸中和试验探究飞灰-水泥土的强度、环境及耐久性。结果表明,掺加飞灰的试样养护完毕均能满足二级公路基层强度要求,3种配合比下的试样质量损失良好,并呈现较强的酸缓冲能力。通过水平振荡毒性测试,对目标重金属Pb, Cu和Cd的释放毒性进行探究,低于地下水Ⅳ类水限值,环境影响较小,最后对飞灰用于道路路基加固的经济和社会效益进行评估,较可观。

飞灰-污染土基陶粒重金属固化机理研究

本试验采用垃圾焚烧飞灰协同重金属污染土制备陶粒,研究烧结工艺对陶粒机械性能和重金属迁移转化的影响。结果表明,适量添加水洗飞灰可降低陶粒的熔融点,陶粒更易形成液相。提高烧结温度和烧结时间均使陶粒内部的液相增多,堆积密度上升,吸水率降低。最佳烧结工艺为:在400℃预热10 min,1150℃烧结20 min。制备的陶粒吸水率为8.20%,堆积密度为965 kg/m^(3);重金属浸出达标,残渣态占比最高。烧结过程中产生的玻璃相将重金属包裹,重金属与Si-Al矿物反应形成稳定的硅铝酸盐,共同作用固化陶粒中的重金属。

不同含盐量的石灰粉煤灰固化石油污染土抗剪性能试验研究

为研究石油污染土的剪切特性,以不同含盐量的固化石油污染滨海盐渍土为研究对象,对石灰、粉煤灰稳定碎石固化石油污染土进行力学强度性能试验与微观分析。研究结果表明:随含盐量的增大,石灰粉煤灰固化石油污染土(简称污染土)的黏聚力和内摩擦角均先增大后减小;含盐量相同,污染土的黏聚力和内摩擦角均随石灰、粉煤灰质量分数的增大而先增大后减小,随石油质量分数的增大而减小;含盐量为1%,石油、粉煤灰、石灰质量分数分别为4%、20%、10%时,污染土的黏聚力和内摩擦角最大;污染土的应力-应变曲线在不同石灰、粉煤灰、石油质量分数下均先增大后减小并趋于稳定;不同含盐量下,污染土的微观结构特征和宏观土样抗剪强度参数的变化规律一致。

水泥加固粉煤灰围岩三轴蠕变试验研究

隧道围岩的蠕变变形关系着其长期安全运营.为保证隧道围岩开挖后的蠕变稳定性,开挖前需使用水泥搅拌桩对粉煤灰软弱地层进行超前加固处理.但目前有关粉煤灰水泥土蠕变特性的研究较为缺乏.采用FLAC3D模拟隧道开挖得到围岩应力状态,基于此对加固后的粉煤灰水泥土围岩,进行室内三轴蠕变试验以研究围岩的蠕变特性.试验结果表明:偏应力载荷作用下,水泥加固后试样与重塑试样蠕变过程具有明显的差异性,加固后试样稳定蠕变阶段速率小于重塑试样,且加固后试样蠕变应变较小,最大可降低96.6%;此外,当偏应力超过试样的长期强度时,重塑试样提前进入蠕变加速阶段,而隧道围岩在经过水泥加固后,隧道各位置围岩的蠕变量同比减小70.2%以上.隧道围岩所受荷载与其长期强度之间的大小关系,决定了围岩的蠕变状态.

早强型粉煤灰改性土力学特性及强度预测模型分析

由于硅酸盐水泥在生产过程中容易造成严重的资源消耗,因此粉煤灰常被用来部分替代水泥固化剂。但是粉煤灰由于自身的低活性,其改性土强度的形成,通常需要较长的养护周期。因此采用一种早强型粉煤灰基固化剂,通过一系列的无侧限抗压强度试验,探究了改性土无侧限抗压强度与固化剂掺量、养护龄期、改性土孔隙率等参数的变化规律。试验结果表明,早强型粉煤灰改性土7 d无侧限抗压强度可以达到28 d强度的80%~90%。基于试验结果,建立了基于孔隙率/掺量两个参数的强度预测公式,并进一步提出了预测公式的折减系数。