Ameliorative effects of standardized extract from Trigonella foenum-graecum L.seeds on painful peripheral neuropathy in rats

Objective:To evaluate the effects of the standardized extract of fenugreek(Trigonella foenumgraecum L.Family:Leguminasae) seed(IND01) in animal models of peripheral neuropathy. Methods:IND01 was prepared from fenugreek seeds and standardized by high performance liquid chromatography to a marker compound,trigonelline.The effects of daily oral administration of IND01(50,100 and 200 mg/kg) were studied in rats after partial sciatic nerve ligation(PSNL) and sciatic nerve crush injury(SNCI) during 30-days period.The measurements on thermal hyperalgesia(TH),motor function test(MFT) score and motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) were recorded.Results:IND01 offered sustained protection against TH and deranged MFT scores in both models from 7-day onwards.Fifteen days of daily oral administration of IND01 restored MNCV reduction in rats with SNCI but not with PSNL.Conclusions:IND01 was found to be effective in rat models of painful peripheral neuropathy.

Aqueous and organic extracts of Trigonella foenum-graecum L.inhibit the mycelia growth of fungi

Aqueous extracts from various plant parts of fenugreek(3%)(aerial parts:leaves and stems(LS),roots(R),ground seeds(GS)and not ground seeds(NGS))and petroleum ether,ethyl acetate and methanolic fractions of the aerial parts were assayed to determine their antifungal potential against Botrytis cinerea,Fusarium graminearum,Alternaria sp.,Pythium aphanidermatum,and Rhizoctinia solani.All fenugreek plant parts showed antifungal potential and the magnitude of their inhibitory effects was species and plant parts d...

Evaluation of eco-friendly coagulant from <i>Trigonella foenum-graecum</i>seed

The ability of seed extracts of Trigonella foenum-graecum (T. foenum-graecum) and Cuminum cyminum (C. cyminum) to act as natural coagulants was tested using natural turbid water. Seed extracts were prepared using distilled water and NaCl (0.5 M and 1.0 M) solution. Only 1.0 M NaCl extract of T. foenum-graecum had coagulation capability and did not depend on pH values. Further it showed that natural coagulant obtained from T. foenum-graecum is temperature (upto 100?C) and pH stable (pH 4.0 - 10.0). Extract of C. cyminum had very minimal (16 ± 2) coagulation property. The seed extract of T. foenum-graecum showed about 80% coagulation properties, where as the best known natural coagulants such as Strychnos potatorum and Moringa oleifera, and chemical coagulant such as Al2(SO4)3 showed around 90%, 65% and 95% respectively, which are used as standards for the present study. When compared with pond water, T. foenum-graecum extract treated water shows decrease in alkalinity, turbidity, KMnO4 demand and total coli-form. This study reveals that seed extract of T. foenum-graecum can be used as natural water coagulant.

Distribution, Enrichment and Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Soil and <i>Trigonella foenum-graecum</i>L. (Fenugreek) after Fertigation with Paper Mill Effluent

The aim of the study was to investigate distribution, enrichment and accumulation of heavy metals in soil and Trigonella foenum-graecum (var. Pusa Early Bunching) after fertigation with paper mill effluent. Doses of paper mill effluent viz. 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% were used for fertigation of T. foenum-graecum along with bore well water (control). The results revealed that paper mill effluent had significant (P +, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, TKN, PO3-4, SO2-4, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn and Zn of the soil in both seasons. Insignificant (P > 0.05) changes in WHC and bulk density of the soil were observed after irrigation with paper mill effluent. The agronomical performance of T. foenum-graecum was increased from 5% to 25% concentration and decreased from 50% to 100% concentration of paper mill effluent as compared to control in both seasons. The heavy metals concentration was increased in T. foenum-graecum from 5% to 100% concentrations of paper mill effluent in both seasons. Biochemical components like crude proteins, crude fiber and crude carbohydrates were found maximum with 25% paper mill effluent in both seasons. The enrichment factor (Ef) of various heavy metals was in order of Cd > Mn > Cr > Cu > Zn > Fe for soil and Mn > Cu > Cr > Cd > Zn > Fe for T. foenum-graecum plants after fertigation with paper mill effluent. Therefore, paper mill effluent can be used as a biofertigant after appropriate dilution to improve yield of T. foenum-graecum.

OKRA (HIBISCUS ESCULENTUS) AND FENUGREEK (TRIGONELLA FOENUM GRACEUM) MUCILAGE:CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATION AS FLOCCULANTS FOR TEXTILE EFFLUENT TREATMENTS

The use of new food grade polysaccharides (mucilage) obtained from Hibiscus esculentus and Trigonella foenum graceum,commonly called Okra and Fenugreek,respectively,as flocculants was described.These polysaccharides were used for removal of solids (suspended solids (SS) and total dissolved solids (TDS)) and dyes from real textile effluents and aqueous solutions of different class of synthetic dyes.Influences of varying polysaccharide concentration,contact time and pH on removal of pollutant from the textile...

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of Triognella foenum graecum Linn seeds:Determination of bioactive compounds and pharmacological analysis

Objective: To investigate the effect of temperature and pressure on supercritical CO_2 extraction of Triognella foenum graecum Linn seeds, to determine the optimal condition which leads to highest percentage of the accumulative yield and revealing the chemical composition of supercritical CO_2 extract.Methods: Temperatures in the range of 40–60C and pressures in the range of 10–25 MPa were used. FTIR and GC–MS analysis were used to detect the bioactive compounds present in the extract. The broth dilution method and slope method were used to evaluate the anti-microbial and anti-tuberculosis activities and the in vitro anti-malarial assay was carried out according to the micro assay protocol of Rieckmann and his coworkers.Results: The temperature was more affected than the pressure on the extraction performance and the highest yield of the extract(3.111%) was attained at 60C and 10 MPa.FTIR and GC–MS showed that the chemical composition of the extract included conjugated linoleic acid methyl ester as the major active principle(with concentration of72.28%), followed by saturated fatty acid methyl esters(16.03%), steroids(8.09%) and organic siloxane compound(3.61%). The extract showed moderate anti-bacterial activity with MIC values 100, 250, 125 mg/m L towards Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenus respectively. It exhibited high inhibition effect towards the fungi Candida albican with MFC value(250 mg/m L). The extract had low antituberculosis activity with MIC value(100 mg/m L) and comparable MIC value(0.29 mg/m L) towards Plasmodium flaciparum.Conclusions: Supercritical CO_2 extraction as alternate and green technology is performed successfully to extract the bioactive compounds from the seeds of T. foenum graecum Linn and it is concluded that this extract can be used as an alternate source of synthetic anti-biotic drugs.

Ameliorative properties of Iranian Trigonella foenum-graecum L. seeds and Punica granatum L. peel extracts in streptozotocin-induced experimental diabetic guinea pigs

Objective: To assess the ameliorative properties of Iranian Trigonella foenum-graecum L.(T. foenum-graecum) seeds and Punica granatum L.(P. granatum) peel extracts against streptozotocin-induced diabetes in male guinea pigs.Methods: Sixty guinea pigs were divided into six groups(10 guinea pigs per group).Group 1 consisted of normal animals. Groups 2 and 3 were treated with Iranian T. foenum-graecum seeds and P. granatum peel extract alone, respectively. Group 4 was treated with streptozotocin only; whereas Groups 5 and 6 receiving streptozotocin were treated with Iranian T. foenum-graecum seeds and P. granatum peel extract, respectively.All animals were treated for 30 days, and the body weight, blood and liver biochemical parameters were measured.Results: Guinea pigs exposed to streptozotocin showed an alteration in body weight gain, fasting glucose level, kidney function parameters(blood urea nitrogen and creatinine) as well as decreased serum and hepatic total protein level. In addition, it increased the cholesterol and triglyceride level, while decreasing the hepatic glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase activity, glycogen, glutathione content and hepatic catalase activity. Oral treatment with T. foenum-graecum seeds and P. granatum peel extracts revealed significant protective properties with respect to body weight gain and other biochemical parameters studied.Conclusions: The Iranian T. foenum-graecum seeds and P. granatum peel extracts are significantly potent in ameliorating diabetic condition induced by streptozotocin and improving various biochemical parameters in serum and liver of guinea pigs.

The impact of cold atmospheric pressure plasma jet on seed germination and seedlings growth of fenugreek(Trigonella foenum-graecum)

The effects of cold atmospheric-pressure plasma jet (CAPPJ) were investigated on germination and early seedling growth of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L) seeds. A two-electrode argon CAPPJ system with and without an additional grounded electrode [accelerating grounded (AG) electrode] was used at different exposure times. After 16 h of observation, the germination rates increased by 4 and 7 times, without and with using an AG electrode, respectively, for 1 min of plasma exposure. An increase in shoot fresh weight was observed, especially at 10 min exposure time. A high dry weight of root and shoot at 1 min-AG exposure time was observed. The root:shoot ratio was lower in plasma-treated seedlings, compared with the control plants. The study found that the O-radical emission line (777.4 nm) enhanced 5 times, due to the presence of an AG electrode, which increased the axial electric field and led to the formation of more streamers. The three stated effects (O-radicals, enhancement of the electric field and streamers) could be the cause for the stimulation of seed germination and seedling growth parameters when using the CAPPJ. The scanning electron microscope images showed the etching of the seed surface layers, which was more pronounced when an AG electrode was applied. The results of the current study indicate that the germination rates increased due to the increase of O-radical concentration and the etching of the seed surfaces.

葫芦巴(Trigonella foenum-graecum)染色体核型分析

葫芦巴是现在较为常用的中药材之一,但对其染色体的核型分析研究较少。为了研究葫芦巴染色体形态结构特征以及探索遗传机制,本试验以采自河北的葫芦巴种子为研究对象,采用根尖染色体制片与显微摄影技术相结合的方法,以确定染色体数目和进行核型分析。结果显示:河北葫芦巴有16条染色体,核型公式为2n=16=4m+2m (SAT)+10sm,染色体相对长度在4.63%~8.17%范围内,臂比在1.17~2.43范围内,核型不对称系数为64.03%,随体在第8对染色体的短臂上,核型类别为2A型。本研究结果既可为今后选择种内杂交和种间杂交育种种类提供科学依据,又可为探索其物种遗传机制、亲缘关系与进化、远缘杂种的鉴定等提供重要依据。

灵香草的研究进展

对灵香草的种植研究、化学成分分析、化学成分的提取方法和应用价值等方面的研究进展进行综述,为灵香草化学成分研究及更合理的利用和提供依据。

青海省胡卢巴根瘤菌的抗逆性

从青海省的西宁、大通和乐都各城区采集豆科植物胡卢巴（Trigonella foenum-grecum L.）的根瘤,经分离、纯化、镜检、回接获得10株未知菌株,对获得的根瘤菌进行耐盐、耐酸碱、抗生素抗性和温度敏感性等抗逆性测定.结果表明,供试菌株对酸碱的耐性比较强,所有菌株都能在pH 5～9的范围内生长;供试菌株耐盐性较强,有4株菌株能在40 g/L NaCl上生长,其中l株菌株能在50 g/L NaCl上生长;对温度的适应范围较宽：各菌株对不同种类、不同浓度抗生素的抗性存在差异.筛选出3株耐盐、耐酸碱、生长温度范围广和抗生素抗性较强的菌株,分别为QXT805、QXT808、QXT809.

栽培密度对胡芦巴生产性能和生物量分配的影响

应用盆栽试验研究了栽培密度对胡芦巴（Trigonella foenum-graecumL.）形态特征和生物量分配的影响.结果表明,胡芦巴株高介于16～23 cm之间,分枝数2～3个,节数为11节左右,6～8节的节间距呈中间长两头短的趋势,复叶长较复叶宽短,顶生小叶长与宽除3株/盆处理外,其他处理下均成长∶宽为3∶2的特征;根冠比为0.55 ～0.61,茎叶比为0.64 ～0.73,干鲜比为0.13 ～0.19,光合产物茎叶根的于重分配比例为13∶ 18∶1至32∶42∶1,生物量测算结果表明,胡芦巴单位面积鲜产为8 306.2～8 324.8 kg/hm2,产干草505.9～512.7kg/hm2,侧根较发达,占总根系的50％ ～ 62％.探明胡芦巴是一种侧根较发达,叶量丰富,适口性较强的牧草,适宜于水土保持和护坡的种植.建议栽培密度566～890株/m2,可适当密植.

胡芦巴的化学成分研究

目的 :研究中国产胡芦巴种子的化学成分。方法 :硅胶色谱柱分离 ,物理、化学和光谱学方法鉴定结构。结果 :分离并鉴定了 7个化合物 ,为双咔唑、单棕榈酸甘油酯、硬脂酸、β 谷甾醇吡喃葡萄糖苷、葡萄糖乙醇苷、D 3 甲氧基肌醇和蔗糖。结论 :均为首次从胡芦巴中分得 。

中药胡芦巴三萜类成分研究

从豆科植物胡芦巴Trigonellafoenum－graecumL．种子的乙醇提取物中分得7个三萜类化合物（包括3个三萜皂苷和4个三萜），通过测定理化常数、光谱数据等，鉴定了其中6个化合物的结构，分别为羽扇豆醇、31-去甲环阿尔廷醇、白桦醇、白桦酸、大豆皂苷Ⅰ和大豆皂苷Ⅰ甲酯。各化合物均为首次从胡芦巴中分得，亦为胡芦巴属植物中首次报道。

高效液相色谱法测定胡芦巴中胡芦巴碱的含量

目的 :建立高效液相色谱法测定胡芦巴中胡芦巴碱的方法。方法 :石油醚 无水乙醇提取 ,固定相氨基键合相色谱柱 ,流动相乙腈 水 (75∶2 5 ) ,检测波长 2 6 5nm。结果 :进样量 3.6 8～ 73.6 0 μg·mL-1,r =0 .9999,加样回收率 97.4% ,RSD 1.83% (n =6 )。结论 :可为胡芦巴的质量控制提供依据。

胡芦巴油脂成分的分析测定

应用ＧＣ－ＭＳ技术对国产胡芦巴油脂成分进行了分析研究，鉴定了５种脂肪酸甲酯和１７种油脂类成分，其中１５种成分为首次从胡芦巴中测得。分析结果为开发利用胡芦巴油脂资源提供了依据。

胡芦巴黄酮苷及其降血糖活性的研究

目的研究胡芦巴中芹菜素黄酮苷的化学结构及其降血糖活性。方法采用萃取、制备色谱和柱色谱方法分离和纯化化合物,结合化学分析及其波谱数据进行结构鉴定。采用四氧嘧啶糖尿病小鼠模型进行抗糖尿病活性评价。有效亚组分(CⅡ-4)灌胃途径给予糖尿病小鼠,剂量为50mg.kg-1,连续给药17d。结果CⅡ-4主要含有4个芹菜素黄酮苷,结构分别为:芹菜素6-C-β-D-葡萄糖-8-C-β-D-半乳糖苷、芹菜素-6-C-β-D-葡萄糖8-C-α-L-阿拉伯糖苷、芹菜素-6-C-β-D-半乳糖-8-C-α-L-阿拉伯糖苷和芹菜素-6、8-二-C-β-D-葡萄糖苷。CⅡ-4具有显著降血糖和降血脂作用,能提高糖尿病小鼠胰腺重量指数,促进肝糖原的合成。结论该亚组分的4个化合物首次从该植物中分离得到,可能是胡芦巴的抗糖尿病有效成分之一。

胡芦巴粗提物对血糖和血脂作用的实验研究

目的: 探讨胡芦巴粗提物对血糖、血脂的作用。方法: (1)观察胡芦总皂苷(TFGs)对正常小鼠及肾上腺素(Adr)诱发高血糖小鼠空腹血糖(FBG)的影响;(2)利用化学物质链脲佐菌素(STZ)+高脂饲料建立类似于人类2型糖尿病的大鼠模型,实验组分别给予20、40、80、160 mg/kg TFGs,观察TFGs对大鼠FBG、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)的影响。(3)利用STZ诱发糖尿病大鼠,观察25、50、100 mg/kg TFGs及300 mg/kg DIA、4 mg/kg文迪雅对糖尿病大鼠FBG 的影响。结果: 与正常对照组比较, 40、80、160 mg/kgTFGs可降低小鼠FBG水平, 差异具有统计学意义(P均<0.01); 与Adr诱发高血糖小鼠FBG相比,Adr+10、20、40、80、160mg/kg TFGs组FBG明显降低(P<0.01)。20、40、80 mg/kg TFGs可降低2 型糖尿病模型组TG、LDL,提高空腹血清胰岛素(FINS)水平(P<0.01);TFGs对STZ诱发的糖尿病大鼠的动态血糖的研究中,100mg/kg TFGs组于第6周明显降低血糖(P<0.05),与二甲双胍作用相似,于第7周FBG降低更明显(P<0.01),与文迪雅作用相似且优于二甲双胍的作用(P<0.01)。结论: 胡芦巴粗提物具有较好的降糖和降脂作用。

酶解法提取胡芦巴种子中薯蓣皂苷元的工艺研究

研究了酶解结合水浸提法从脱脂胡芦巴种子中提取薯蓣皂苷元的工艺。以薯蓣皂苷元的提取率为指标,优化了该法制备薯蓣皂苷元的工艺条件,得到以下结论:与水浸提法相比,采用酶解法有利于提高皂苷元的提取率;确定料液比为1∶14,纤维素酶(每克原料10U,pH值4.6,45℃)酶解6h为最佳工艺条件。在此基础上考察了酶解结合水浸提法对皂苷元提取率的影响,发现酶解后升温至90～100℃,保温水浸提70min,可使薯蓣皂苷元的提取率由83.8%提高到92.9%。

NaCl胁迫对胡卢巴幼苗抗氧化酶活性和丙二醛含量的影响

以胡卢巴幼苗为试验材料,研究NaCl胁迫下胡卢巴幼苗叶和根中抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化。结果表明:随着NaCl处理浓度的升高,SOD、POD、CAT活性总体呈现先上升后下降的趋势,MDA含量则呈上升趋势。叶片中抗氧化酶活性在NaCl浓度为1.0%时达到峰值,根中抗氧化酶活性在NaCl浓度为0.5%时达到峰值。在0.5%的NaCl浓度处理下,随着处理时间的延长,3种抗氧化酶协同作用,使MDA含量减少并控制在较稳定的阶段。可见,盐胁迫下胡卢幼苗可通过提高抗氧化酶活性,降低膜质过氧化水平,减缓盐胁迫对植株的伤害,从而增强其耐盐性。