A Simple Cement Hydration Model Considering the Influences ofWater-to-Cement Ratio and Mineral Composition

A simple hydration model is used here by taking the composition of the cement and the initial water: cementratio (w/c) into account explicitly. Its conceptual basis is a combination of the Avrami equation and Bentz’s modelbased on simple spatial considerations. In this model, the Avrami equation determines the initial reaction, andBentz’s model describes the following hydration stage. The model favors engineers for it relies on one experimentalparameter and has a reliable approximation in the practice.

Form and Mechanism of Sulfate Attack on Cement-based Material Made of Limestone Powder at Low Water-binder Ratio under Low Temperature Conditions

The development of strength and the form of attack of cement-based material made of limestone powder at low water-binder ratio under low-temperature sulfate environment were studied. The results indicate that when water-binder ratio is lower than 0.40, the cement-based material with limestone powder has insignificant change in appearance after being soaked in 10% magnesium sulfate solution at low temperature for 120 d, and has significant change in appearance after being soaked at the age of 200 d. Expansion damage and exfoliation occur on the surface of concrete test cube at different levels. When limestone powder accounts for about 28 percent of cementitious material, with the decrease of water-binder ratio, the compressive strength loss has gradually decreased after the material is soaked in the magnesium sulfate solution at low temperature at the age of 200 d. After the specimen with the water-binder ratio of less than 0.4 and the limestone powder volume of greater than 20% is soaked in 10% magnesium sulfate solution at low temperature at the age of 200 d, gypsum attack-led destruction is caused to the concrete test cube, without thaumasite sulfate attack.

Evolution of distribution and content of water in cement paste by low field nuclear magnetic resonance

The low field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), as a nondestructive and noninvasive technique, was employed to investigate the water distribution and content in cement paste with different water-to-cement ratio (w/c ratio) during early and later hydration stages. From the water distribution spectrum deduced from relaxation time distribution in paste, it is suggested that the water fills in the capillary pores at initial period, and then diffuses to the mesopores and gel pores in hydration products with the hydration proceeding. The decrease of peak area in water distribution spectrum reflects the transformation from physically bound water to chemically bound water. In addition, based on the connection between relaxation time and pore size, the relative content changes of water in various states and constrained in different types of pores were also measured. The results demonstrate that it is influenced by the formation of pore system and the original water-to-cement ratio in the paste. Consequently, the relative content of capillary water is dropped to less than 2% in the paste with low w/c ratio of 0.3 when being hydrated for 1 d, while the contents are still 16% and 36% in the pastes with w/c ratios of 0.4 and 0.5, respectively.

Size effect on cubic and prismatic compressive strength of cement paste

A series of compression tests were conducted on 150 groups of cement paste specimens with side lengths ranging from 40 mm to 200 mm. The specimens include cube specimens and prism specimens with height to width ratio of 2. The experiment results show that size effect exists in the cubic compressive strength and prismatic compressive strength of the cement paste, and larger specimens resist less in terms of strength than smaller ones. The cubic compressive strength and the prismatic compressive strength of the specimens with side length of 200 mm are respectively about 91% and 89% of the compressive strength of the specimens with the side length of 40 mm. Water to binder ratio has a significant influence on the size effect of the compressive strengths of the cement paste. With a decrease in the water to binder ratio, the size effect is significantly enhanced. When the water to binder ratio is 0.2, the size effects of the cubic compressive strength and the prismatic compressive strength of the cement paste are 1.6 and 1.4 times stronger than those of a water to binder ratio of 0.6. Furthermore, a series of formulas are proposed to calculate the size effect of the cubic compressive strength and the prismatic compressive strength of cement paste, and the results of the size effect predicted by the formulas are in good agreement with the experiment results.

Effect of W/C ratio and cover thickness on polarization characteristics of embedded steel in mortar

The effects of cover thickness and W/C(water-to-cement) ratio on polarization properties of embedded steel bar were investigated with electrochemical methods.Corrosion potentials shift to the noble direction with increasing the cover thickness.In addition,when the cover thickness increasingly becomes thinner and thinner,effect of the W/C ratio on variation of corrosion potential increases as well.Impedance value at 100 kHz indicating the resistance of cover thickness increases with the decrement of W/C ratio as well as the increment of cover thickness.However,in the case of W/C ratio at 0.6,impedance at 10 mHz shows the relatively larger value than that at W/C ratio of 0.4 or 0.5 in the range of cover thickness from 4 to 8 cm,which is probably expected that oxide film built up on the surface of steel bar due to strong alkali environment by hydration reaction with increasing W/C ratio is performed as the resistance polarization.It is also observed that liquid junction potential tends to increase with decreasing W/C ratio.

Characterisation of Early Age Deformations in Cement Paste: Case of Chemical and Autogenous Shrinkage

Concrete is commonly seen as a durable and long-lasting construction material. However, the long-term performance of a concrete structure can be greatly compromised by early-age cracking. This work is an experimental contribution to study early age deformations of cement paste. Its aim is, firstly, to develop an experimental dispositive for assessing chemical and autogenous shrinkage, and secondly, to measure these volumetric deformations in cement paste. The setup was done following the gravimetric method of measurement, which exploits the Archimedes’ principle. It is made up of an electronic balance, a data accusation unit, a temperature control unit and a buoyancy bath. Investigations were done on Portland cement (CPA-CEM II) at the following W/C ratios: 0.25, 0.3, 0.35, 0.4 and 0.5. It was noticed that the water-cement ratio does not influence the magnitude of the chemical shrinkage in a significant manner but had a kinetic effect;a lower W/C induces a faster rate of chemical shrinkage. Autogenous shrinkage was discovered to be highly inversely proportional to the W/C and was also noticed to be in a function of chemical shrinkage within the first 2 to 4 hours when the paste was still liquid.

Comprehensive Analysis of the Effects of Superplasticizer Variation on the Workability and Strength of Ready-Mix Concrete

This experimental study aims to examine the influence of many crucial parameters on the workability and compressive strength of Ready-Mix Concrete (RMC). The study utilized two distinct varieties of superplasticizers obtained from the local market. The fine aggregates utilized in this study were sourced from Sylhet sand, whereas the coarse aggregates were comprised of boulder crushed stone chips. The experimental procedures adhered to the requirements outlined by ASTM. A comprehensive investigation was conducted on a range of concrete compositions that used diverse chemical admixtures. The slump test was performed at regular intervals of 15 minutes until the slump value reached or fell below 3 cm after the mixing of the concrete. In the scenario involving two-stage admixture dosage, the second stage of admixture was introduced once the slump reached or dropped below 3 cm, following which the casting process was initiated. The process of curing concrete specimens consists of two distinct stages: the main stage and the final stage. Cylindrical specimens, with a diameter of 4 inches and a height of 8 inches, were manufactured for the purpose of evaluating their compressive strength at both 7 and 28 days. During the experimental trials, the water-cement (w/c) ratio was kept consistent, while different dosages of admixture were applied. The findings of the study indicate that the utilization of a two-stage dose of admixture resulted in enhanced and extended workability, along with higher strength of the concrete in comparison to specimens that did not incorporate any admixture. This research study enhances the comprehension of optimizing qualities of ready-mix concrete (RMC) by varying the superplasticizer, providing useful insights for the building sector.

矿渣水泥基复合材料在杂散电流作用下的抗软水溶蚀机理研究

在轨道交通工程运营期间,复杂的服役环境导致混凝土结构耐久性下降。本文主要研究了在杂散电流与软水溶蚀耦合作用下,矿渣掺量、水胶比和杂散电流电压强度对矿渣水泥基复合材料微观结构的影响。结合X射线衍射、热重、扫描电子显微镜和压汞等方法,分析了矿渣水泥基复合材料经溶蚀90 d后的物相组成、Ca(OH)_(2)含量、微观形貌以及孔结构变化。研究结果表明:矿渣掺量越大,矿渣水泥基复合材料内部的Ca(OH)_(2)含量越少,材料的孔隙率越低,结构更均匀致密;随着杂散电流电压强度的增加,矿渣水泥基复合材料内部的Ca(OH)_(2)和AFt含量变少,且AFt和Ca(OH)_(2)等物相边界变得模糊不清;矿渣水泥基复合材料中C-(A)-S-H的含量略有增多,孔隙率略有下降;随着水胶比的增大,矿渣水泥基复合材料内部的Ca(OH)_(2)含量变少,剩余物相含量变少,微观结构变得松散多孔,孔径结构整体粗化,孔隙率增大。

透水混凝土力学性能影响因素的研究进展与分析

为保证工程建设的安全性和有效性,充分了解不同因素对透水混凝土力学性能的影响机理,总结了近年来国内外关于水灰比、砂率、掺合料种类及掺量、骨料粒径等因素对透水混凝土力学性能影响的研究成果,分析了现有研究中存在的不足和尚未解决的问题,并基于透水混凝土细观损伤机理和力学行为,指出了未来进一步研究方向。

水泥浆拌和固化二氧化碳对水泥性能的影响

为研究水泥浆拌和固化二氧化碳对水泥性能的影响,将不同状态二氧化碳以不同掺量加入新拌水泥,测试水泥浆的固碳效果和强度,并采用TG-DTG、MIP、SEM等表征方法,探究二氧化碳对水泥浆体强度和微观结构的影响机理。结果表明,当水灰比为0.50、气态二氧化碳掺量为1.5%(质量分数)时,水泥的抗压强度和二氧化碳固化效果最佳,3、7 d抗压强度提升100%,28 d抗压强度提升139.6%。掺入二氧化碳后,100~600 nm的孔几乎消失,100 nm以下的孔明显增多,水泥内部的有害孔减少,水泥硬化浆体内部孔结构得到改善。二氧化碳加速水泥早期水化反应,水化产物的生长状态和结合方式得到优化,实现水泥基材料的固碳强化。

煤矸石机制砂C20混凝土力学性能研究

为探究煤矸石机制砂对低强度等级C20混凝土力学性能的影响,调控煤矸石机制砂掺量和水灰比浇筑混凝土试块,开展抗压和抗折强度试验。结果表明:相同水灰比下,随煤矸石机制砂掺量增加,混凝土的抗压强度先增强后降低;相同取代率下,混凝土的抗压和抗折强度随水灰比增大而降低。相较于煤矸石机制砂取代率,水灰比对混凝土抗折强度的影响更大。取代率不超过30%时,对混凝土的抗压和抗折强度均有利,水灰比为0.55、取代率为25%时,混凝土抗压和抗折强度提高最多。

地聚合物注浆材料的制备工艺及病害公路加固中的应用研究

为提高病害路面修复效率和修复效果,利用矿渣、粉煤灰、偏高岭土、碱激发剂等材料制备一种早期强度高、收缩性小、工作性能优异的地聚合物,并将其应用到实际工程中。结果表明,当采用矿渣∶粉煤灰∶偏高岭土=3∶5∶2制备地聚合物粉料时,碱最佳掺量为8%,碱激发剂最佳模数为1.4,最佳水灰比为0.32;最佳注浆参数为:注浆压力0.6 MPa,注浆孔距为150 cm,注浆量为70~120 kg/m^(2);利用制备的地聚合物对某病害路段进行注浆加固处理,加固完成7 d后,可以将加固路段的平均弯沉值从39.1 mm降至21.8 mm,路面结构得到有效加强,加固效果良好,具有十分明显的社会和工程经济效益。

静态破碎剂性能分析及致裂效果实验研究

为解决现有煤矿井工开采过程中预裂爆破安全性低、适用性差以及水压致裂条件苛刻,破岩效果弱的问题,提出静态致裂的方法,通过研究不同影响条件下静态破碎剂的反应状态和致裂效果,对不同拌合水温、水灰比条件下的静态破碎剂反应温度、反应时间、反应体积变化、岩样致裂效果、应力变化进行了研究。结果表明:水灰比一定,静态破碎剂完全反应时间随拌合水温升高而降低,但最终反应完全后温度不变;相同拌合水温条件下,水灰比越小,静态破碎剂反应时间越短,反应速率越快;水灰比越小,混凝土试件开裂时间越短,水灰比越大,开裂时间越长,开裂效果与裂缝位置有关,块体应变呈现先增后减的趋势。

转体PC斜拉桥混凝土构件的力学性能研究

为了提高PC斜拉桥混凝土构件的力学性能,共设计了18组替代率及水灰比不尽相同再生砖粉浆体的混凝土试件,研究了水灰比和再生砖粉浆体替代率对混凝土试件破坏特征、应力-应变曲线和单轴抗压强度的影响。结果表明,再生砖粉主要由SiO_(2)、Al_(2)O_(3)、Fe_(2)O_(3)和CaO组成,经过过筛后呈不规则形状。低水灰比条件下,再生砖粉混凝土试件呈现脆性破坏特征,在较高的水灰比条件下,再生砖粉混凝土试件呈韧性断裂特征。在相同水灰比条件下,再生砖粉浆体替代率的升高会增加28 d单轴抗压强度。再生砖粉浆体的添加,可以在混凝土制备过程中与水泥等发生水化反应而形成C-S-H等用于填充混凝土的间隙,且再生砖粉浆体替代率的增加,密实度提高的同时可以抵抗更大的外加应力。

机制砂全再生粗骨料混凝土的力学性能

为探究骨料类型、水灰比与石粉含量对机制砂全再生粗骨料混凝土力学性能的影响,制备了不同石粉质量分数(5%、10%和15%)和不同水灰比(0.50、0.37和0.32)的全再生骨料混凝土试件.以72个立方体试件用于抗压强度试验,72个圆柱体试件用于弹性模量试验.结果表明,合理的石粉含量能有效提高再生骨料混凝土的力学性能,但在不同的水灰比下,最佳石粉含量存在差异;当水灰比和石粉含量双因素交互作用时,水灰比为0.32、石粉质量分数为15%的再生混凝土力学性能达到最优.构建了机制砂再生粗骨料混凝土抗压强度、弹性模量与水灰比、石粉含量的关系模型,计算结果的标准差与离散系数均不超过5%,模型精度良好.研究成果可为提高再生骨料混凝土力学性能及其工程应用提供理论依据.

养护方式对活性氧化镁水泥水化硬化性能的影响

活性氧化镁水泥(RMC)由MgO与水和CO_(2)反应而凝结硬化,是一种近年来备受关注的新型胶凝材料。RMC样品水化、碳化过程受养护方式和含水率影响显著,本文对比研究了标准养护((20±1)℃、95%相对湿度)、水养((20±1)℃)和碳化养护((20±3)℃、70%相对湿度、20%(体积分数)CO_(2))对水灰比为0.5、0.6、0.7的RMC的性能的影响,探究了其水化、碳化反应产物物相种类、含量及微观形貌特征。结果表明,在标准养护和水养条件下,反应3 d时各水灰比样品中MgO剩余含量为10%~15%(质量分数),反应14 d时MgO几乎没有剩余。当水灰比为0.6时,标准养护和水养14 d时净浆抗压强度分别为7.7和3.2 MPa。碳化养护下净浆强度优于标准养护和水养下净浆(3 d时三者抗压强度分别为16.19、0.42和0.43 MPa,14 d时分别为22.34、7.46和7.23 MPa);定量分析结果显示,各水灰比净浆碳化养护产物主要是MgCO_(3)·3H_(2)O,水灰比为0.6时,样品中MgCO_(3)·3H_(2)O生成量比水灰比为0.5和0.7样品高12.12%和11.29%,这些针棒状MgCO_(3)·3H_(2)O相互搭接形成致密结构是该样品宏观抗压强度最优的主要原因。

风电塔筒用C80高性能混凝土配合比设计研究

本文以天津地区某混凝土塔筒工程实例为依托,对C80截锥状塔筒用混凝土的配合比进行优化设计,研究水胶比和砂率对混凝土工作性能、力学性能及表观效果的影响。综合各项性能测试结果表明:当C80截锥状塔筒用混凝土的水胶比为0.22,砂率为32%时,混凝土的工作性能、力学性能较优,且能够满足工程实际需求,可为该类现场预制塔筒构件用高强高性能混凝土的配合比设计提供技术参考。

低水胶比水泥浆体静动态流变行为的经时变化

基于浆体流动度、静态屈服应力以及小振幅振荡模式下储能模量,研究不同水胶比以及减水剂用量对浆体静动态流变行为经时变化的影响机制,探讨低水胶比浆体的静动态流变行为。研究结果表明:通过调整减水剂用量获得的初始流动度相同但水胶比不同的浆体,流动性经时变化存在显著的差异。极低水胶比浆体的流动性经时损失更为显著;但高减水剂用量时,浆体的流动性经时损失较小。基于静态屈服应力和储能模量G′表征了浆体静态流变行为的发展,发现颗粒胶体作用力和水化产物的桥接作用共同决定了浆体微观结构强度发展。低水胶比浆体的静态屈服应力和储能模量随时间延长增长更加显著。增加减水剂用量,可增大颗粒间距,抑制早期水化,有利于延缓颗粒网络强度发展。影响静动态流变行为内在机制的不同导致了浆体的静动态性能经时变化存在显著差异,其中水化产物的桥接作用是关键因素。

不同水灰比条件下碳酸钙晶须对水泥净浆收缩性能的影响

为探究碳酸钙晶须对水泥净浆收缩性能的影响,分别测试了3种水灰比试样在不同龄期的干燥收缩、化学收缩和自收缩,并采用X射线衍射(XRD)和压汞法(MIP)分别分析了自收缩试样的物相和孔隙结构变化特性。结果表明:碳酸钙晶须在水泥基体中具有吸附和转移自由水的特性;在不同水灰比条件下,碳酸钙晶须对干燥收缩的影响不同,且影响程度与其掺量呈正相关关系;化学收缩随碳酸钙晶须掺量呈先升后降的变化趋势;碳酸钙晶须对自收缩具有明显的改善作用,尤其是早期自收缩,且水灰比的提高使碳酸钙晶须对早期自收缩的改善效果更加显著;碳酸钙晶须细化了孔隙结构,且未生成新的水化产物。

石灰石粉-矿渣混凝土的碳化性能及可靠性分析

为探究石灰石粉及矿渣对混凝土碳化性能以及可靠性的影响,以掺合料比例、水胶比、石粉比表面积以及龄期为参数进行快速碳化试验,得出了试验环境和自然环境下的碳化预测模型,由此展开自然碳化下的可靠性预测分析,并以分析得到的可靠度指标为因变量,选取混凝土的水胶比、保护层厚度、石粉的掺量以及龄期4个自变量设计正交试验,对4个因素的重要性进行判定。结果表明:掺加石粉或矿渣后混凝土抗碳化能力均有所降低,其中以单掺20%石粉的混凝土抗碳化能力下降最为明显。石灰石粉-矿渣混凝土抗碳化能力随着水胶比的减小、石灰石粉比表面积的增大而变强。掺加不同比例的矿物掺合料对碳化结构可靠性均有一定减弱影响,对碳化结构可靠性的影响程度为水胶比>碳化龄期>混凝土保护层厚度>石灰石粉掺量,其中水胶比大小、石灰石粉掺量大小、碳化龄期长短与可靠度指标大小负相关,保护层厚度大小与可靠度指标大小呈正相关。