The Elements of Fold Style Analysis in the Khaftar Anticline, Zagros, Iran

The Study area is located in the Zagros Simply Folded Belt of Iran and in the interior Fars sub-basin. The Khaftar anticline is located in the West, North-West of Jahrom city in the Fars province (148 km distance from Persian Gulf). The trend of Khaftar anticline has three orientations, consist of North-Northeast, East-West and South-Southwest. This anticline has asymmetric structure and some faults with large strike separation observed in this anticline. In the study area, stratigraphic units are affected by many faults in this area. Also one salt plug cropping out in the middle part of the Khaftar anticline. Maybe this salt plug affected on the stratigraphic units and geometry of structure. Description of fold geometry is important because it allows comparisons within and between folds and allow us to recognize patterns in the occurrence and distribution of fold systems. The main aim of this paper is determination of fold style elements and folding pattern of the Khaftar anticline. This paper presents a part of the results of a regional study of the Fars province in the Zagros Simply folded belt, based on satellite images, geological maps, and well data. Some data, such as geological maps and geological regional data were prepared and provided by the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC). Because of the Khaftar anticline, has complex structure, the analysis of fold style elements is seems necessary. Therefore, in further studies on this structure the changes of fold style elements will be analyzed and investigated from east to west in the different parts of this anticline. The activity of Nezamabad sinistral strike slip fault in the Khaftar anticline causes changes of axial plane characteristics and fold axis. Some of the results such as folding style analysis, how position of salt plug, changes of fold type and main structural changes (rotation of fold axis and 2.5 km displacement in this anticline) show main changes in the middle parts of the Khaftar anticline. It seems that, these changes have formed by activity of the Nezamabad fault and this fault’s activity same as fault zone.

Hydrocarbon Trap and Folding Style of the Pishvar Anticline, Sub-Coastal Fars, Zagros

The Pishvar anticline with Northwest-Southeast trend is located in the Sub-Coastal Fars area. This anticline with 80 Km length and 5 - 7 Km width is located in western part of the Lar area. The Pishvar anticline has two closures that are separated together by smooth down-warp. The oldest units that have outcropped on the surfaces are Asmari and Jahrom Formations. The most faults that observed on the Pishvar anticline are Normal fault. In the study area, the Razak and Hendurabi faults are main faults. These faults are strike slip with sinistral displacement. This anticline has greater dip in Northern flank compared to Southern flank. In this research, the main aim is folding style analysis, based on Description of fold geometry for indicate hydrocarbon trap structure in the Pishvar anticline. Description of fold geometry is important because they allow comparisons within and between folds and pattern-recognition in addition to occurrence and distribution of fold systems. We used Tectonics FP and Global Mapper Software for prepared some data in our study. In addition, we used the common classification of folds for our research. Based on results, the folding pattern of this anticline has indicated the fold style has different type in different parts of the Pishvar anticline. According to fold style variation and deformation analysis from B-B’ to C-C’ parts of the study anticline, it seems that the location of the Razak sinistral strike slip fault has existed in this parts. Fold style change can show this case. In addition, fold style variation and deformation analysis from E-E’ to F-F’ parts of this anticline has been affected of the secondary fault that is related to the Razak sinistral strike slip fault. We introduced this fault for first time. Finally, Based on results in this research, in western part there is little probability for access to hydrocarbon trap in upper horizons, unless the exploratory drilling continues to the deeper horizons.

The Unique Folding Style in the Zagros Simply Folded Belt, the Kuh-e Qazi Anticline, South Iran

The study area is located in the Zagros Simply Folded Belt of Iran and in the interior Fars sub-basin (175 km from Persian Gulf). The Zagros fold-thrust belt is home to one of the largest petroleum producing reservoirs in the world. Structures in this area have complications and the study anticline has unique structures in the Fars region. In the study area, the Kuh-e Qazi anticline due to special fold style and rotation toward Northeast is the unique structure between anticlines of the Zagros belt. This anticline is fault bend fold and plunge of the anticline in eastern part rotated toward Northeast along with the Nezamabad fault trend. In this area, the Kuh-e Qazi anticline has asymmetric structures and some faults such as the Nezamabad and the Sarvestan strike slip fault effect on this anticline. The geometry of anticlines in the Zagros fold-thrust belt is affected by the type of deformation and mechanical behavior of stratigraphic units specially detachment units. The purpose of this research is to determine of folding pattern of the Kuh-e Qazi anticline and define structural features affected on them in the study area. This paper presents a part of the results of a regional study of the Fars province in the Zagros Simply Folded Belt, based on original fieldwork, satellite images, structural sections, geological maps and well data. Also, we use some software as Global Mapper and Tectonics FP for preparing some data.?Based on the research, which have been done, the boundary between ductile and frictional substrates causes rotation as a result of lateral, along-strike migration of the ductile substrate. The ductile or viscose layer in the study area is Hormuz Series. Due to lack or thinning of Hormuz salt over the Gavbandi basement high and in the eastern side of the Nezamabad basement fault, causes translation of strain and anticlockwise rotation in Southeast of the Kuh-e Qazi anticline toward Northwest unlike foreland basin due to the Nezamabad fault activity. This style between all of the anticlines in the study area is unique that rotates unlike foreland basin. In addition, influence on anticlockwise rotation, extensional stress has been created and then salt dome cropping out in Southeast of the Kuh-Qazi anticline. One of the best evidence for effect of extensional stress is triangular facets in this part of the study anticline. Based on folding analysis (geometry of axial plane and fold orientation), it is clearly confirmed that the translation of strain and anticlockwise rotation in Southeast of the Kuh-e Qazi anticline toward Northwest has been formed by basement fault activity as the Nezamabad fault in the boundary between ductile and frictional substrates of the study area.

Folding Style of the Kuh-e Siah Anticline in the Sarvestan Area, Interior Fars, Zagros, Iran

The Kuh-e Siah anticline is located in the Sarvestan area of the Fars province (186 km to Persian Gulf) and Interior Fars sub basin. This anticline is a fault bend fold and is located in the Sarvestan fault zone with Northwest-Southeast trend. The Sarvestan fault zone has caused main deformation by dextral strike slip activity in southern part of the Zagros fold-thrust belt. The main aim of this paper is to determine of fold style elements and folding pattern of the Kuh-e Siah anticline. This paper presents part of the results of a regional study of the Fars province in the Zagros Simply folded belt, based on original fieldwork, satellite images, structural sections, geological maps and well data. In addition, we used some software as Global Mapper and Tectonics FP for prepared some data. Folds, which are close sideways, are neutral and these require special attention. It is remarkable that, in all sections of the Kuh-e Siah anticline, fold type is close and in the middle part of the anticline, fold type is different with other parts. In the middle part, fold type is upright-moderately gently plunging. On the other hand, in northwestern and southeastern parts fold type is similar together. These results maybe show that fold style follow that fold sigmoidal shape that created with two-fault segment of the Sarvestan fault zone in the study area. Therefore, it seems that the Kuh-e Siah anticline has suffered high deformation in the Sarvestan fault zone and this fault zone has created shear zone.

Folding Style Analysis of the Tabnak Sweet Gas Field, Zagros, Iran

The Zagros fold-thrust belt in Iran is home to one of the enormous petroleum producing reservoirs in the word. The Tabnak gas field in this belt is one of the enormous sweet gas fields that discovered on the land. This anticlinal structure is located in the Coastal Fars sub-basin and is bounded from North by the Varavi gas field, from South by the Kuh-e Madar anticline, from East by Assaluyeh gas field and from West by Kuh-e Dehnow anticline. Its length is about 80 km and width is about 15 km. This structure is asymmetric anticline and is located with irregular near the Assaluyeh gas field. The Tabnak gas field is deepest structure between anticlines in the Coastal Fars area. This gas field has a special place for accommodating the enormous Hydrocarbon resources and for this reason, it is very important for Iran country. In this structure, the Dashtak, Kangan and upper Dalan Formations have Hydrocarbon. Analysis and description of fold style elements are essential for structural studies. Based on this case, the comparison of the fold styles and folding mechanism is possible. The main aim in this research is the analysis of the fold style elements of the Tabnak anticline for determining the folding pattern and tectonic regime on this structure. This case has very important for Hydrocarbon exploration between gas fields in the Fars area. In this research, we used the Tectonics FP software, Global Mapper software and geological maps and reports of Iranian National Oil Company. In addition, we used common classification of fold for indicating folding mechanism of the Tabnak anticlinal structure. Based on analysis of the fold style elements, the Tabnak anticlinal structure has variation in fold style. This structure has three different fold styles in different parts. The changes of fold axis, axial plane characteristics and fold classification confirmed several fold styles in different parts of the Tabnak anticline. These changes are observed specially in B-B', F-F' and G-G' sections of this anticline. It seems that these parts have been suffered more deformation in the study anticline. In addition, based on interlimb and folding angle, fold type is close type in all of parts. The close type required more accuracy, because the close type may be ensigns of complication regime. In the study area, G-G' and F-F' section of the Tabnak gas field probable show folding style changes have been affected by Gavbandy Paleo-high.

Deformation, Stratigraphy, Structures and Shortening of the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt in Southwest Iran Analysis by Restoration

A structural cross-section constructed across the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt covering the Abadan Plain, Dezful Embayment, and Izeh Zone applied 2D and 3D seismic data, well data, surface and subsurface geological maps, satellite images and field reconnaissance. Besides validation and modification of the cross-section, restoration allows better understanding of the geology, structural style and stratigraphy of the Zagros basin. In the area of interest, the Hormuz basal decollement and the Gachsaran detachment play the most significant roles in the structural style and deformation of the Zagros belt. More complexity is associated with interval decollements such as Triassic evaporites, Albian shales and Eocene marls. A variety of lithotectonic units and detachment surfaces confound any estimation of shortening, which generally decreases with increasing depth. Deformation completely differs in the Abadan Plain, Dezful Embayment and Izeh Zone because of different sedimentation histories and tectonic evolution; gentle and young structures can be interpreted as pre-collisional structures of the Dezful Embayment before the Late Cretaceous. After the Late Cretaceous, the Mountain Front Fault is the main control of sedimentation and deformation in the Zagros Basin, and this completely characterizes fold style and geometry within the Dezful Embayment and the Izeh Zone.

准噶尔盆地南缘西部山前褶皱—冲断带构造分带特征及形成演化

准噶尔盆地南缘西部构造呈新的构造叠置特征和复杂的复合叠加构造样式,叠加构造在空间分布上具有明显的分带特征。根据野外地质调查和地震解释资料,采用平衡剖面恢复、楔型构造理论和构造地质学分析方法,研究复杂叠加构造变形差异及分带特征。结果表明:准噶尔盆地南缘西部发育受基底卷入与顺层滑脱联合与差异控制下的空间断褶体系,褶皱发育受断层控制,褶皱与断层相互叠加形成构造楔、双重构造、突发构造等复合构造样式,表现为多期活动特征。研究区按构造变形性质及变形差异可划分为山前逆冲推覆构造带、基底卷入型褶皱—冲断带、盖层滑脱型褶皱—冲断带3个构造带;其中,基底卷入型褶皱—冲断带与第一排断褶带重合,受控于基底卷入型断裂体系,发育基底卷入式大型构造楔、背形堆垛式双重构造与前倾双重构造,背斜轴线与断层线平面重合度高;盖层滑脱型褶皱—冲断带包括第二和第三排断褶带,受控于顺层滑脱型断裂体系,发育断展褶皱,背斜轴线与断层线平面重合度低,构造垂向上具有分层差异,构造变形程度自南向北表现为由强至弱。挤压应力作用的时期和强度、滑脱断层的向北滑脱、构造楔的楔入长度及推挤距离、滑脱层的厚度和上覆地层厚度,以及沉积时代、沉积速率和岩性差异等因素是引起研究区构造垂向分层、南北分带的原因。该结果对明确研究区构造发育及下一步油气地质勘探具有指导意义。

松辽盆地德惠断陷白垩系火石岭组凝灰岩储层预测及成藏主控因素

基于钻井岩心分析、测井曲线、地震等资料,运用模型正演、多参数反演体融合技术等,对松辽盆地德惠断陷白垩系火石岭组凝灰岩储层分布特征及油气富集条件进行了研究,预测了优质储层分布。研究结果表明:(1)松辽盆地德惠断陷白垩系火石岭组凝灰岩为裂隙式喷发形成的火山碎屑岩,主要为含角砾熔结凝灰岩、含角砾晶屑凝灰岩和沉凝灰岩。地震反射特征总体表现为低频、差连续、中强振幅或弱振幅,多参数反演体融合体技术预测的凝灰岩储层“甜点”分布与钻井证实结果的符合率高,凝灰岩储层平均钻遇率达92.8%,气层平均钻遇率为81.0%,其中12口井获得了工业气流;华家构造带与郭家断阶带储层岩性分别以含角砾熔结凝灰岩和含角砾晶屑凝灰岩为主,断裂发育,是2个优质储层发育区。(2)研究区凝灰岩的测井和地震相特征相匹配形成的岩性-岩相模板可有效指导凝灰岩的地震相识别,振幅属性刻画出的火山口相、近火山岩相为有利岩性分布区。(3)研究区发育火石岭组、沙河子组、营城组3套优质烃源岩厚度均超过300 m,TOC值分别为0.26%~5.08%,0.10%~5.55%,0.10%~9.74%,S1+S2分别为0.24~8.23 mg/g,0.12~18.15 mg/g,0.25~2.86 mg/g,Ro分别为0.6%~1.3%,1.1%~1.6%,1.0%~2.2%,具有丰度高,成熟度中等的特征,为大规模成藏奠定了良好的物质基础。(4)研究区凝灰岩气藏是一套源储侧向对接、高位富集的致密气藏,成藏主要受构造样式、断裂发育程度和供烃窗口控制,其中拉张和伸展作用形成的叠瓦状断弯褶皱控制了油气富集程度,断裂发育程度及供烃窗口的大小决定了气藏规模。

历史唯物主义视域下中国式现代化生态观的四重超越

十八大以来,我国生态文明建设的成就举世瞩目,成为新时代党和国家事业取得历史性成就、发生历史性变革的显著标志。运用历史唯物主义的世界观和方法论,从产生根源、治理主体、逻辑思维和实践落实四个方面探究中国式现代化蕴含的生态观对先前生态理论的发展和超越,利于推动中国式现代化蕴含的生态观的理论构建,增强新时代生态文明建设理论自信与文化自信,促进美丽中国建设。

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘石沟驿向斜的形成演化与致密砂岩气成藏模式

向斜构造是一种基本的褶皱样式,是煤层气、致密砂岩气、页岩气、盐类以及铀矿等矿产资源赋存的主要场所之一。研究向斜的形成机制将为剖析褶皱冲断带的构造演化及矿产资源的分布特征奠立重要基础。以鄂尔多斯盆地西缘的石沟驿向斜为例,应用新的高分辨率地震剖面与深探井资料,解析向斜的深层地质结构及其成因机制。研究表明,石沟驿向斜处于鄂尔多斯盆地西缘北段与中段的过渡部位,形成于中侏罗世末期—晚侏罗世,是在以羊虎沟组—山西组含煤岩系为滑脱层形成的叠瓦冲断系统基础上,下伏的早期阶状正断层组合反转形成的大型构造楔的上层褶皱体系;惠安堡断层为一正反转断层,在该区起构造-沉积分划作用;石沟驿向斜及邻区的上石炭统—二叠系的致密砂岩气具有自生、自储、自封闭成因,于早白垩世成藏。石沟驿向斜的形成期早于油气成藏高峰期,天然气资源丰富,有较好的勘探前景。

准噶尔盆地南缘褶皱-逆冲断层带分析

讨论了与准噶尔盆地南缘褶皱-逆冲断层带有关的4个问题。(1)准噶尔盆地南缘褶皱-逆冲断层带具有纵向分带、横向分段和垂向构造分层的特征:纵向上由南至北可分为逆冲推覆构造带、基底卷入褶皱-冲断带和滑脱型褶皱-冲断带三个带;横向上,基底卷入褶皱-冲断带从西至东按横向调节带分为5个段,构造特征表现为反冲断层从不发育到向南反冲的位移逐渐增大、反冲断层所滑脱的层位亦逐渐加深;滑脱型褶皱-冲断带以红车断裂为界划分为西段和东段,西段构造运动弱,构造变形具双层结构;东段构造运动较强,发育大型冲向后陆的反向逆冲断层,构造变形多具有3层结构。(2)逆冲断层-褶皱类型按其形成机制分为基底卷入型冲断-褶皱、滑脱型冲断-褶皱以及基底卷入-滑脱混合型冲断-褶皱3大类,其中,基底卷入型冲断-褶皱的特征是褶皱作用发生在逆冲断裂之前,而滑脱型冲断-褶皱以冲断和褶皱同时或冲断层先于褶皱形成为特征。(3)本区存在横向和纵向传递带。横向调节带一般分布于基底卷入型褶皱-冲断带,主要为左旋走滑断层;纵向传递带分布于滑脱型褶皱-冲断带,以逆冲断层系斜列分布和位移纵向斜列传递为特征。(4)褶皱-冲断带形成的主控因素主要有:近南北向的水平挤压作用,上新世末—早更新世末和晚侏罗世末发生的构造变形以及古近系、下白垩统和下—中侏罗统发育的三套异常高压泥岩层相关的滑脱作用。

黄骅坳陷褶皱分类及成因分析

黄骅坳陷内多数褶皱都是在伸展构造背景下形成的，并与正断层系统紧密联系在一起。根据褶皱枢纽与断层走向的位置关系，黄骅坳陷内褶皱样式基本类型大体可以分为纵向褶皱和横向褶皱。根据褶皱的形成机制，这两种褶皱又可进一步分为牵引褶皱、逆牵引褶皱、滚动褶皱、翘倾式背斜、断层位移褶皱、断线转向褶皱以及叠加形成的各种复式褶皱。这些褶皱受构造演化控制，可互相转化。另外，黄骅坳陷内还存在多种成因与反转断层相关的褶皱。

真空预冷实验装置计算机检测系统

为了揭示真空预冷机理,优化真空预冷设备,需要实时测量真空预冷过程中真空室中的压力、捕水器的温度、果蔬的温度和质量等多个参数的变化。本文简述了自行设计的真空预冷实验装置的组成及设备的数据采集系统。将质量传感器成功地引入真空室,完成了产品质量在真空预冷过程中的在线监测。

塔里木盆地北缘断褶带层间氧化带发育样式及砂岩铀矿找矿潜力

塔里木盆地北缘处于强断褶带,缺乏稳定平缓的斜坡带。以中侏罗统、上新统为主的砂岩型铀成矿目的层在断陷区、褶皱区发育不同的层间氧化带样式,形成的铀矿有所不同。已经发现的层间氧化带分为陡倾型和反转型。陡倾型层间氧化带定位于山间残留断陷盆地和山前断裂附近,多数地段氧化带已经剥蚀殆尽,局部有残留。反转型层间氧化带受盆内复背斜(或隆起)的抬升隆起影响使得层间氧化带发生反转掀斜,部分过渡带及铀异常体—矿体被剥蚀出地表。主要的铀矿体呈倒卷状,部分呈透镜状。综合分析表明,研究区铀成矿有利地段为断陷区、盆缘第一级褶皱露头区和隐伏的褶皱带。

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘马家滩地区的构造样式与圈闭分布规律

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘冲断带是我国南北构造带的重要组成部分,是阿拉善地块与鄂尔多斯地块之间陆内构造变形的产物,研究其地质结构与构造样式是探讨陆内构造变形机制的基础,同时也是剖析地震活动与开展油气勘探的重要依据。本文基于该区近年来新的钻井、高精度二维与三维地震资料,应用构造解析方法,研究构造变形样式及圈闭分布特点。研究表明,马家滩地区地处鄂尔多斯盆地西缘冲断带中段,经历长期的伸展—聚敛旋回演化,是贺兰山—六盘山陆内造山带变形系统的一部分。马家滩地区的地质结构具有"分带、分层、分段"特征,自西向东发育后缘伸展带(银川地堑)、逆冲推覆构造带(包括韦州—苋麻湾冲断席、石沟驿向斜)、前缘过渡带和天环凹陷;前缘过渡带以石炭—二叠系煤层或泥岩为区域滑脱层分为上、下构造变形系统,下构造变形系统向西缓倾,发育低幅度背斜;上构造变形系统发育三排断层相关褶皱背斜带,向南变窄,上构造变形系统因滑脱层发育差异而南、北分段,二者之间斜向过渡转换。马家滩地区及邻区主要发育伸展-聚敛旋回制约的反转构造系统、陆内造山变形制约的扩展式前陆变形系统和后陆造山后伸展变形系统等3种构造变形系统;前缘过渡带上部构造系统经历印支晚期、燕山期和喜马拉雅期三期变形,形成不同期次、不同方向的叠加构造。马家滩地区发育断层传播褶皱、双重构造、叠瓦构造、构造楔和反冲断裂组合(冲隆构造)等构造样式,形成断背斜、断鼻及断块等油气圈闭类型,圈闭分布受断层控制呈带展布。马家滩地区构造圈闭发育,为西缘油气勘探的有利远景目标区。

2008年汶川Ms8．0地震北川以北段地表破裂变形的主要样式

2008年5月12日发生的汶川地震是由青藏高原东部龙门山断裂的活动所导致。震后的调查表明,北川县城以北的断裂段破裂了约90km。在北川县城以北,不同地点沿地震地表破裂所展现的地表变形差异很大,可能反映了断裂附近地表特性的变化。文章主要从5个典型地点来阐述5种代表性的地表变形模式。前两个地点,在北川县城以北几公里,反映了近地表基岩中的一种变形和从基岩向松散堆积物过渡区的一种变形模式。与此两种断裂陡坎变形不同,中间的两个点则阐述了褶皱陡坎,它们反映了2008年地震中断裂断错在地表以下终止的不同情形。最后一个点位于汶川地震地表破裂的北端,可能代表了当地表破裂结束时地表变形的模式。在北川以北段地表破裂上典型地点的详细测量的基础上,通过归纳野外获得的地表变形资料,构建出汶川地震地表破裂北川以北段的基本变形模型。

多层滑脱条件下褶皱—冲断带形成制约因素研究:以川东—雪峰构造带为例

为了研究滑脱层性质对多层滑脱变形系统构造样式及演化过程的影响,设计了3组剖面模型,针对滑脱层流变学性质及其深度对上覆地层构造变形的影响进行物理模拟研究,并结合川东—雪峰构造带褶皱-冲断带实际地质条件进行对比分析。结果表明:滑脱层流变学性质影响上覆地层应变调节方向;水平累积性收缩滑脱层控制下的地层变形具有较大水平应变分量,使得应力快速、大范围传递,形成宽缓的褶皱-冲断带;高流变性滑脱层控制下的地层变形具有显著的垂向运动,形成的褶皱-冲断带狭窄且具有较大锥度;滑脱层深度影响上覆地层褶皱的波长,深层滑脱形成大波长褶皱,紧密排列组合成隔槽式褶皱;浅层滑脱易形成高陡背斜,稀疏分布组合成隔挡式褶皱;川东—雪峰构造带不同区域沉积盖层厚度、滑脱层数量、滑脱深度的差异及南东—北西向挤压应力是形成该区隔挡式、隔槽式褶皱的主控因素。

论背越式跳高摆动腿动作的技术原理

依据背越式跳高技术的动作方法 ,运用运动生物力学的基本理论 ,从运动学和动力学的角度 ,对背越式跳高技术中 ,摆动腿在起跳阶段的

中上扬子地区构造变形带成因机制及有利油气勘探区域预测

中上扬子地区构造变形带的形成,与扬子、华夏板块的碰撞有关,其内部岩层中4个滑脱层的存在为本构造带的形成提供了物质基础;在其形成过程中,隔挡式褶皱首先形成,然后逐步完成向隔槽式褶皱的转变,并最终在造山带根部形成基底挤出式变形带。受构造带控制,各变形区的油气勘探应有所差别:隔挡式褶皱带内次级背斜、具备较好盖层的隔槽式褶皱带及逆冲推覆体之下具有较好石油地质条件地区成为有利勘探靶区。

叠加褶皱研究进展综述

叠加褶皱作为地壳构造变形中一种常见的地质现象,对于确定多期变形和构造运动期次,探讨构造演化历史以及内外生矿床的空间分布、形成与变形特征均有重要研究意义。在回顾叠加褶皱研究历史与近年来取得的主要进展基础上,系统地总结了叠加褶皱几何学与运动学特征,指出叠加褶皱主要有纵弯褶皱作用、横弯褶皱作用及剪切褶皱作用3种成因机制。在此基础上,选取典型的叠加褶皱,剖析了其构造样式及形成机制,并探讨了叠加褶皱研究的难点与可行研究方法。