Focused Wave Properties Based on A High Order Spectral Method with A Non-Periodic Boundary

In this paper, a numerical model is developed based on the High Order Spectral （HOS） method with a non-periodic boundary. A wave maker boundary condition is introduced to simulate wave generation at the incident boundary in the HOS method. Based on the numerical model, the effects of wave parameters, such as the assumed focused amplitude, the central frequency, the frequency bandwidth, the wave amplitude distribution and the directional spreading on the surface elevation of the focused wave, the maximum generated wave crest, and the shifting of the focusing point, are numerically investigated. Especially, the effects of the wave directionality on the focused wave properties are emphasized. The numerical results show that the shifting of the focusing point and the maximum crest of the wave group are dependent on the amplitude of the focused wave, the central frequency, and the wave amplitude distribution type. The wave directionality has a definite effect on multidirectional focused waves. Generally, it can even out the difference between the simulated wave amplitude and the amplitude expected from theory and reduce the shifting of the focusing points, implying that the higher order interaction has an influence on wave focusing, especially for 2D wave. In 3D wave groups, a broader directional spreading weakens the higher nonlinear interactions.

Numerical Study of Two-Dimensional Focusing Waves

Two-dimensional focusing waves are generated and investigated by numerical method. The numerical model is developed by introducing the wave maker boundary on the high-order spectral （HOS） method proposed by Dommermuth and Yue in 1987 and verified by theoretical and experimental data. Some cases of focusing waves considering different parameters such as assumed focusing amplitudes, frequency bandwidth, central frequency and frequency spectrum are generated. Characteristics of the focusing wave including surface elevations, the maximum crest, shift of focusing points and frequency spectra are discussed. The results show that the focusing wave characteristics are strongly affected by focusing amplitudes, frequency bandwidth, central frequency and frequency spectrum.

Nonlinear Dynamic Behaviors of A Floating Structure in Focused Waves

Floating structures are commonly seen in coastal and offshore engineering. They are often subjected to extreme waves and, therefore, their nonlinear dynamic behaviors are of great concern. In this paper, an in-house CFD code is developed to investigate the accurate prediction of nonlinear dynamic behaviors of a two-dimensional（2-D） box-shaped floating structure in focused waves. Computations are performed by an enhanced Constrained Interpolation Profile（CIP）-based Cartesian grid model, in which a more accurate VOF（Volume of Fluid） method, the THINC/SW scheme（THINC： tangent of hyperbola for interface capturing; SW： Slope Weighting）, is used for interface capturing. A focusing wave theory is used for the focused wave generation. The wave component of constant steepness is chosen. Comparisons between predictions and physical measurements show good agreement including body motions and free surface profiles. Although the overall agreement is good, some discrepancies are observed for impact pressure on the superstructure due to water on deck. The effect of grid resolution on the results is checked. With a fine grid, no obvious improvement is seen in the global body motions and impact pressures due to water on deck. It is concluded that highly nonlinear phenomena, such as distorted free surface, large-amplitude body motions, and violent impact flow, have been predicted successfully.

Focusing phenomenon and near-trapped modes of SH waves

In this study, the null-field boundary integral equation method （BIEM） and the image method are used to solve the SH wave scattering problem containing semi-circular canyons and circular tunnels. To fully utilize the analytical property of Circular geometry, the polar coordinates are used to expand the closed-form fundamental solution to the degenerate kernel, and the Fourier series is also introduced to represent the boundary density. By collocating boundary points to match boundary condition on the boundary, a linear algebraic system is constructed. The unknown coefficients in the algebraic system can be easily determined. In this way, a semi-analytical approach is developed. Following the experience of near-trapped modes in water wave problems of the full plane, the focusing phenomenon and near-trapped modes for the SH wave problem of the half-plane are solved, since the two problems obey the same mathematical model. In this study, it is found that the SH wave problem containing two semi-circular canyons and a circular tunnel has the near-trapped mode and the focusing phenomenon for a special incident angle and wavenumber. In this situation, the amplification factor for the amplitude of displacement is over 300.

An efficient focusing model for generation of freak waves

Based on the Longuet-Higgins wave model theory, the previews studies have shown that freak waves can be generated in finite space and time successfully. However, as to generating high nonlinear freak waves, the simulation results will be unrealistic. Therefore, a modified phase modulation method for simulating high nonlinear freak waves was developed. The surface elevations of some wave components at certain time and place are positive by modulating the corresponding random initial phases, then the total surface elevation at the focused point is enhanced and furthermore a freak wave event is generated. The new method can not only make the freak wave occur at certain time and place, but also make the simulated wave surface time series satisfy statistical properties of the realistic sea state and keep identical with the target wave spectrum. This numerical approach is of good precision and high efficiency by the comparisons of the simulated freak waves and the recorded freak waves.

Semiclassical investigation of Coulomb focusing effects in atomic above-threshold ionization with elliptically polarized laser fields

We investigate atomic above-threshold ionization in elliptically polarized strong laser fields with a semiclassical approach.With increasing laser intensity,the Coulomb focusing（CF） effects are found to become stronger in both parallel and perpendicular directions with respect to the polarization plane.The dependence of CF effects on tunnel exit,initial transverse momentum distribution and laser electric field is analyzed.It was revealed that the effects of tunnel exit are most prominent with variation of the laser intensity,and the other two factors both play non-negligible roles.Our results provide a deeper insight to the recent experiments of Coulomb asymmetry[Shafir D,et al.,2013 Phys.Rev.Lett.111 023005 and Li M,et al,2013 Phys.Rev.Lett.111 023006].

在役螺栓超声三维成像监测数据的智能化分析方法

螺栓是一种常见的机械连接件,一旦失效,可能会导致设备损坏、结构崩塌,甚至危及人身安全。因此,在役螺栓的监测一直受到广泛关注。将相控阵超声全聚焦技术应用于螺栓在役监测,开发了专用系统和阵列探头,实现了三维成像可视化监测,改变了螺栓监测数据单一的现状。针对大量三维图像化数据处理的关键问题,提出了智能化分析方法,对比分析了决策树、支持向量机和神经网络算法的适用性,最终开发了基于决策树算法的智能分析评价软件模块并取得了较好的检测效果。

楔块耦合的碳纤维增强复合材料褶皱缺陷全聚焦成像

褶皱是碳纤维增强复合材料中最主要的缺陷类型之一,当使用超声相控阵对复合材料薄板进行检测时,由于采集系统非线性效应和电子串扰等干扰会引发盲区现象,掩盖了薄板内的褶皱信息。为削弱盲区影响,考虑在相控阵与复合材料薄板(小于10 mm)之间增加楔块,提出楔块耦合的最短路径射线追踪全聚焦方法。基于费马原理与斯涅耳定律,建立楔块耦合的多层介质超声波传播模型;制备含褶皱缺陷的碳纤维增强复合材料试样,搭建超声相控阵数据采集系统,采集全矩阵数据;将楔块耦合的最短路径射线追踪全聚焦方法和传统全聚焦方法的成像效果进行对比。结果表明,基于楔块耦合的最短路径射线追踪全聚焦方法能减小试样表面盲区深度,修正声时偏差,削弱盲区影响,恢复出试样内的褶皱缺陷。相比传统全聚焦方法,纤维褶皱长度、褶皱顶部高度、褶皱角度这3个参数表征的精准程度分别提高了5.9%、4.1%、4.2%。该文为碳纤维增强复合材料薄板褶皱缺陷的检测提供了新思路。

改进型密集阵列全聚焦成像算法的碳纤维复合材料板损伤定位研究

本文针对各向异性碳纤维复合材料板的损伤定位问题,提出改进型密集阵列全聚焦成像方法。首先,考虑碳纤维复合材料板的各向异性,通过实验分析超声导波在板中的传播特性,得到沿不同传播方向的群速度值。其次,对密集型传感器阵列的参数进行分析和优化研究,分别对不同阵列参数即阵元间距和阵元数量进行指向性函数的数值分析,优化阵列的参数,以保证阵列主瓣较窄、旁瓣较低且无栅瓣。然后,提出了一种考虑碳纤维复合材料板各向异性的改进型密集传感器阵列板结构缺陷定位算法。使用超声导波在碳纤维复合材料板中沿不同传播方向的群速度值,对全聚焦算法进行修正,并利用虚拟聚焦原理对板结构进行全聚焦成像。最后,通过布置碳纤维复合材料孔洞损伤实验,对基于密集阵列全聚焦成像方法的定位精度进行分析。实验结果表明,改进型密集阵列全聚焦成像算法的定位精度为1.00 mm,相较于使用单一群速度值,该方法在定位孔洞损伤缺陷时具有更高的精度。

Characterization of the arrangement feature of copper interconnects by Moir inversion method

This paper explores the planar arrangement feature of the copper interconnects in a view field of several millimeters by the focused ion-beam （FIB） Moire inversion method quantitatively. The curved FIB Moire patterns indicate that the copper interconnects are a series of curves with continuous variations instead of beelines. The control equation set of the copper interconnects central lines is attained through the Moire inversion method. This work can be extended to inspect the structural defects and provide a reliable support for the interconnects structure fabrication.

一种温度补偿调焦红外系统丢包检测方法

在红外技术广泛应用于当前军事、安防、医疗等领域背景下,如何提高红外系统信号的传输质量和传输可靠性,成为了一个亟待解决的问题。本文通过研究温补技术在红外系统中的丢包应用问题,提出了一种失同步触发判断丢包检测方法,并对其性能进行了系统分析、测量和验证。本研究为提高红外系统信号传输质量和信号完整性、可靠性提供了一种新的解决思路和技术方法。

3-D simulations of freak waves based on high-order spectral method

Three-dimensional ( 3-D) directional wave focusing is one of the mechanisms that contribute to the generation of freak waves. To simulate and analyze this phenomenon,a 3-D wave focusing model is proposed based on the enhanced high-order spectral method,which solves the fully nonlinear potential flow equations with a free surface within periodic unbounded 3-D domains. The numerical model is validated against a fifth-order Stokes solution for regular waves. Laboratory-scale freak waves are observed with wave components having equal amplitudes. Investigations of the appearance and propagation of freak-wave events in a 3-D open wavefield defined by a directional wave spectrum are then realized.

Moving Target Detection and Tracking for Smartphone Automatic Focusing

In this paper,a non-contact auto-focusing method is proposed for the essential function of auto-focusing in mobile devices.Firstly,we introduce an effective target detection method combining the 3-frame difference algorithm and Gauss mixture model,which is robust for complex and changing background.Secondly,a stable tracking method is proposed using the local binary patter feature and camshift tracker.Auto-focusing is achieved by using the coordinate obtained during the detection and tracking procedure.Experiments show that the proposed method can deal with complex and changing background.When there exist multiple moving objects,the proposed method also has good detection and tracking performance.The proposed method implements high efficiency,which means it can be easily used in real mobile device systems.

Femtosecond electron pulse compression by using the time focusing technique in ultrafast electron diffraction

We present a new model of an electron gun for generating subrelativistic femtosecond （fs） electron pulses. The basic idea is to utilize a dc acceleration stage combined with a time focusing region, the time focusing electrode generates an electron energy chirp for bunching at the target. Without considering the space charge effects, simulations of the electron gun were carried out under the conditions of different dc voltages and various slopes of the voltage added on the time focusing electrode. Tracing and simulating large numbers of photoelectrons through Monte-Carlo and finite difference methods, the electron pulses with 1 ps can be compressed to 55 fs, which will allow significant advances in the field of ultrafast diagnosis.

Nonlinear Simulation of Focused Wave Group Action on a Truncated Surface-Piercing Structure

In this study, we numerically investigated the nonlinear focused wave group action on a truncated surface-piercing structure, and developed a two-dimensional fully nonlinear numerical tank using the higher-order boundary element method. We determined the amplitude of the wave components of the focused wave group based on the JONSWAP wave spectrum. We discuss the effects of the presence of a surface-piercing structure on the characteristics of the focused wave group and find that the location of the structure does not evidently change the focal location or focal time of the focused wave group. The largest amplitudes of the run-up and horizontal force on the structure occur when the front surface of the structure is at the focal location. The critical draught and breadth of the structure occur when the wave run-up reaches its maximum along the structure.

“聚焦式会话法”在生物化学课堂中的教学应用

目的探讨聚焦式会话法在生物化学课程中的教学改革,以提高学生的学习兴趣和思考能力。方法通过文献分析和思考总结的方法,分析了生物化学课程教学存在的问题,并探讨了聚焦式会话法的教学理念及其在生物化学课程中的应用。通过具体的教学实施方案设计,提出了将聚焦式会话法应用于生物化学课程的教学改革。结果聚焦式会话法能够有效提高学生的学习兴趣和积极性,培养学生的思考和理解能力,提高学生的应用能力和综合素质,以应对未来的社会和职业需求。

基于分割环阵的CFRP分层缺陷超声全聚焦成像

碳纤维复合材料在钻孔加工时易产生分层缺陷,分层缺陷严重影响了构件的力学性能,存在严重的安全隐患。针对碳纤维复合材料孔边分层缺陷的检测,提出一种基于分割环形阵列的1/4矩阵全聚焦成像方法。设计了R4×S8、R3×S12、R3×S16和R4×S12四种分割环形阵列结构,通过数值仿真对比分析了各阵列的聚焦声场特点,最终确定分割环阵探头为5 MHz的R4×S12探头。使用该探头对碳纤维复合材料孔边分层试块的上层、中层、下层缺陷进行全矩阵采集,利用VTK工具包分别进行全矩阵三维成像和1/4矩阵三维成像。结果表明,1/4矩阵方法比全矩阵方法三维成像的缺陷对比度更高,1/4矩阵方法的缺陷尺寸表征误差更小,误差不超过6%。与全矩阵成像相比,1/4矩阵成像信噪比提升范围为3.43~7.61 dB,有效提升了图像质量。

超声全聚焦成像的裂纹类缺陷定量误差分析

虽然超声全聚焦成像(total focusing method,TFM)具有直观显示裂纹特征的明显优势,但通过TFM图像进行裂纹定量时不可避免地出现测量误差。该文采用模拟与实验对比的方式,分析TFM技术的裂纹定量误差。从超声波波长对缺陷深度的影响规律入手,分析和研究裂纹长度和取向的全聚焦图像测量误差原因。最后,通过模拟实验对比的方式验证裂纹定量误差。研究结果表明,裂纹上、下尖端的测量深度比实际深度均有所下沉,但两者下沉的深度基本相同,相差在0.6 mm以内,裂纹长度的测量误差范围为0~1 mm,带取向裂纹的取向测量误差基本保持在3°以内。因此,上、下尖端在深度上的测量误差对裂纹长度和取向的影响极小。经实验验证,裂纹深度、长度及取向误差的结论与模拟的结论一致。

滤波预处理对提高全聚焦算法重建图像质量的比较研究

针对超声波无损检测方法中全聚焦算法重建缺陷图像伪影严重的问题,提出在全聚焦算法中加入滤波处理来进行压制,以提高图像质量和成像分辨率。首先分析了全聚焦算法重建缺陷图像的不足之处,然后提出分别使用R-L、S-L、Cosine和Hamming四种滤波函数对超声反射实验系统采集的全矩阵数据进行处理,最后将原始信号和分别经过四种滤波函数处理的回波信号通过全聚焦算法进行缺陷图像重建。成像结果表明,由经过四种滤波后重建的缺陷图像信噪比均优于由原始信号重建的图像,且R-L和S-L在四种滤波函数中对于提高图像重建质量的效果最好。试件Ⅰ经过R-L和S-L滤波重建的图像信噪比较未滤波的分别提高了8.99 dB和8.96 dB,试件Ⅱ分别提高了9.56 dB和9.55 dB。

应用于斜楔块的子孔径虚拟源全聚焦成像

楔块斜入射检测工艺下,楔块会进一步降低全聚焦成像的缺陷检测能力。尤其是在检测大深度缺陷和粗晶材料时,全聚焦图像会因为缺陷回波幅值下降,导致缺陷图像的信噪比较低。为了提高入射能量,提出了应用于斜楔块的子孔径虚拟源全聚焦成像技术。研究结果表明:该技术通过延时控制子孔径阵元激励形成虚拟源发射,显著增加了射入到被检构件中的声能。在横向L值为20∼40 mm探头移动区间内,17∼38 mm深度范围内Φ3边钻孔幅值较黄铜全聚焦图像提高4.58∼7.12 dB;当钢制试块为被检对象时,在横向L值为30∼40 mm探头移动区间内,40∼65 mm深度范围内Φ1边钻孔幅值较全聚焦图像提高0.63∼2.35 dB。因此在该技术应用于楔块斜入射检测工艺下的粗晶材料检测,具有较好的检测效果。