Static characteristics of new type externally pressurized spherical air bearings

In order to provide some theoretical guideline for the structure design of the new type externally pressurized spherical air bearings,the static characteristics and the factors affecting the static characteristics of the air bearings were analyzed.A finite volume method was adopted to discretize the three-dimensional steady-state compressible Navier-Stokes equations,and a modified SIMPLE algorithm for compressible fluid was applied to solve the discretized governing equations.The pressure field and velocity field of the air bearings were obtained,and the factors and rules affecting the static characteristics were analyzed.The results show that the pressure of near air intakes can reach above 80% of air supply pressure,and there is a pressure steep fall around the air intakes.When the film thickness is greater than 20 μm,the bearing capacity rapidly decreases as film thickness increases.As the air supply pressure increases from 0.2 to 0.6 MPa,the maximum static stiffness increases by more than three times.The calculation method proposed well fits the general principle,which can be extended to the characteristic analysis of other air bearings.

Theoretical and experimental research on static stiffness,performance,and lift-off characteristics of multi-layer gas foil thrust bearings

In this study,a new comprehensive fully coupled elastic–hydrodynamic model is developed for a multi-layer gas foil thrust bearing(GFTB).The interaction effects among the top foil,back board,middle foil,and bottom foil,as well as the Coulomb friction effect,are considered.The stiffness and static characteristics obtained by the experimental and theoretical approaches are in good agreement,which verifies the accuracy of the model.The contribution of each foil layer to the overall stiffness and the load-carrying mechanism are analyzed.Interaction effects of the load,preload,and rotational speed on the static performance are investigated comprehensively.Furthermore,start–stop tests are performed to achieve the lift-off speed,start-up torque,and shut-down torque under various operating conditions.

Study on lift-up speed of aerodynamic compliant foil thrust bearings

Objective The experimental study on the lift-up speed of a new kind of compliant aerodynamic foil thrust bearings was performed on the multifunctional test rig established for testing the performances of foil gas bearings.Methods The lift-up speed of foil gas thrust bearing under given axial load was analyzed through the spectrum of axial displacement response in frequency domain.Results The test results indicated that the difference in the spectrum of axial displacement responses before and after lifting up of the rotor was obvious.After lifting up of the rotor,there were only larger components of rotation frequency and lower harmanic frequencies.If the rotor wasn't lift-up,there were also larger components of other frequencies in the spectrum.Conclusion So by analyzing the spectrum of axial displacement response,the results showed that the lift-up speed was about 1860rpm when the axial load was 31N.

Hydrodynamic Lubrication of Elastic Foil Gas Bearing Using Over Relaxation Iteration Method and Non-Dimensional Equation

The purpose is to accurately predict the performance of foil bearing and achieve accurate results in the design of foil bearing structure.A new type of foil bearing with surface microstructure is used as experimental material.First,the lubrication mechanism of elastic foil gas bearing is analyzed.Then,the numerical solution process of the static bearing capacity and friction torque is analyzed,including the discretization of the governing equation of rarefied gas pressure based on the non-dimensional modified Reynolds equation and the over relaxation iteration method,the grid planning within the calculation range,the static solution of boundary parameters and static solution of the numerical process.Finally,the solution program is analyzed.The experimental data in National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA)public literature are compared with the simulation results of this exploration,so as to judge the accuracy of the calculation process.The results show that under the same static load,the difference between the minimum film thickness calculated and the test results is not obvious;when the rotor speed of the bearing is 60000 r/min,the influence of the boundary slip effect increases with the increase of the micro groove depth on the flat foil surface;when the eccentricity or the micro groove depth of the bearing increases,the bearing capacity will be strengthened.When the eccentricity is 6µm and 14µm,the viscous friction torque of the new foil bearing increases significantly with the increase of the depth of the foil micro groove,but when the eccentricity is 22µm,the viscous friction torque does not change with the change of the depth of the foil micro groove.It shows that the bearing capacity and performance of foil bearing are improved.

Analysis on Static Pressure Bearing Seal Characteristics of Guide Sleeve of Electro-hydraulic Servo Cylinder

As a typical bionic walking robot, hydraulic quadruped robot has attracted much attention because of its high mobility, strong load capacity and steady motion. The electro-hydraulic servo cylinder, as its power actuator, requires low friction, good lateral load resistance and high speed motion. The electro-hydraulic servo cylinder hydrostatic bearing seal guide sleeve is taken as the research object in this paper. By using Fluent software to analyze and contrast the film characteristics of rectangular and I-shaped oil chamber of hydrostatic bearing seal guide sleeve, the relationship between piston rod moving speed, eccentricity, oil film carrying capacity, friction force and leakage volume, as well as the relationship between oil feed flow and oil film bearing capacity, friction force, inlet pressure and leakage volume were analyzed. This study provides a theoretical basis for optimizing the static pressure bearing seal parameters.

Computer Aided Analysis of the Performances of a Tilting Pad Gas Journal Bearing

Tilting pad gas journal bearing is one of the most widely used types of aerodynamic bearings due to its inherent excellent stability in high speed applications.A practical method for analyzing and calculating the per- formances of such bearings is presented as well as its rotordynamics based on the computer aided technique.The method of calculation and the philosophy of programming with a microcomputer for the computer aided analysis are highlighted.

An efficient three-dimensional foil structure model for bump-type gas foil bearings considering friction

This paper presents an efficient three-dimensional(3D)structural model for bump-type gas foil bearings(GFBs)developed by considering friction.The foil structures are modeled with a 3D shell finite element model.Using the bump foil mechanical characteristics,the Guyan reduction and component mode synthesis methods are adopted to improve computational efficiency while guaranteeing accurate static responses.A contact model that includes friction and separation behaviors is presented to model the interactions of the bump foil with the top foil and bearing sleeve.The proposed structural model was validated with published analytical and experimental results.The coupled elastohydrodynamics model of GFBs was established by integration of the proposed structural model with data on hydrodynamic films,and it was validated by comparisons with existing experimental results.The performance of a bearing with an angular misalignment was studied numerically,revealing that the reaction torques of the misaligned bearing predicted by GFB models with 2D and 3D foil structure models are quite different.The 3D foil structure model should be used to study GFB misalignment.

基于流固耦合的箔片气体轴承动态特性分析

基于有限元软件ANSYS Workbench,建立箔片气体轴承在可压缩流体介质中运动的有限元模型,采用6DOF动网格计算方法对轴承的运动状态进行流固耦合数值模拟,探讨了不同转速和波箔片结构参数(波箔片的长度比、高度以及厚度)对轴承动态特性的影响规律。仿真结果表明:转速增加,轴承的承载能力增加,但稳定性有所下降,更容易发生失稳现象;选取波箔片的长度比在1~1.5之间、厚度为0.16 mm,既可以保证轴承具有较高的刚度,同时又能获得较大的阻尼;波箔片高度与轴承动态特性成反比关系。将仿真结果与试验结果进行对比,验证了仿真计算方法的正确性和有效性。同时本文的研究为优化波箔片结构,改善轴承动态特性,提高轴承运行稳定性提供理论依据。

Microscopic pore-fracture configuration and gas-filled mechanism of shale reservoirs in the western Chongqing area,Sichuan Basin,China

Taking the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation to Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale reservoirs in western Chongqing area as the study target,the argon ion polishing scanning electron microscope and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)experiments of different saturated wetting media were carried out.Based on the image processing technology and the results of gas desorption,the pore-fracture configuration of the shale reservoirs and its influence on gas-filled mechanism were analyzed.(1)The reservoir space includes organic pores,inorganic pores and micro-fractures and there are obvious differences between wells in the development characteristics of micro-fractures;the organic pores adjacent to the micro-fractures are poorly developed,while the inorganic pores are well preserved.(2)According to the type,development degree and contact relationship of organic pore and micro-fracture,the pore-fracture configuration of the shale reservoir is divided into four types.(3)Based on the differences in NMR T_(2) spectra of shale samples saturated with oil and water,an evaluation parameter of pore-fracture configuration was constructed and calculated.The smaller the parameter,the better the pore-fracture configuration is.(4)The shale reservoir with good pore-fracture configuration has well-developed organic pores,high porosity,high permeability and high gas content,while the shale reservoir with poor pore-fracture configuration has micro-fractures developed,which improves the natural gas conductivity and leads to low porosity and gas content of the reservoir.(5)Based on pore-fracture configuration,from the perspective of organic matter generating hydrocarbon,micro-fracture providing migration channel,three types of micro gas-filled models of shale gas were established.

Structural Design and Dynamic Characteristics of Overloaded Horizontal Servo Cylinder for Resisting Dynamic Partial Load

When an output curve force is applied to a horizontal servo cylinder with a heavy load, the piston rod bears a dynamic partial load based on the installation and load characteristics, which significantly a ects the frequency response and control accuracy of the servo cylinder. Based on this partial load, increased friction can lead to cylinder bore scu ng, leakage, lack of output power, or even system failure. In this paper, a novel asymmetric static-pressure support structure is proposed based on the principle of hydrostatic support. The radial component force of a dynamic partial load is balanced by cooperation between the support oil cushion of the variable hydraulic pressure support structure, oil cushion of the supportive force, and the damper. Adaptive control of the servo cylinder piston rod, guide sleeve, and piston, as well as the cylinder oil film friction between lubricated surfaces is achieved. In this paper, theoretical design and analysis of the traditional hydrostatic bearing structure and novel structure are presented. A hydraulic dynamic shear scissor is used as a research target to derive a structural dynamic model. Comparative simulations are performed using Matlab Simulink. Additionally, flow field analysis of the novel structure is performed, which verifies the rationality and feasibility of the proposed structure and system.

多孔质静压轴承静态特性预测研究

在多孔质静压轴承设计中,轴承设计参数是影响其静动态特性的关键因素之一,通常情况下,要得到合适的轴承设计参数,需要多次重复建模和仿真,且由于轴承结构复杂,建模难度大,仿真时间长,严重影响了轴承的设计效率。本文构建了一种基于遗传算法(Genetic algorithm,GA)优化反向传播(Back propagation, BP)神经网络的轴承静态特性预测模型,采用拉丁超立方抽样方法在轴承参数设计空间内采样,并进行Fluent流体仿真,将仿真数据用于GA-BP神经网络模型的训练与测试,实现了对设计空间内任意设计参数下的多孔质静压轴承静态特性的预测。研究结果表明,训练出的GA-BP神经网络模型能够准确预测多孔质静压轴承的静态特性,预测精度在95%以上,对多孔质静压轴承的快速设计和参数优化具有重要意义。

不同嵌岩深度下抗拔桩承载特性研究

以广东省江门市某工程为例,通过有限元分析软件ABAQUS,结合地勘报告及现场对桩基进行抗拔静载试验得出的荷载–位移曲线图,建立抗拔桩三维有限元模型进行数值模拟计算分析,研究不同嵌岩深度增量下抗拔桩的承载特性。研究成果表明:增加嵌岩深度可在一定程度上提高桩基抗拔承载力,但二者之间并非呈线性增长关系。当嵌岩深度增量为3D时,相较于原试桩的桩顶位移量减小54.2%,抗拔承载力提高105.2%,对桩基抗拔承载力的提高效果尤为显著。

考虑粗糙度的复合微织构轴承动力特性分析

为了提高滑动轴承旋转摩擦副的动力学性能和优化轴承结构,综合考虑表面粗糙度和复合微织构等因素,建立轴承转子系统的动力学特性计算模型,从理论上研究了考虑表面粗糙度时的复合微织构轴承的稳定性。针对圆形复合矩形微织构轴承,计算了不同粗糙度下轴承的油膜压力和临界速度,分析了不同复合微织构深度下的轴承刚度系数、阻尼系数及临界速度。研究结果表明:复合微织构轴承可以获得更大的临界速度,提高轴承的稳定性;复合微织构轴承的稳定性随织构深度的增大先增大后减小,在圆形和矩形织构无量纲深度分别为0.2和0.3附近稳定性最佳;相较于不考虑粗糙度时,采用均方根偏差为0.209μm时的考虑粗糙度的复合微织构轴承稳定性更佳,但最佳织构深度有所减小。

箔片动压气体轴承转子系统动态特性试验研究

在箔片动压气体轴承的润滑分析模型和动态特性数学模型基础上,结合牛顿力学方程,建立箔片动压气体轴承-转子系统动力学方程,并研究其刚度和阻尼系数的计算方法;试验测量箔片动压气体轴承-转子系统的振动及速度,计算其刚度和阻尼系数;结合图谱法分析箔片动压气体轴承-转子系统在升速过程中的线性失稳和非线性失稳现象,研究转速对其刚度和阻尼系数的影响规律。结果表明:箔片动压气体轴承-转子系统主刚度系数整体随着转速的升高而增大,而交叉刚度整体随着转速的增加而减小且变化趋势相对较为平缓;阻尼系数整体随转速的提高而减小;系统自身阻尼抑制了扰动和低频能量的聚集,避免了箔片振动发生,从而有效地提高了系统运行的稳定性。提出的动态特性系数计算方法结合气体润滑理论与动力学模型,并结合试验测试,可以有效地获得轴承-转子系统的动态特性。

基于不同加工工艺的微孔节流空气静压轴承的特性研究

随着超精密加工技术和地面微低重力仿真的发展,相关产业对空气静压轴承的性能要求越来越高。由于传统的孔式节流器其结构特点不能完全满足实际使用的需要,节流孔直径与气膜间隙同一数量级的微孔节流空气静压轴承因其良好的刚度和承载特性,越来越受到关注。但在微孔节流器的发展过程中,微孔的加工工艺却限制了其推广应用。针对目前常用的三类微孔加工工艺,进行了理论仿真研究,通过建立不同加工工艺轴承仿真模型,运用双向流固耦合仿真方法,对比分析了基于不同加工工艺的微孔节流空气静压轴承的动静态特性。研究结果表明:锥孔类轴承承载性能优于其他两类,但耗气量大且在小间隙时刚度较差;薄壁直孔类轴承承载性能稍逊,但在大间隙下轴承刚度较佳;嵌套类轴承承载性能较差,但在小间隙下轴承刚度较大且耗气量较低。

带人字槽和轴向微通槽的动静压气体轴承静态特性

设计带人字槽和轴向微通槽的动静压气体轴承,运用FLUENT对其静态特性进行仿真分析,通过改变轴向微通槽深度、偏心率、气膜厚度、供气压力等参数,研究其对轴承刚度和承载能力的影响。结果表明:其他条件不变,偏心率越大,轴承刚度越小、承载能力越大;人字槽可以提升气体轴承的承载能力和刚度,主轴转速越快,动压效应越强,轴承刚度和承载能力越大;随微通槽深度增加,轴承刚度先增大后保持稳定,轴承承载能力先增大后减小,因此当微通槽深度过大时,轴承刚度变化不大,但轴承承载能力会减小。

基于MEA-BP神经网络的多孔质轴承参数优化

为了提高圆盘类多孔质静压止推轴承的静态特性,采用思维进化算法(MEA)优化反向传播(BP)神经网络,创建圆盘类多孔质静压止推轴承静态特性的预测模型,完成轴承静态承载力、静刚度以及耗气量的高精度预测,其预测误差分别低于2%、5%以及5%。基于此模型,以最大化静态承载力和静刚度、最小化耗气量为优化目标值,采用遗传算法对轴承的多孔质参数组合进行多目标优化,实现轴承参数的快速优化设计。优化结果表明:此轴承静态承载力提高了64.53%,静刚度提高了31.93%,耗气量降低了56.52%。

海上试桩不同桩型承载力特性研究

天津南港某高桩码头拟建场地有深厚密实砂层,通过试桩测定设计桩型对砂层的穿透及贯入能力,研究不同基桩承载力特性。试验结果表明:混凝土预制桩及钢管桩均有较好的穿透及贯入能力;基桩轴向极限承载力高应变检测结果小于静载试验,误差均在5%以内;混凝土预制桩桩端承载力占总承载力不小于44.6%,钢管桩桩端承载力占总承载力不小于21.9%;相同荷载作用下,混凝土预制方桩静载与动载沉降量之比为1.40,钢管桩为0.90,两者差异明显;基桩承载力达到极值时桩侧摩阻力要明显大于规范极限侧摩阻力,规范取值偏保守。

S-CO_(2)箔片气体动压轴承静动态特性分析

以超临界二氧化碳(supercritical carbon dioxide, S-CO_(2))为介质的动力循环系统因其结构紧凑、效率高、能源清洁等优势受到广泛的关注。针对S-CO_(2)介质径向箔片气体动压轴承建立力学计算模型,通过物性数据库获取S-CO_(2)物性数据并基于反向传播(back propagation, BP)神经网络训练S-CO_(2)物性模型,与变黏度变密度的湍流气体润滑雷诺方程进行耦合。利用热平衡计算轴承气膜的平均温升,计算S-CO_(2)径向箔片气体动压轴承的静态特性并对程序进行验证。基于小扰动法计算动态刚度与阻尼系数,分析雷诺数、静态承载和轴承名义间隙对S-CO_(2)介质径向箔片轴承动态特性的影响规律。结果表明,利用神经网络训练获得的S-CO_(2)物性模型,获取到的不同温度与压力状态下的S-CO_(2)物性值可靠性相当高。适当增大局部雷诺数,减少名义间隙,提高静态载荷,可以获得更好的轴承动态性能。

S-CO_(2)介质止推箔片气体动压轴承特性研究

针对超临界二氧化碳(SupercriticalCarbon Dioxide,S-CO_(2))润滑波箔型止推箔片气体动压轴承,通过反向传播(Back Propagation,BP)神经网络算法提出S-CO_(2)的物性模型,并考虑轴承工作时的非理想气体效应,提出考虑湍流效应气体润滑模型、箔片结构力学模型和气膜平均温升计算方法,对止推箔片气体动压轴承的静动态特性进行研究,并分析不同结构参数对箔片气体轴承静动态特性的影响规律.结果表明,本文提出的物性模型准确度高,相关系数高达99.997%.以S-CO_(2)为润滑介质的止推箔片气体动压轴承具有更高的承载力,且在适当范围内减小最小初始气膜厚度或增加膜厚比可以提高轴承的承载力.以S-CO_(2)为介质的止推箔片气体动压轴承的动态刚度系数和动态阻尼系数均远高于常温常压空气介质下的止推箔片气体动压轴承.随着最小初始气膜厚度减小,轴承的动态刚度系数和动态阻尼系数均迅速增加.