荷叶及其有效成分治疗代谢综合征研究进展

代谢综合征(metabolic syndrome,MS)是几种心血管疾病危险因素共同存在的病理状态,包括动脉粥样硬化、胰岛素抵抗、腹型肥胖、血脂异常等,几种相互关联的异常情况同时发生导致代谢综合征的发病机制和影响因素异常复杂,目前针对MS尚无特效的靶向治疗药物,而越来越多的研究集中于对于代谢综合征有利的中药及其药理作用上。荷叶是药食两用的食材,极具开发价值,其中富含的黄酮类化合物、生物碱、多糖等活性成分不仅具有减肥降脂、抗炎、抗氧化、降血糖以及保护心血管的作用,还可以通过调节肠道菌群防治代谢综合征,具有潜在研究价值。文章对荷叶及其主要活性成分作用于代谢综合征的不同组分如肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、高脂血症、心血管疾病等进行综述,以期为代谢综合征的临床治疗及荷叶的功能性产品开发提供理论依据。

Preparation of Rosmarinic Acid Injection from Folium perillae

[Objective] To extract the effective component rosmarinic acid from Folium perillae,study preparation technology and quality control of rosmarinic acid injection and provide test basis for hemorheological drug development and clinic application.[Method]The coarse powder of Folium perillae(40 μm)was lixiviated with hot water and acidized to make aqueous extracts.Rosmarinic acid from the aqueous mixture was extracted with Ethyl Acetate.And Et Ac was evaporated to obtain primary product.The injection was purified by pH adjustment.Concentration of rosmarinic acid in the injection was detected by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).Contents of tannin,resin and oxalate were eliminated according to the Chinese Pharmacopeia(2005 edition).Stability,irritation,haemolyticus,LD50 and thermogenic substance of this injection were also detected.[Result]The content of rosmarinic acid in Folium perillae injection is 2.81 mg/ml,and the content of LD50 was 406.82 mg/kg.This injection was consistent with the stipulation of Chinese Pharmacopeia(2005 edition).[Conclusion]The preparation technology of this experiment was reasonable.The stable qualities of the prepared injection meet the injection requirement.

基于与标准汤剂一致性的甜叶菊配方颗粒提取工艺设计空间研究

目的以甜叶菊标准汤剂质量为依据,建立甜叶菊配方颗粒提取工艺设计空间。方法制备15批甜叶菊标准汤剂并测定出膏率、甜菊苷提取量以及新绿原酸、绿原酸、隐绿原酸总提取量。通过层次分析-熵权法确定各指标的权重系数,计算标准汤剂的综合评分。以综合评分作为关键质量属性,以浸泡时间、提取时间、加水倍数为关键工艺参数,利用BoxBehnken设计对甜叶菊配方颗粒提取工艺进行优化,建立设计空间。对模型准确性、工艺稳定性、工艺适用性进行验证。结果15批甜叶菊标准汤剂的综合评分范围为56.77~98.30,平均值为78.03。建立的甜叶菊配方颗粒提取设计空间为浸泡时间10~30min、加水倍数11~12倍,提取时间45~55 min。3个验证点的综合评分为85.24、85.19、88.25分,且同个验证点的重复性良好。不同批次甜叶菊饮片经过设计空间内的工艺参数进行提取,综合评分也得到较好提升。结论所建立的设计空间能够保证甜叶菊提取工艺的稳定性,为制备与标准汤剂具有一致性的配方颗粒提供参考思路。

Antiviral Activity of the Effective Monomers from Folium Isatidis Against Influenza Virus in Vivo

In order to evaluate the anti-influenza virus activity of the effective monomer from Folium Isatidis (FI) in vivo,we established mice model with viral pneumonia and divided them into 3 different dose groups,then observed their lung indexes,pulmonary pathological changes,pulmonary virus hemagglitination titers,living time and death rates.The results showed that the monomer could reduce the pulmonary index from 2.64 to 1.93,1.63 and 1.40 (P<0.01) and decrease the hemagglitination titer from 1.15 to 0.84,0.70 and 0.59 (P<0.01).In addition,different groups of FI could significantly lessen the mortality rate from 100% to 30%,25% and 15%,and prolong the living time from 5.1d to 6.5d,8.4d and 8.9d respectively(P<0.01).The high dose (75 mg/kg/d) has the similar effect with 100 mg/kg/d dose of virazole(P>0.05),and more effective than 200 mg/kg/d dose of antiviral liquor (P<0.05).

A Semi-Quantitative Analysis of Essential Micronutrient in Folium Lycii Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Technique

Abstract In this paper, the capabilities of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy （LIBS） for rapid analysis to multi-component plant are illustrated using a 1064 nm laser focused onto the surface of folium lycii. Based on homogeneous plasma assumption, nine of essential micronutrients in folium lycii are identified. Using Saha equation and Boltzmann plot method electron density and plasma temperature are obtained, and their relative concentration （Ca, Mg, A1, Si, Ti, Na, K, Li, and Sr） are obtained employing a semi-quantitative method.

Multidisciplinary strategies to enhance therapeutic effects of flavonoids from Epimedii Folium:Integration of herbal medicine,enzyme engineering,and nanotechnology

Flavonoids such as baohuoside I and icaritin are the major active compounds in Epimedii Folium(EF)and possess excellent therapeutic effects on various diseases.Encouragingly,in 2022,icaritin soft capsules were approved to reach the market for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)by National Medical Products Administration(NMPA)of China.Moreover,recent studies demonstrate that icaritin can serve as immune-modulating agent to exert anti-tumor effects.Nonetheless,both production efficiency and clinical applications of epimedium flavonoids have been restrained because of their low content,poor bioavailability,and unfavorable in vivo delivery efficiency.Recently,various strategies,including enzyme engineering and nanotechnology,have been developed to increase productivity and activity,improve delivery efficiency,and enhance therapeutic effects of epimedium flavonoids.In this review,the structure-activity relationship of epimedium flavonoids is described.Then,enzymatic engineering strategies for increasing the productivity of highly active baohuoside I and icaritin are discussed.The nanomedicines for overcoming in vivo delivery barriers and improving therapeutic effects of various diseases are summarized.Finally,the challenges and an outlook on clinical translation of epimedium flavonoids are proposed.

Potential therapeutic effects and applications of Eucommiae Folium in secondary hypertension

Eucommiae Folium(EF),a traditional Chinese medicine,has been used to treat secondary hypertension,including renal hypertension and salt-sensitive hypertension,as well as hypertension caused by thoracic aortic endothelial dysfunction,a high-fat diet,and oxidized low-density lipoprotein.The antihypertensive components of EF are divided into four categories:flavonoids,iridoids,lignans,and phenylpropanoids,such as chlorogenic acid,geniposide acid and pinoresinol diglucoside.EF regulates the occurrence and development of hypertension by regulating biological processes,such as inhibiting inflammation,regulating the nitric oxide synthase pathway,reducing oxidative stress levels,regulating endothelial vasoactive factors,and lowering blood pressure.However,its molecular antihypertensive mechanisms are still unclear and require further investigation.In this review,by consulting the relevant literature on the antihypertensive effects of EF and using network pharmacology,we summarized the active ingredients and pharmacological mechanisms of EF in the treatment of hypertension to clarify how EF is associated with secondary hypertension,the related components,and underlying mechanisms.The results of the network pharmacology analysis indicated that EF treats hypertension through a multicomponent,multi-target and multi-pathway mechanism.In particular,we discussed the role of EF targets in the treatment of hypertension,including epithelial sodium channel,heat shock protein70,rhoassociated protein kinase 1,catalase,and superoxide dismutase.The relevant signal transduction pathways,the ras homolog family member A(RhoA)/Rho-associated protein kinase(ROCK)and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH)oxidase/eNOS/NO/Ca^(2+)pathways,are also discussed.

ClCRY2 facilitates floral transition in Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium by affecting the transcription of circadian clock-related genes under short-day photoperiods

Plants sense photoperiod signals to confirm the optimal flowering time.Previous studies have shown that Cryptochrome2(CRY2)functions to promote floral transition in the long-day plant(LDP)Arabidopsis;however,the function and molecular mechanism by which CRY2 regulates floral transition in short-day plants(SDPs)is still unclear.In this study,we identified a CRY2 homologous gene,ClCRY2,from Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium,a typical SDP.The morphological changes in the C.lavandulifolium shoot apex and ClFTs expression analysis under SD conditions showed that adult C.lavandulifolium completed the developmental transition from vegetative growth to reproductive growth after eight SDs.Meanwhile,ClCRY2 mRNA exhibited an increasing trend from 0 to 8 d of SD treatment.ClCRY2 overexpression in wild-type(WT)Arabidopsis and C.lavandulifolium resulted in early flowering.The transcript levels of the CONSTANS-like(COL)genes ClCOL1,ClCOL4,and ClCOL5,and FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)homologous gene ClFT1 were upregulated in ClCRY2 overexpression(ClCRY2-OE)C.lavandulifolium under SD conditions.The transcript levels of some circadian clock-related genes,including PSEUDO-REPONSE REGULATOR 5(PRR5),ZEITLUPE(ZTL),FLAVIN-BINDING KELCH REPEAT F-BOX 1(FKF1),and GIGANTEA(GI-1 and GI-2),were upregulated in ClCRY2-OE C.lavandulifolium,while the expression levels of other circadian clock-related genes,such as EARLY FLOWERING 3(ELF3),ELF4,LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL(LHY),PRR73,and REVEILLE8(RVE8),were downregulated in ClCRY2-OE C.lavandulifolium under SD conditions.Taken together,the results suggest that ClCRY2 promotes floral transition by fine-tuning the expression of circadian clock-related gene,ClCOLs and ClFT1 in C.lavandulifolium under SD conditions.

Optimization of Ultrasound-assisted Enzymatic Polysaccharide Extraction from Turpiniae Folium Based on Response Surface Methodology

Objective To optimize the extraction procedure and obtain the maximum total polysaccharide yield from Turpiniae Folium.Methods Response surface methodology(RSM),combining Plackett–Burman design(PBD),steepest ascent method,and Box–Behnken design(BBD),was employed.The significant factors contributing to polysaccharide production were determined by PBD.The path of steepest ascent method was performed to rapidly reach the neighborhood of the optimum region.BBD and RSM were applied to further investigate the mutual interaction between the variables and to define the optimal values.Results The significant factors contributing to polysaccharide production were enzyme concentration,extraction time,and liquid-to-solid ratio.The optimal conditions for maximal TFP were:enzyme concentration of2.8%,extraction time of41min,and liquid-to-solid ratio of27mL/g.The experimental yield of3.08%was in good agreement with the model-predicted yield of3.1%under the optimized conditions.Conclusion This study was successfully applied to optimize the extraction conditions of Turpiniae Folium polysaccharide,which can contribute to its further production and application.

Artemisiae Argyi Folium and its geo-authentic crude drug qi ai

Objective:To comprehensively review the literature relating to the use of Artemisiae Argyi Folium (AAF;the dried leaf of Artemisia argyi Lévl.et Vant.from the Asteraceae family),and qi ai (AAF grown in Qichun County and the adjacent areas in Hubei Province,China) in the field of traditional Chinese medicine.Furthermore,this study aimed to give results of the contents determination of three bioactive components in qi ai and AAF.Methods:The literature was reviewed to acquire relevant information regarding the quality and application of AAF and qi ai.In addition,the contents of the bioactive components (essential oil,total flavonoids and tannins) were determined in 29 AAF samples collected from China and Korea using the methods in the Chinese pharmacopoeia (2015) or determined by our experiments.Results:The dried leaf of A.argyi Lévl.et Vant.from the Asteraceae family is a mainstream commodity of AAF.Qi ai is a commercial type of AAF well-known for its good quality,which has been recorded in Chinese ancient literature.Modern research has showed that more intense heat with stronger penetration was generated in moxibustion therapy when qi ai moxa stick was burnt compared with general moxa stick,which led to a better curative effect.Our research also showed that the contents of essential oil,total flavonoids and tannin in qi ai were significantly higher than those of general AAF samples.Conclusion:The superior quality of qi ai compared with general AAF may be due to relatively higher contents of bioactive components.This study provides basic information for further study and utilization of AAF and qi ai.

Associated Bacteriostasis Research of Coptidis Rhizoma-Folium Isatidis and Coptidis Rhizoma-Flos Poprli against Escherichia coli O2

[Objective] The paper was to explore the combined inhibitory effect of rhizoma coptidis-folium isatidis and rhizoma coptidis-flos poprli against Escherichia coli O2.[Method] Contrast test of single and associated bacteriostasis against known serotype E. coli O2 was conducted using microcheckerboard method.[Result] The MIC of rhizoma coptidis, folium isatidis and flos poprli were 1/8 extracting liquid, 1/8 extracting liquid and 1/2 extracting liquid, respectively. When combined with folium isatidis or flos poprli, the MIC of rhizoma coptidis was 1/8 extracting liq-uid or 1/16 extracting liquid compared with single use. When combined with rhizoma coptidis, the MIC of folium isatidis and flos poprli were 1/8 extracting liquid and 1/16 extracting liquid.[Conclusion] When rhizoma coptidis was combined with folium isatidis or flos poprli, the FIC values were 2 and 0.625, performing independent action and additive effect, respectively.

Hepatoprotective Effects of Folium syringae Extracts Against Ethanolinduced Acute Liver Injury

The aim of the study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of Folium syringae(FS) extracts against ethanolinduced acute liver injury. Mice and primary hepatocytes were pretreated with FS extracts at different dosages before ethanol administration. Transaminases, glutathione S-transferase A1 level and hepatic biochemical indices(malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathione and glutathione peroxidase) were determined. Pretreatment with FS extracts significantly inhibited the damage caused by ethanol and the hepatoprotective effects of FS were almost similar to Silymarin that was used to treat alcoholic liver injury. GSTA1 contents in all the FS extract-treated groups were significantly different from those in the ethanol-induced acute liver injury model group(p<0.01), and similar trends were observed in transaminases and hepatic indices level both in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that FS extracts had hepatoprotective effects against ethanol-induced injury. Those effects might be related to the enhancement of antioxidant capacity of liver cells, and FS extracts could reduce the release of liver GSTA1, which contributed to improve liver detoxification.

Quality Standard for Euonymi Grandiflorus Caulis and Folium

[Objectives]To establish the quality standard for Euonymi Grandiflorus Caulis and Folium.[Methods]Qualitative identification was performed by methods of origin identification,microscopic identification and thin layer chromatography(TLC);the moisture,total ash,acid-insoluble ash,and extract were detected using the method in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 Edition),and the contents of quercetin and kaempferol were determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC).[Results]The leaves of Euonymi Grandiflorus were subleathery,narrow and long elliptic or narrow obovate with cyme,and capsules were often with narrow wing ridge.Characteristics of microscopic identification were significant.Calcium oxalate cluster crystals,cubic crystals,inlaid parenchyma cells,starch granules,stomata,and fiber bundles could be observed.A TLC method for identification of Euonymi Grandiflorus Caulis and Folium was established.The contents of water,total ash,acid-insoluble ash were not higher than 13%,9%,12%,respectively;the extract were no less were not higher than 13%,9%,12%and 17%in ten batches of samples,respectively;the sum of quercetin and kaempferol were no less than 0.20%.[Conclusions]The quality standard of Euonymi Grandiflorus Caulis and Folium were established through the research.This method is accurate,specific,and reproducible and can be used for the quality control of Euonymi Grandiflorus Caulis and Folium.

Analysis on Therapeutic Potential and Action Mechanism of Folium Pyrrosiae Based on Biolabel Pattern

[Objectives]The therapeutic potential and action mechanism of Folium Pyrrosiae were analyzed based on the biolabel pattern.[Methods]The chemical components of Folium Pyrrosiae were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS).Ten databases,including Pubchem,CTD,BindingDB,HERB,TCMIP,ETCM,SwissTargetPrediction,SuperPred webserver,TargetNet and SEA,were used in turn to retrieve the targets of related components,and key components were obtained according to the enrichment degree of targets.The obtained targets were imported into the STRING database to obtain PPI information and screen out core targets.The DAVID database was employed to analyze KEGG pathways of core targets and obtain key pathways.A key component-core target-key pathway network of Folium Pyrrosiae was constructed by Cytoscape3.10.1 software.The obtained KEGG pathways were input into the CTD database to predict corresponding diseases,and discussion and analysis were carried out.[Results]Ten key components,30 potential targets and 10 key pathways were screened out,and they participated in many diseases,of which five diseases were mainly analyzed.[Conclusions]Folium Pyrrosiae had the characteristic of multi-component,multi-target and multi-pathway synergistic effect in the treatment of lung cancer,type 2 diabetes,atherosclerosis,liver cancer,prostate cancer and other diseases,and the therapeutic potential and action mechanism of Folium Pyrrosiae were analyzed through the biolabel pattern.This study provides a research basis for further developing new functions of Folium Pyrrosiae.

Network Pharmacological Mechanism Research of Herba Drynariae Rhizoma-Epimedii Folium in Treating Osteoarthritis

Objective: To investigate the potential mechanism of Drynariae Rhizoma-Epimedii Folium in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) based on network pharmacology. Methods: The potential active constituents and targets of Drynariae Rhizoma-Epimedii Folium were screened through the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) systems pharmacology database and analysis platform (TCMSP). Genecards database is used to find relevant targets of OA. The targets of “Drynariae Rhizoma-Epimedii Folium” were mapped to the targets of OA, and used Cytoscape software to build a “drug-ingredient-target-di- sease” regulatory network and protein protein interaction (PPI) network. R software was used to analyze the Gene ontology (GO) function and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment of traditional Chinese medicine-disease targets. Results: Thirty-four effective ingredients and 130 traditional Chinese medicine-disease targets were screened out for the treatment of OA. The GO functions of traditional Chinese medicine-disease targets mainly included cytokine activity, cytokine receptor binding, nuclear receptor activity, transcription factor activity, proximal promoter DNA-binding transcription activator activity, DNA-binding transcription activator activity, phosphatase binding and so on. KEGG pathways involved in traditional Chinese medicine-disease targets mainly included TLR4 signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, apoptotic signaling pathway and so on. Conclusion: Network pharmacology may predict the multiple targets and multiple signaling pathways in Drynariae Rhizoma-Epimedii Folium treatment for OA, providing new ideas for future research.

基于UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap HRMS技术结合化学计量学方法的不同干燥处理杜仲叶成分分析

采用基于液质联用的非靶向代谢组学技术结合化学计量学数据自动解析软件AntDAS-LCHRMS分析了4种不同干燥处理(冻干、热泵烘干、电热烘干、晒干)杜仲叶样本中的化合物。杜仲叶样本数据由超高效液相色谱-四极杆-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱(UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap HRMS)分别在正、负离子模式下进行采集,经AntDAS-LCHRMS软件解析,共鉴定出71种差异性化合物,经标准品验证确定40种化合物,包括环烯醚萜类、有机酸类、黄酮类、氨基酸类、核苷类、维生素类等9类物质。其中,正、负离子模式下均可识别并验证的化合物有车叶草苷、绿原酸、芦丁、异槲皮苷、车叶草苷酸、京尼平苷等25种化合物。层次聚类分析(HCA)及主成分分析(PCA)结果均显示,相同处理的杜仲叶样本各自聚成一类,不同处理的杜仲叶样本可明显区分。热图分析进一步揭示了不同干燥处理杜仲叶样本中差异性化合物的含量变化。晒干处理样本中苯丙氨酸及色氨酸等氨基酸类物质的水平较高;冻干及热泵烘干处理样本中有机酸类、环烯醚萜类、糖类等含量较高;电热烘干样本中核苷类、黄酮类物质的含量较高;黄酮类物质在冻干、热泵烘干及晒干样本中差异较小。研究结果为不同干燥处理杜仲叶的成分分析、品质评价及其开发应用提供了科学依据,也可为其他复杂药用植物体系的化学成分分析提供参考。

Study on the mechanism of Fructus Forsythiae and Folium Nelumbinis on acute pharyngitis based on network pharmacology

Objective:To explore the mechanism of Lianqiao-Heye(Fructus Forsythiae and Folium Nelumbinis,FF-FN)drug pair in treating acute pharyngitis(AP)by network pharmacology.Methods:The chemical components and potential therapeutic targets of FF-FN drug pair were obtained from TCMSP firstly,and databases GeneCards,DrugBank,OMIM and PharmGKB were utilized to get the genes related to AP and the intersection of the results was obtained.Then Cytoscape software was used to construct drug-component-target network diagram to screen out the key compounds.Protein interaction network(PPI)was established using String database,and the core targets were screened by CytoNCA topology analysis.R language software was used for GO biological function analysis and KEGG pathway analysis.Finally,the docking verification of key compounds and core target molecules was carried out by AutoDock software.Results:A total of 38 active compounds and 917 potential therapeutic targets were obtained from FF-FN drug pair,while a total of 1534 targets were screened out for AP,among which,the number of intersection targets was 117.7 core targets were screened out from PPI core network,with JUN,TP53,CXCL8 and RELA included.A total of 2487 biological processes were involved in GO enrichment analysis,and 157 related pathways were screened out by KEGG.Based on results of molecular docking verification,the key compounds such as quercetin,luteolin and wogonin in FF-FN drug pair were proved capable of binding to the core targets and a good affinity was shown.Conclusion:FF-FN pair can intervene AP through multiple targets and multiple pathways,including PI3KAkts signaling pathway,AGE-RAGE signaling pathway and IL-17 signaling pathway.The combination of quercetin,luteolin,wogonin,kaempferol andβ-sitosterol with JUN,RELA,MAPK1,TNF and MYC can possibly be one of the mechanisms regarding to the therapeutic effect.

Prediction of the mechanisms of liver injury of Epimedii Folium by network pharmacology and validation in HepaRG Cells

Objective:EpimediiFolium(EF),a traditional Chinese medicinal material,has the effect of tonifying kidney Yang,strengthening bones and treating rheumatism.However,its clinical applications are limited by its drug-induced liver injury(DILI)effects and the underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated.Methods:Active EF compounds were obtained from the TCMSP database and their targets predicted in Targetnet.Next,DILI-targets were obtained from CTD,Genecards and Digsee databases.Protein-protein interactions of EF DILI-targets were determined using STRING and hub targets identified via topological analyses.Then,hub targets were subjected to GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses.Finally,HepaRG cells were used for further validation of molecular mechanisms.Results:Fifty seven active compounds and 164 targets that interacted with these active compounds were identified with Sagittatoside A,icariside I,and Icariin being the best active compounds.Enrichment analysis revealed the PI3K/Akt and NF-kB signaling pathways to be markedly enriched.Molecular docking revealed that Sagittatoside A,icariside I and Icariin had good binding activities to RAC1,PTGS2,and NOS3.Validation analysis in HepaRG cells revealed that Epimedium flavonoids upregulated RAC1,PTGS2 and NOS3 levels.Conclusion:Our findings show that EF induces oxidative stress,inflammation,and apoptosis via PI3K/Akt and NF-kB signaling pathways,and provides a basis for more in-depth studies on EF-induced DILI.

不同采收期枇杷叶中氨基酸的组成与分析

目的 对12个月份采收期枇杷叶的氨基酸成分组成及含量变化进行分析,为确定枇杷叶采收期及资源利用提供理论依据。方法 采用异硫氰酸苯酯柱前衍生化高效液相色谱法测定不同月份枇杷叶氨基酸组成及含量;采用SPSS22.0版软件进行数据统计学差异及相关性分析;根据世界卫生组织(WHO)和联合国粮农组织(FAO)提出的理想模式及朱圣陶提出的氨基酸比值系数法,对不同采收期的枇杷叶氨基酸进行评分。结果 不同采收期枇杷叶中均含有17种氨基酸,7种人体必需氨基酸(EAA)、9种儿童必需氨基酸(CEAA)及9种药用氨基酸。17种氨基酸分别是天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸、苏氨酸、丙氨酸、脯氨酸、酪氨酸、缬氨酸、甲硫氨酸、胱氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸,它们的平均含量分别为3.41~7.23、4.64~9.66、2.05~3.75、2.99~4.95、0.01~1.56、2.33~4.85、2.10~4.03、2.67~5.48、5.37~7.64、1.45~3.49、2.70~5.53、0.01~0.48、3.64~4.78、1.91~4.15、3.96~7.83、2.39~4.60、1.85~3.65 mg·g^(-1)。不同采收期枇杷叶中17种氨基酸、总氨基酸(TFAA)、EAA总量、CEAA总量、药用氨基酸、苦味氨基酸的含量间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);苦味氨基酸在总氨基酸中的百分含量较稳定。不同采收期枇杷叶的EAA含量为44.26%~50.33%,明显高于WHO/FAO模式值(35.00%);EAA/非必需氨基酸(NEAA)均值(55.67%)和EAA/TFAA均值(35.74%)分别接近WHO/FAO模式值的60%、40%;不同采收期枇杷叶的17种氨基酸含量峰值前2位是7月和11月;氨基酸比值系数分(SRC)值为62.53~76.17,前3位为11月、8月及7月。赖氨酸为枇杷叶的第一限制氨基酸。苦味氨基酸与药用氨基酸、TFAA呈正相关(P<0.01)。结论 枇杷叶中氨基酸种类齐全,组成合理,具有较佳开发利用价值;不同月份氨基酸的含量差异大,7月和11月是枇杷叶氨基酸合理开发利用的较佳时期。

全球银杏叶开发相关发明专利研究分析

目的:系统梳理全球银杏叶相关发明专利数据,挖掘专利信息,为其深入开发利用提供参考。方法:基于incoPat数据库对全球范围内银杏叶相关发明专利进行计量学统计,并从专利数量趋势、国际布局、国内布局、应用领域、专利价值及技术市场等方面展开分析。结果与结论:银杏叶相关发明专利申请整体较为活跃,申请量呈增长态势;全球专利主要分布在中韩日等国家,其中中国占据绝对优势地位;全球技术研发方向从传统的中医药、食品类,扩展到农业肥料、生物化学、日化品等广泛领域,热点主题仍以中医药和食品为主;我国银杏叶专利市场化有较大空间,应持续推进深度合作,促进科研成果产业化健康发展。