Creation of High Energy/Intensity Bremsstrahlung by a Multi-Target and Focusing of the Scattered Electrons by Small-Angle Backscatter at a Cone Wall and a Magnetic Field—Enhancement of the Outcome of Linear Accelerators in Radiotherapy

The yield of bremsstrahlung (BS) from collisions of fast electrons (energy at least 6 MeV) with a Tungsten target can be significantly improved by exploitation of Tungsten wall scatter in a multi-layered target. A simplified version of a previously developed principle is also able to focus on small angle scattered electrons by a Tungsten wall. It is necessary that the thickness of each Tungsten layer does not exceed 0.04 mm—a thickness of 0.03 mm is suitable for accelerators in medical physics. Further focusing of electrons results from suitable magnetic fields with field strength between 0.5 Tesla and 1.2 Tesla (if the cone with multi-layered targets is rather narrow). Linear accelerators in radiation therapy only need to be focused by wall scatter without further magnetic fields (a standard case: 31 plates with 0.03 mm thickness and 1 mm distance between the plates). We considered three cases with importance in medical physics: A very small cone with an additional magnetic field for focusing (the field diameter at 90 cm depth: 6 cm), a medium cone with an optional magnetic field (field diameter at 90 cm depth: 13 cm) and a broad cone without a magnetic field (the field diameter at 90 cm depth: 30 cm). All these cases can be positioned in a carousel. Measurements have been performed in the existing carousel positioned in the plane of the flattening filter and scatter foils for electrons.

Experimental research on the longitudinal field generated by a tightly focused beam

The longitudinal optical field is a peculiar physical phenomenon that is always involved with the domain of near-field optics. Due to its extraordinary properties, it has recently attracted increasing attention in research and application. In this work, the longitudinal fields generated by the evanescent illumination of tightly focused, different polarized hollow beams are investigated. The focused light fields are numerically simulated according to vector diffraction theory, and their vector analysis is also carried out. The longitudinal fields on the focal plane are demonstrated experimentally using tip-enhanced scanning near-field microscopy. The simulation and experimental results show that the tightly focused radially polarized beam is suited to generating a stronger and purer longitudinal optical field at the focus.

Two dimensional subdiffraction focusing beyond the near-field diffraction limit via metasurface

Near-field plates with the capabilities of modulating the near-field pattern and forcing the incident wave to a subwavelength spot have been experimentally investigated at microwave wavelengths.Their superlensing properties result from the radiationless electromagnetic interference.However, the material's loss and limitations of state-of-the-art nanofabricating technology pose great challenges to scale down the microwave near-field plates to the infrared or optical region.In this paper, a related but alternative approach based on metasurface is introduced which breaks the near-field diffraction limit at mid-infrared region(10.6 μm).The metasurface consists of periodic arrangement of chromium dipolar antennas with the same geometry but spatially varying orientations, which plays the dual roles in achieving the prescribed amplitude modulation and the abrupt π phase change between the subwavelength neighboring elements.As a result, a two dimensional subdiffraction focus as small as 0.037λ~2 at ~0.15λ above the metasurface is presented.In addition, the broadband response and ease fabrication bridge the gap between the theoretical investigation and valuable applications, such as near-field data storage, subdiffraction imaging and nanolithography.

The Near-Field Microwave Focusing in the Layer Mediums

This paper deals with the microwave focusing in the layer mediums near the antenna aperture. Based on the plane-wave spectrum theory, the relationship between the Hertz potential and the electromagnetic field is discussed. An approach to the description of the field distribution in the layer mediums in case of an arbitary field source is proposed. Given the focusing current distribution over the antenna aperture, the field distribution of the focal region is worked out. In describing the field distribution over the focal region, the integration of spectrum functions in the spectrum domain (kx,ky) is carried out instead of the complicated Fresnel integral. The approximations are obtained by the saddle-point integration. Comparison with experimental results demonstrates the validity of the approach.

Superpixel-Based Complex Field Modulation Using a Digital Micromirror Device for Focusing Light through Scattering Media

We present a digital micromirror device（DMD） based superpixel method for focusing light through scattering media by modulating the complex field of incident light. Firstly, we numerically and experimentally investigate focusing light through a scattering sample using the superpixel methods with different target complex fields.Then, single-point and multiple-point focusing experiments are performed using this superpixel-based complex modulation method. In our experiment, up to 71.5% relative enhancement is realized. The use of the DMDbased superpixel method for the control of the complex field of incident light opens an avenue to improve the enhancement of focusing light through scattering media.

Influence of mode conversions in the skull on transcranial focused ultrasound and temperature fields utilizing the wave field separation method： A numerical study

Transcranial focused ultrasound is a booming noninvasive therapy for brain stimuli. The Kelvin–Voigt equations are employed to calculate the sound field created by focusing a 256-element planar phased array through a monkey skull with the time-reversal method. Mode conversions between compressional and shear waves exist in the skull. Therefore, the wave field separation method is introduced to calculate the contributions of the two waves to the acoustic intensity and the heat source, respectively. The Pennes equation is used to depict the temperature field induced by ultrasound. Five computational models with the same incident angle of 0？and different distances from the focus for the skull and three computational models at different incident angles and the same distance from the focus for the skull are studied. Numerical results indicate that for all computational models, the acoustic intensity at the focus with mode conversions is 12.05%less than that without mode conversions on average. For the temperature rise, this percentage is 12.02%. Besides, an underestimation of both the acoustic intensity and the temperature rise in the skull tends to occur if mode conversions are ignored. However, if the incident angle exceeds 30？, the rules of the over-and under-estimation may be reversed. Moreover,shear waves contribute 20.54% of the acoustic intensity and 20.74% of the temperature rise in the skull on average for all computational models. The percentage of the temperature rise in the skull from shear waves declines with the increase of the duration of the ultrasound.

Effect of focused ultrasound stimulation at different ultrasonic power levels on the local field potential power spectrum

Local field potential(LFP) signals of the rat hippocampus were recorded under noninvasive focused ultrasound stimulation(FUS) with different ultrasonic powers. The LFP mean absolute power was calculated with the Welch algorithm at the delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma frequency bands. The experimental results demonstrate that the LFP mean absolute power at different frequency bands increases as the ultrasound power increases.

Near-Field Focusing With Subwavelength Thickness Metalenses via Electromagnetic Susceptibility Models

The design mentality of an optimal metalens model, based on the electromagnetic susceptibility, a synthesis of subwavelength-thick metasurfaces (MSs) is presented in this paper. First, based on the finite difference method of generalized sheet transition conditions, the surface susceptibility function of the MS with spatial discontinuities can be determined. Then, the paper analyzed the remaining corresponding physical field conditions for the scale of metalens. In order to adapt to the physical limitations encountered in the near-field focusing of the metalens, a standard parabolic phase design is proposed in this paper, and its upsides and downsides of the two-phase processing in different aspects are compared. Using COMSOL software with numerical simulation, it can be seen that the standard design can easily obtain high resolution in the near field, while the focusing effect is more stable when the focal length is small by the parabolic phase design.

Semiclassical investigation of Coulomb focusing effects in atomic above-threshold ionization with elliptically polarized laser fields

We investigate atomic above-threshold ionization in elliptically polarized strong laser fields with a semiclassical approach.With increasing laser intensity,the Coulomb focusing（CF） effects are found to become stronger in both parallel and perpendicular directions with respect to the polarization plane.The dependence of CF effects on tunnel exit,initial transverse momentum distribution and laser electric field is analyzed.It was revealed that the effects of tunnel exit are most prominent with variation of the laser intensity,and the other two factors both play non-negligible roles.Our results provide a deeper insight to the recent experiments of Coulomb asymmetry[Shafir D,et al.,2013 Phys.Rev.Lett.111 023005 and Li M,et al,2013 Phys.Rev.Lett.111 023006].

应用于葡萄糖溶液检测的人工电磁超表面结构设计

提出了一种用于葡萄糖浓度检测的电磁近场聚焦人工超表面结构。经人工超表面反射的电磁波近场聚焦位置对介电常数具有高敏感性,据此能够对不同浓度的葡萄糖溶液进行检测。该结构尺寸为400 mm×400 mm×1 mm,由20×20个具有不同电磁波反射相位差的异构人工超表面单元组成。为验证设计的可行性,对不同浓度值的葡萄糖溶液进行了实验测试,结果表明:葡萄糖浓度值的改变将导致溶液相对介电常数的改变,进而对聚焦位置产生显著的影响,溶液相对介电常数变化的检测灵敏度为0.027%。

一维阵列电子注平面聚焦系统磁场分布特性

针对平面集成行波管对一维阵列电子注聚焦的应用需求,设计了4通道电子注平面磁聚焦系统。将各通道磁场轴向和横向分量沿轴分布特征计算结果与测试结果进行对比,确认了Opera软件计算磁场分布特征的准确性。为与轴对称周期永磁(PPM)聚焦系统电子注通道内磁场分布特性进行对比,建立了轴对称PPM聚焦系统模型,测试结果与计算结果一致性较好。通过平面聚焦系统与轴对称PPM聚焦系统电子注通道内的磁场纵向和横向分布特性对比表明,两种聚焦系统电子注通道内纵向和横向磁场具有相同的分布特征,在离轴相同位置的圆周上横向磁场分量与轴向分量的比值均为Bx/Bz≈0.11,该平面聚焦系统可实现一维阵列圆形电子注的良好聚焦。

基于人工电磁超表面的葡萄糖溶液检测装置

提出了一种基于人工电磁超表面结构的葡萄糖浓度检测装置。基于经人工超表面反射的电磁波近场聚焦特性对介电常数具有的高敏感性,实现了对葡萄糖溶液浓度的高精度检测。该人工超表面结构尺寸为400×400×1 mm^(3),由20×20个具有不同电磁波反射相位差的异构人工电磁超表面单元组成。为验证设计的可行性,对不同浓度值的葡萄糖溶液进行了实验测试,结果表明葡萄糖浓度值的改变将导致溶液相对介电常数的改变,进而对聚焦特性产生显著的影响,葡萄糖溶液的最大检测误差低于3.8%,检测线性度优于0.96。

聚焦换能器声场特性的快速检验方法

高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)已在无创肿瘤治疗方面展示出巨大的应用潜力,而换能器聚焦性能的优劣对疗效起到至关重要的作用,因此声场的精确测量成为实际应用的重要保障.由于加工工艺和安装精度的限制,聚焦换能器的实际声场和理想声场可能存在一定偏差.针对传统三维扫描测量存在速度慢和精度低的问题,提出了一种基于双平面双精度测量的聚焦换能器声场特性快速检验方法.通过沿理想z轴的高精度一维扫描确定换能器倾斜角范围,在声压极值点所在横截面内利用低精度和高精度变邻域搜索法实现最大声压点的精准定位,进一步通过焦域内双平面最大声压点构建声场的实际轴线,完成实际声场焦点的精确定位,最后基于实际焦平面内轴向与径向的高精度测量结果,计算获得焦域尺寸、旁瓣大小、分布对称性和声功率等性能参数.利用构建的声场扫描实验系统对聚焦换能器声场进行三维扫描和快速测量,结果表明在相同的测量精度(0.1 mm)下可以有效提高测量速度百倍以上,具有测量速度快、测量精度易于调节和性能分析全面等优点.方法为聚焦换能器检验提供一种高精度的快速声场测量新技术,在超声治疗仪器的检验中具有重要的指导意义与应用价值.

面向高速流场成像的聚焦纹影研究进展

相较于传统的光学流动可视化技术,聚焦纹影技术能对非聚焦区域的流场信息进行模糊化处理,从而反映窄景深内的流场信息,具有高空间分辨率、抗干扰能力强、无需播撒示踪粒子、低成本等特点,这些特点使得聚焦纹影十分适用于高速流场的流动显示和流场测量。本文在对聚焦纹影系统成像的基本原理进行介绍的基础上,以传统聚焦纹影在格栅对准和非定常流动多平面测量方面面临的挑战为出发点,总结了聚焦纹影的国内外相关研究,并进一步展望了聚焦纹影的未来发展。

基于SRIO总线的光纤通信测试系统设计与实现

针对基于线阵电荷耦合元件(CCD)成像原理的调焦调平系统强实时性、高同步性及高数据率的特点,设计了一种基于串行RapidIO总线协议的光纤通信测试系统。该系统以现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)为控制核心,以光纤为传输介质,通过串行RapidIO总线协议完成对调焦调平系统性能验证过程中的指令控制和图像数据传输。基于双存储器(FIFO)缓冲的SRIO接口设计使得该测试系统具有较强的通用性和实用性。测试结果表明,该系统光纤接口数据传输速率达440 MB/s,能够满足调焦调平系统性能验证对数据传输速率及正确性的需求。

CINRAD/SB聚焦线圈与速调管故障诊断、定位与排除实例

为了解决聚焦线圈故障隐蔽、速调管故障诊断复杂的问题,文章在分析速调管、聚焦线圈设计原理的基础上结合CINRAD/SB新一代天气雷达速调管及聚焦线圈组成框图,通过分析关键部件及关键点的指标参数及波形、实测参数及波形,调整关键部件及关键点参数、波形来判断速调管及其外围组件情况,成功分析、定位及排除了CINRAD/SB雷达速调管及聚焦线圈造成的系统高压不准及无回波故障。

彩色叠焦显微颜色空间聚焦评价算法

聚焦评价是叠焦扩展显微景深的关键,为了准确快速地获取叠焦图像序列像素点聚焦位置,生成高质量全聚焦图像,提出了一种基于颜色向量空间的聚焦评价算法。该算法直接在RGB向量空间中计算彩色图像梯度,充分利用了颜色通道间的相关性,避免了传统聚焦评价算法将彩色图转化为灰度图时造成的信息损失,且相较于彩色分量梯度的简单叠加具有更高的准确度;将中心像素与邻域像素在RGB空间的曼哈顿距离均值作为聚焦评价权值,可增强聚焦部分的敏感度,降低离焦部分的评价值,使聚焦评价曲线特性趋向理想化。选取空域、频域和统计学中7种聚焦评价算法与所提算法进行性能对比实验,结果表明:所提算法在仿真图像和真实显微图像中,具有更好的灵敏度、聚焦分辨力和抗噪声能力,曲线特性提升显著,应用于显微镜景深扩展可进一步提升叠焦大景深成像的质量。

Second harmonic generation of metal nanoparticles under tightly focused illumination

The near-field and far-field second harmonic （SH） responses of a metal spherical nanoparticle placed in the focal region of a highly focused beam are investigated by using the calculation model based on three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain （FDTD） method. The results show that off-axis backward-propagating SH response can be reinforced by tightly focusing, due to the increase of the relative magnitude of the longitudinal field component and the phase shift along the propagation direction.

Simulating Underwater Plasma Sound Sources to Evaluate Focusing Performance and Analyze Errors

Focused underwater plasma sound sources are being applied in more and more fields. Focusing performance is one of the most important factors determining transmission distance and peak values of the pulsed sound waves. The sound source’s components and focusing mechanism were all analyzed. A model was built in 3D Max and wave strength was measured on the simulation platform. Error analysis was fully integrated into the model so that effects on sound focusing performance of processing-errors and installation-errors could be studied. Based on what was practical, ways to limit the errors were proposed. The results of the error analysis should guide the design, machining, placement, debugging and application of underwater plasma sound sources.

Simulation on control of beam halo-chaos by power function in the hackle periodic-focusing channel

The K-V beam through a hackle periodic-focusing magnetic field is studied using the particle-core model. The beam halo-chaos is found, and a power function controller is proposed based on mechanism of halo formation and strategy of controlling halo-chaos. Multiparticle simulation was performed to control the halo by using the power function control method. The results show that the halo-chaos and its regeneration can be eliminated effectively. We also find that the radial particle density evolvement is of uniformity at the beam’s centre as long as appropriate parameters are chosen.