Drop weight impact analysis of GFRP tubes with hollow glass particle-filled matrix

Protecting occupants or payloads in crashes and blasts is of utmost importance in both moving and immobile structures.One way of achieving this is by using a sacrificial energy absorber.Composite tubes have been studied as potential energy absorbers due to their ability to fail progressively under axial compression.In this study,the energy absorption capability of these tubes is enhanced by adding hollow glass particles to the matrix.Drop-weight tests are performed on composite tubes,and a digital image correlation(DIC)-based technique is used to capture their load-displacement behaviour.This eliminates the use of electronic data acquisition systems,load cells,and accelerometers.The load-displacement curves of the tubes are obtained from the DIC-based technique and examined to understand their crushing behaviour.Although the mean crush load shows a drop,an increase in crush length is noticed.The specific energy absorbed by the tubes improves with an increase in GMB volume fraction.The addition of 0.1,0.2,0.3 and 0.4 vol fractions of GMB results in the specific energy absorption increasing by6.6%,14.7%,24%and 36.6%,respectively,compared to neat glass fibre-epoxy tubes.Visual examination of the tubes and comparison with tubes subject to quasi-static compression is also performed.

Mechanical properties and energy absorption properties of aluminum foam-filled square tubes

Longitudinal and transverse mechanical properties and energy absorption properties of foam-filled square tubes under quasi-static loading conditions were studied.The foam-filled thin-walled square tube was fabricated with aluminum tube as its shell and closed-cell Al-Mg alloy foam as its core.The results indicated that the plateau region of the load-displacement curve exhibited a marked fluctuant serration which was clearly related to the formation of folds.The longitudinal deforming mode of foam-filled square tube was the same as that of the empty tube,but the fold number of foam-filled square tube was more than that of the empty tube.The longitudinal compression load and energy absorption value of foam-filled square tube were higher than the sum of that of aluminum foam (alone) and empty tube (alone) due to the interaction between tube and filler.In transverse direction,the compression load and energy absorption ability of foam-filled square tubes were significantly lower than those in longitudinal direction.

Low-velocity impact of rectangular foam-filled fiber metal laminate tubes

Through theoretical analysis and finite element simulation,the low-velocity impact of rectangular foam-filled fiber metal laminate(FML)tubes is studied in this paper.According to the rigid-plastic material approximation with modifications,simple analytical solutions are obtained for the dynamic response of rectangular foam-filled FML tubes.The numerical calculations for low-velocity impact of rectangular foam-filled FML tubes are conducted.The accuracy of analytical solutions and numerical results is verified by each other.Finally,the effects of the metal volume fraction of FMLs,the number of the metal layers in FMLs,and the foam strength on the dynamic response of foam-filled tubes are discussed through the analytical model in details.It is shown that the force increases with the increase in the metal volume fraction in FMLs,the number of the metal layers in FML,and the foam strength for the given deflection.

THE INTERACTION BETWEEN SHOCK WAVES AND FOAM IN A SHOCK TUBE

An experimental study and a numerical simulation were conducted to investigate the mechanical and thermodynamic processes involved in the interaction between shock waves and low density foam. The experiment was done in a stainless shock tube (80 mm in inner diameter, 10 mm in wall thickness and 5 360 mm in length). The velocities of the incident and reflected compression waves in the foam were measured by using piezo-ceramic pressure sensors. The end-wall peak pressure behind the reflected wave in the foam was measured by using a crystal piezoelectric sensor. It is suggested that the high end-wall pressure may be caused by a rapid contact between the foam and the end-wall surface. Both open-cell and closed-cell foams with different length and density were tested. Through comparing the numerical and experimental end-wall pressure, the permeability coefficients α and β are quantitatively determined.

Experiment and Numerical Simulation on the Dynamic Response of Foam-Filled Tubes Under Lateral Blast Loading

The dynamic response and energy absorption performance of foam-filled tubes under lateral external blast loading were investigated experimentally and numerically.A series of blast tests for the foam-filled tubes with different geometric parameters were carried out by the use of the ballistic pendulum system.Experimental results were compared with the numerical simulation results employing the software ABAQUS.The results showed that the finite element(FE)analysis was in good agreement with the experimental data.The effects of the diameter and wall thickness of the outer tube,the TNT explosive charge mass,and the standoff distance on the deformation modes,the blast resistance,and the energy absorption performance of the foam-filled tubes were investigated.Three deformation modes of the foam-filled tubes were observed under the lateral external blast loading,including local plastic deformation,large plastic deformation with an elliptic shape,and the tearing of the outer tube.The result revealed that the introduction of the foam core played a vital role in the deflection and energy absorption capacity of the structure.This study provided effective guidelines for designing foam-filled tubes with high energy absorption efficiency.

多壁管增强泡沫铝结构动态响应及吸能性能研究

为了提高泡沫铝吸能性能,该文将多壁管及泡沫铝材料相结合,提出了一种多壁管增强泡沫铝结构.通过Hopkinson压杆试验以及有限元分析软件ABAQUS/Explicit,研究了泡沫铝、多壁管及其增强泡沫铝的动态压溃特性.对比分析了泡沫铝复合多壁管前后的变形模式、吸能性能,并讨论了多壁管增强泡沫铝的应变率效应以及应变率对多壁管增强泡沫铝耦合增强作用的影响.研究表明,有限元仿真能够较好地模拟试验结果.测试结果表明所采用的泡沫铝应变率效应不明显,而多壁管及多壁管增强泡沫铝应变率效应较为明显,在高应变率下其能量吸收可进一步提升.在动态冲击条件下,多壁管增强泡沫铝峰值力相比单一多壁管或泡沫有明显的耦合增强,其能量吸收相比单一多壁管及泡沫铝能量吸收之和提升10.34%.通过研究多壁管增强泡沫铝的动态压溃特性,可为承载吸能构件的应用提供依据和参考.

阻燃软质聚氨酯泡沫燃烧烟气毒性的研究

材料燃烧的烟气释放受到材料成分和燃烧环境等诸多因素影响。为了研究阻燃剂和通风条件对软质聚氨酯泡沫(FPUF)燃烧烟气特性的影响,首先合成了一种添加型阻燃剂(DOPO-DICY),另选用两种典型的商用阻燃剂:甲基磷酸二甲酯(DMMP)、三聚氰胺(MEL),共制备了3种FPUF复合材料。通过垂直燃烧、极限氧指数、锥形量热仪等测试,对比了样品的阻燃性能。通过稳态管式炉(SSTF)调整一次进气量进行了贫氧、当量、富氧三种通风条件下的稳态燃烧测试,发现三种阻燃剂的加入均会增加稳态燃烧的烟气释放,但DMMP-MEL和DOPO-DICY均具有抑制CO生成的效果,同时证明了通风条件的变化也会影响FPUF的CO和CO_(2)的生成量。

一种组合式二级缓冲吸能装置的吸能特性研究

基于胀管和泡沫铝的缓冲吸能特性,以能量吸收值为设计目标,提出了一种新型二级缓冲吸能装置设计方法,并通过准静态压缩试验和落锤冲击试验验证了该方法的有效性。试验结果表明:该二级装置可实现预期的多级梯度应力平台。建立了二级缓冲吸能装置的有限元模型,通过仿真分析其在不同冲击工况下的动态响应和能量变化特征,该装置泡沫铝和胀管部分吸能占比可达80%,且更换主要耗能部分后其余构件可实现重复使用,并针对其失效模式提出优化方法,有效增加耗能材料的利用率和装置的整体稳定性。

高温环境下多壁管增强泡沫铝压溃行为的理论分析与数值模拟研究

通过理论和数值模拟方法研究了新型高效吸能结构——多壁管增强泡沫铝在高温环境下的压溃特性及能量吸收性能。采用能量法预测了多壁管增强泡沫铝的轴向压缩平均力,在此基础上研究了温度以及泡沫铝与多壁管材料流动应力之比对结构吸能效率的影响。结果表明:理论预测值与有限元结果吻合较好,最大误差值为-6.7%;环境温度从室温上升至350℃,温度升高导致材料力学性能下降,多壁管增强泡沫铝平均力下降了1/3;另外,流动应力之比会影响多壁管半折叠波长或塑性铰数目,因此通过控制合适的流动应力之比可以提高结构吸能效率。

空心管型泡沫铝吸声性能的数值模拟分析

为了提高多孔泡沫铝材料的吸声性能,将泡沫铝加工成空心管型结构。首先,利用声学阻抗管测试系统获取吸声系数;其次,基于JCA声学模型,采用COMSOL软件对空心管型泡沫铝进行仿真模拟以获取吸声系数,将吸声系数仿真结果与试验结果进行对比,验证仿真模型的可靠性;最后,通过声压云图和能量耗散云图对空心管型泡沫铝内部声场进行分析,并进一步通过数值模拟探究空心管参数对吸声性能的影响规律。研究结果表明:该空心管型结构属于共振式吸声结构;当声波的频率和结构中固有频率相同时,声波激励结构振动的振幅最大,导致大量的声能被消耗,从而起到吸声的作用;对于空心管型泡沫铝结构,可以通过增大空心管的半径、增加空心管的数量来提高吸声系数;在1000~6300 Hz的频率范围内,背后添加空腔的空心管型泡沫铝结构的平均吸声系数相较于背后添加空腔的均质型泡沫铝结构的平均吸声系数提高了26%。

泡沫铝复合结构隔声性能的仿真和实验研究

泡沫铝材料在交通运输、航天和建筑隔声等方面具有广阔的应用前景,然而单层泡沫铝其内部孔径和孔隙率不同严重影响了材料的隔声效果。构造两种复合结构,分别采用COMSOL软件仿真和实验室阻抗管测试两种手段对隔声性能进行了研究,结果表明:泡沫铝-玻璃纤维吸音棉复合结构在低频和中高频的隔声性能有一定的改进,而对于泡沫铝-三聚氰胺海绵复合结构,其隔声性能在各个频段均得到了极大提升,平均隔声量提升了将近6.8dB。

泡沫铝复合结构的制备研究进展与展望

泡沫铝是一种含有大量孔洞的多功能多孔金属材料,具备减震吸能、电磁屏蔽、隔热、阻尼、降噪等特性。由于其力学性能和耐腐蚀性能较差,研究人员多以密实金属材料作为面板或外壁提升泡沫铝的综合性能。泡沫铝夹芯板结构和泡沫铝填充管结构作为泡沫铝复合结构的两种形式,具有显著的吸能特性与结构强度。现如今,泡沫铝复合结构因生产效率低、产品尺寸小、界面结合强度差以及制备成本高等问题,其快速发展与行业推广受到了限制。首先综述了有关泡沫铝复合结构的制备方法,包括泡沫铝夹芯板结构的胶粘连接、螺栓连接、焊接连接及粉末冶金连接等方法,泡沫铝填充管结构的原位制备法和非原位制备法,并在此基础上介绍了泡沫铝复合结构的力学性能以及不同制备方法的局限性。最后,简要分析了泡沫铝复合结构在土木工程领域应用的可行性,并对其进行了总结与展望。

矩形泡沫铝填充镀锌钢管静态压缩性能研究

采用94个试验方案,研究了泡沫铝填充矩形镀锌钢管在静态压缩下的性能。对试验结果进行分析可知,矩形泡沫铝填充镀锌钢管在静态压缩过程中经历了弹性阶段和屈服平台阶段,其平均压溃载荷、极限压溃载荷和吸能能力随着泡沫铝相对密度和钢管厚度的增加而增加,而其受构件长度的影响较小,特别是平均压溃载荷几乎无变化,极限压溃载荷随构件长度增大而略有减少。同时将试验结果与理论公式进行了比较,两者数值非常吻合。

泡沫铝填充多胞薄壁圆锥管轴向耐撞性分析

建立了一款新型泡沫铝填充多胞圆锥管(aluminum foam-filled multi-cell conical tube, AFMCT)。基于LS-DYNA软件建立AFMCT有限元模型,采用准静态压缩实验验证,研究胞元数、锥角、壁厚以及泡沫铝密度等参数对AFMCT吸能特性的影响规律。结果表明:AFMCT具有较规整的变形模式,受结构参数的影响不大;壁厚的增大对结构吸能能力的影响最大;胞元数和锥角其次;泡沫铝密度影响最小。研究结果可为薄壁管吸能装置的设计提供参考。

Synthesis of a novel Al foam with a periodic architecture by introducing hollow Al tubes and Al/Mg powders

In this work,we synthesized a brand-new Al foam with a periodic structure via a simple powder metallurgical route.The periodic architecture consists of both hierarchical porous and bi-directional composition-graded structures.The results show that the hierarchical porous material includes large pores on millimeter scale inheriting from the hollow structure of the Al tubes,and small pores on mi-crometer scale produced by the sintering of Al/Mg powders.The bi-directional Mg concentration-graded structure is formed in the tube walls due to the condensation of Mg vapor in the inner tube wall.The addition of Mg powders achieves excellent metallurgical bonding between the Al powders and the hollow tubes at 550℃.The plateau stress and energy absorption capacity of the Al foam in y-axis compression are significantly higher than that in the x-axis due to their anisotropic structure.In general,the Al foam with Mg addition presents the most superior compression performance,and we believe that our find-ings could open up a unique strategy for developing high-performance metallic foams with the periodic architecture involving both hierarchical porous and bi-directional graded structure.

连续管氮气泡沫冲砂技术在新疆油田的应用

新疆油田部分区块的地层压力系数普遍较低,连续管在水平井水力冲砂作业过程中经常面临漏失、井口失返等复杂情况。针对这一问题,采用低密度氮气泡沫液进行连续管冲砂作业,并设计了泡沫冲砂工艺、检测了低密度泡沫液性能。现场应用结果表明,与常规冲砂液相比,泡沫具有低密度,可实现低压或负压循环,减少漏失;氮气泡沫冲砂技术可以满足连续管冲砂的施工以及有效的井筒疏通,保障了连续管冲砂作业的安全高效运行,符合现场施工要求。

Sound absorption property of open-pore aluminum foams

This paper presents a study on sound absorption property of aluminum foam by evaluating its sound absorption coefficients using standing wave tube method. Experimental results showed that the average values of sound absorption coefficients (over the test frequency range) are all above 0.4, which indicate very good sound absorption property of the aluminum foams. The sound absorption coefficient is affected by frequency and pore structure, and reaches its maximum value at around 1 000 Hz. With the increase of porosity and decrease of cell diameter, the sound absorption coefficient values increase.

含泡沫铝填充多胞方管吸能立柱防冲特性数值研究

针对吸能防冲支架已有吸能构件防冲性能不足的问题,提出了一种泡沫铝填充多胞方管结构,根据泡沫材料填充薄壁结构轴向吸能理论得出其压溃平均载荷公式,采用ABAQUS/Explicit完成了普通方管、多胞方管和泡沫铝填充多胞方管轴向冲击仿真,并在此基础上对比研究了普通立柱与吸能立柱的抗冲击性能。结果表明:相对于普通方管和多胞方管,泡沫铝填充多胞方管产生了压溃形态理想的轴对称渐进叠缩变形,变形中初始承载峰值、载荷均值与吸能量均明显提高,有效变形距离减小,载荷波动降低,承载效率提高。随泡沫铝填充率增加,构件有效变形距离与吸能量减小;随泡沫铝孔隙度降低,构件载荷均方差降低,吸能量与承载效率提高。25%填充率下60%孔隙度泡沫铝填充多胞方管是较为理想的吸能防冲构件。普通立柱受冲击后载荷激增,弯曲变形严重,立柱依靠自身变形吸收冲击能量,支护效果较差;而吸能立柱受冲击后吸能构件启动变形让位吸能,大幅度降低了立柱的载荷,吸收了外界大部分的冲击能量,避免了立柱的弯曲变形,提高了支架的抗冲击性能。

泡沫铝填充管的研究进展

泡沫铝填充管是在一个或多个不同横截面形状的薄壁金属管内填充泡沫铝而形成的一种结构功能一体化材料。泡沫铝的填充不仅提高了薄壁金属管的轴向压缩性能和抗弯曲性能,也避免了泡沫铝本身强度不高的劣势。从泡沫铝填充管的制备、结构及性能方面综述了其研究现状,从泡沫铝单管、双管与多管填充的角度分析了结构对泡沫铝填充管压缩和弯曲性能的影响。单管填充泡沫铝改变了薄壁管压缩及弯曲的失效形式,提高了薄壁管的吸能性;双管填充泡沫铝的内管多数以同心管形式排列,在管内部所填充的泡沫铝支撑的基础上,内管进一步支撑起泡沫铝填充管的承载和吸能作用,其压缩及弯曲性能较单管填充更为突出;多管填充泡沫铝在双管基础上进行拓展,可以同心或并列排布,对薄壁管性能的提升各有不同,平行排列的多管结构能量吸收效率高于泡沫铝填充单管,但低于相应的薄壁空管结构。泡沫铝填充管的制备技术通常是分别制取泡沫铝和管材再进行填充,尽管过于单一且工艺复杂,但由于其具有优异的承载和吸能能力,仍然在交通运输、航空航天等领域极具应用潜力。

一种横截面为正五/六边形的四层复合材料管轴向冲击吸能研究

纸瓦楞夹层管为耐撞性问题提供了一种新思路。针对由聚乙烯泡沫对纸瓦楞夹层双管的双填充构型,利用轴向跌落冲击对比试验和参数化分析,重点研究这种四层复合材料管的缓冲吸能特性以及结构和冲击参数的影响。研究结果表明:双填充X轴方向瓦楞夹层双管的塑性平台区明显长于双填充Y轴方向双管,其吸能效果优于双填充Y轴方向双管;随着管横截面边数的增加,双填充双管的比吸能、单位体积吸能、比总体效率、平均压溃应力都下降;随着落锤质量的增加,双填充双管的缓冲吸能特性都递增;管长比为3.0时,双填充X轴方向正五边形双管的总吸能和比吸能分别比正六边形管提高了15.6%和48.8%,而双填充Y轴方向双管分别提高了14.4%和47.9%;管长比为2.2的双填充双管的初始峰值应力高于管长比为1.4和3.0的双填充双管,抗冲击性能更好。