Stable Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis by Citrus Sinensis(Orange) and Assessing Activity Against Food Poisoning Microbes

Silver nanoparticles are considerecl as good antimicrobial agent. AgNPs were synthesized by mixing silver nitrate solution with citrus sinesb extract for 2 h at 37 and analyzed by UV-visible spectra, SEM, XRD, and FTIR. AgNPs were tested against B. subtilis, Shigello, S. oureus, ond E. coli. Minimum inhibitory concentration of AgNPs was 20 I^g/mL for B. subtilis and Shigello and 30 I^g/mL for S. oureus and E. coll. Antibiofilm activity （80% to 90%） was observed at 25 IJg/mL. AgNPs were stable for five months with sustained an＇timicrobial activity. Biosynthesized AgNPs can bE： used to inhibit food poisoning microbial growth.

Bacterial Agents Causing Food Poisoning among Patients Attending Thika Level 5 Hospital, Kiambu County, Kenya

Food poisoning is caused by the ingestion of contaminated food or water that contains microbial agents that cause illness or release their toxins onto the food. Examples of these microbial agents are Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogens, Clostridium botulinum, Salmonella typhiridium, and Salmonella enteritidis. Epidemiological monitoring of food poisoning is highly desirable for continuous determination of the existing causative species and disease trends. The study was conducted at Thika level 5 hospital. The objective of the study was to establish the prevalence of food poisoning at Thika level 5 hospital. A cross-sectional study design and purposive sampling technique was adopted in this study. Interview scheduled questionnaires and collection of stool samples from in-patients presenting with suspected food poisoning at Thika level 5, hospital was used for data collection. Stool culture tests were used to identify the bacterial causative agents of food poisoning. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) was used in the analysis of the data. Ethical approval was sought from Kenyatta University Ethical Review Committee, the Ministry of Education Science and Technology and Kiambu County Government. Informed consent was sought from the respondents after they had been informed about the study. The study findings showed that of the sample taken 28 (26.4%) were positive of Cholera while 78 (73.6%) were positive of Salmonella. The study recommends early set-up of emergency wards to contain outbreaks of infectious diseases together with well-equipped diagnostic labs for prompt response.

Mothers’ Knowledge Regarding Preventive Measures of Food Poisoning in Yemen

Background: The WHO considers food poisoning the main cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries, and the responsible for high levels of loss of productivity in developed countries. Objective: The study aims to assess the mothers’ knowledge about preventive measures of food poisoning in Sharaab, Taiz, Yemen. Method: This is a descriptive study. It was conducted in Sharaab, Yemen during period extended from April to November 2014. It involved 180 mothers selected by simple random sampling. Data were collected by using designed structured and pre-tested questionnaire and then were analyzed by (SPSS) Version 20. Result: The findings showed that 60% of mothers have heard about food poisoning. The mothers’ knowledge about transmission of diseases by food was acceptable;68.9% knew. When they were asked to detail the diseases, cholera was the most reported by about 84.4%, diarrhea 50%, and food poisoning 22.2% only. Regarding the mothers’ knowledge about causes of food poisoning, about 65.5% of them mentioned contaminated food, and 49.4% mentioned contaminated hands while 37.2% of them mentioned contaminated utensils. The total knowledge was calculated;it was about 40.72%. Conclusion: It was found that, mothers’ knowledge about preventive measures of food poisoning is not satisfactory concerning most items including: food related diseases, causes of food poisoning and preventive measures for food poisoning such as hand washing, washing vegetables and cooking appropriately. The mothers in Yemen, Taiz, Sharaab have low level of knowledge about food poisoning prevention. There is a need for strengthening the situation through educational sessions.

Home first aid applied by the mother for the treatment of food poisoning for children

Objective(s): The objectives of this study are to assess first aid home for the treatment of food poisoning among children by mother and to find out the relationship between first aid home for the treatment of food poisoning and the demographic characteristics including age of mother, level education of mother, mother’s occupation, and family’s income. Methodology: A descriptive analytical study was conducted on mother who applied home first aid for the treatment of food poisoning in her children. The study was conducted at the emergency unit in Children Welfare Teaching Hospital and Child’s Central Teaching Hospital. Starting from 2nd Dec. 2012 up to the 15th Apr. 2013. To achieve the objectives of the study, a non-probability (purposive) sample of (60) mother reviewed the emergency unit for the treatment of food poisoning in her child suffering from food poisoning and according to special criteria. Data were collected by interview with mother of the child suffering from food poisoning. Instrument validity was determined through content validity, by a panel of experts. Reliability of the instrument was determined through the use of Pearson correlation coefficient for the test-retest approach, which was 0.85. Analysis of data was performed through the application of descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, and mean of score) and inferential statistics (correlation coefficient and one-way analysis of variance). Results: The results of the study indicated the level mean of scores related to first aid procedures relating to situations that food poisoning when the poisoning occurs and applied by mother was moderate level on half items and high level on half other from items. Conclusion: The study concluded most of mothers don’t have prior knowledge of the procedures used for ambulance cases of food poisoning in children. Recommendations: The study recommend the need to set up educational sessions for families especially the mother about how to first aid food poisoning in children and guide booklets or information sheet should be printed and distributed to mothers and families about food poisoning and first aid it, and these booklets or information sheet should be written in a simple style and handed out freely.

Etiological Analysis of a Food Poisoning Caused by Staphylococcus Aureus

Objective To analyze the etiology of food poisoning,provide data support for food poisoning treatment,and protect people’s health.Methods RT-PCR was used to screen suspicious food and vomit.An enzyme-linked immunofluorescence assay(ELFA)was used to detect Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin.RT-PCR was used to detect enterotoxin genotypes.An automatic drug sensitivity reading system was used for drug resistance analysis and mass spectrometry identification.Results Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from 5 leftovers and 2 vomitus samples.The enterotoxin types of 7 strains were sed and seen;the drug sensitivity test showed that 7 strains were resistant to penicillin,and 6 strains were inducible clindamycin resistant.Conclusion This is a food poisoning event caused by Staphylococcus aureus,which produces sed and sees enterotoxins.The isolated strains have different degrees of drug resistance.

Seafood Cited As Biggest Cause of Food Poisoning

选注者言:读了这篇文章,也许我们对“生猛海鲜”这四个字会产生别样的理解。海鲜之害人,可谓“生猛”也！美国是一个环境保护较好,医疗水平较高的国度,然而,下面这个事实确实让读者乍舌: The group noted that most people who become ill from food poisoning or whodie are not affected in outbreaks but in single-case incdents. It said 75 million casesof food poisoning occur in the United States each year and 5,000 people die from it.本文的另一个新信息是:蛋品也是一个不可忽视的“病源”！

一起金黄色葡萄球菌引起的学校食物中毒的流行病学调查与实验室分析

目的对一起学校食物中毒事件发生的原因和可疑危险因素进行流行病学调查与实验室分析,提出有效防控措施。方法利用现场流行病学与卫生学调查,了解患病情况及可疑食物;采集可疑食品、外环境和病例的标本进行荧光定量PCR检测、金黄色葡萄球菌分离与鉴定、药物敏感性分析、全基因组测序。结果共11名患者,其临床症状主要是恶心、腹痛(100%),其次为呕吐(81.82%);可疑食物为某饼家生产的“脆皮法棍泡芙”,致病因素为金黄色葡萄球菌A型肠毒素,来源于食品泡芙样本的金黄色葡萄球菌和来源于患者肛拭子样本的金黄色葡萄球菌具有同源性,所检出的金黄色葡萄球菌均对青霉素耐药(耐药率100%)。结论本次食物中毒事件是由某饼家从业人员携带金黄色葡萄球菌,在制作“法棍泡芙”过程中污染食物而引起的金黄色葡萄球菌A型肠毒素中毒。

东海县2起山夫登堡沙门菌食物中毒溯源调查

目的对东海县2乡镇同一天内发生由山夫登堡沙门菌引起的食物中毒事件开展溯源调查,为该类事件处置及预防提供参考。方法对2起食物中毒20例患者进行现场流行病学调查,采集可疑剩余食品、相关人员肛拭子、容器涂抹样等进行检测;对检出的9株沙门菌进行血清分型,用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)技术进行分子分型。结果2起食物中毒所食用的猪耳朵为某农贸市场同一摊位生产,9株沙门菌血清分型显示同为山夫登堡沙门菌,PFGE分型显示带型相似度100%。结论该2起食物中毒事件均为食品加工烹饪环节受山夫登堡沙门菌污染所引起,经溯源调查是1起食物中毒事件,与某农贸市场某摊位所销售的肉制品污染有关。

一起由产三种型别肠毒素的金黄色葡萄球菌引起的食物中毒实验室检测结果分析

目的 对一起疑似金黄色葡萄球菌引起的食物中毒事件进行流行病学调查、病原学检测以及溯源分析。方法 参照《感染性腹泻诊断标准》(WS 271—2007)、《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验金黄色葡萄球菌检验》(GB4789.10—2016)以及《葡萄球菌食物中毒诊断标准及处理原则》(WS/T80—1996),对采集到的4份病例生物标本和3份可疑食品样本进行病原菌的分离和鉴定;检测分离株的金黄色葡萄球菌总肠毒素及肠毒素型别;运用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)对菌株进行同源性分析。结果 共发现4例病例(均为确诊病例),临床表现以呕吐(100%)、腹泻(100%)和腹痛(75%)为主。4份病例生物标本和1份可疑食品样本(热狗面包)中共检出5株金黄色葡萄球菌,5株菌株经检测均产SEA、SED和SEE 3种型别肠毒素。PFGE分子分型结果显示,5株菌株的带型相似度为100%,为同一来源。结论 本起食物中毒事件是由产SEA、SED和SEE的金黄色葡萄球菌污染热狗面包引起的。今后,学校应加强食品安全宣教工作,政府相关部门应加大对食品生产企业的监管力度,食品生产企业应积极开展管理人员以及从业人员卫生知识培训,增强从业人员卫生意识,避免食物中毒事件的发生。

1株引起食物中毒事件的肠炎沙门菌定量蛋白质组学分析

目的 基于蛋白质组学,深入揭示1株引起食物中毒事件的肠炎沙门菌21A的分子特征,从而更好地防控食源性疾病的发生。方法 利用定量蛋白质组学技术对肠炎沙门菌株21A进行分析,使用Tims TOF Pro仪器在数据非依赖采集模式下采集质谱数据,利用MSstats软件完成肽段与蛋白的定量以及差异蛋白统计,并对差异表达蛋白的生物学功能进行GO、KOG功能富集、KEGG通路富集分析与CAZY注释、互作分析。结果 菌株21A中共鉴定出3183种蛋白质,其中差异蛋白300种。GO分析表明,差异蛋白主要与催化、结合、细胞内过程和代谢有关;KOG和KEGG分析显示,差异蛋白主要富集在6种代谢通路中;CAZY分析发现,37.96%的蛋白质为糖苷水解酶。结论 本研究揭示了肠炎沙门菌株21A的蛋白质组学特征,该菌株在入侵和感染过程中采用多种生存策略,包括增强毒力因子表达,增加脂质降解和诱导铁获取等。对代谢相关蛋白质的深入分析,有助于深入了解该菌的传播与感染机制,更好地防控食源性疾病的发生。

椰毒假单胞菌酵米面亚种产毒差异蛋白质组学分析

为了从蛋白质水平探索椰毒假单胞菌米酵菌酸毒素产生机制,采用数据依赖型采集(data dependent acquisition,DDA)非标记定量蛋白质组学技术对该菌产毒培养前后蛋白质变化进行了分析。结果显示:产毒培养后,产毒株中显著性上调表达蛋白25个,显著性下调表达蛋白31个,其中显著性上调表达的蛋白中有与细菌趋化性信号转导相关的ABC转运蛋白、反应调节受体蛋白、甲基受体趋化性蛋白Ⅱ,以及与细菌运动相关的鞭毛蛋白如鞭毛P环蛋白、鞭毛M环蛋白、鞭毛钩蛋白FlgE等,推测趋化性运动可能在椰毒假单胞菌米酵菌酸毒素产生过程中发挥重要作用。椰毒假单胞菌米酵菌酸毒素产生机制研究,可为人们更好地降低食源性疾病的发生提供理论支撑。

广州腹泻与健康非腹泻人群产气荚膜梭菌检出率及MLST分型

目的比较广州地区腹泻和健康非腹泻人群粪便中产气荚膜梭菌的检出率和序列分型的差异。方法此项前瞻性研究共收集了广州医科大学附属妇女儿童医疗中心2021年10—12月诊断为腹泻和健康非腹泻人群的粪便标本和腹泻患者大便肛管保存液标本296例,按照标本类型与人群的不同,分为腹泻儿童粪便组(104例)、腹泻儿童肛管组(68例)、非腹泻儿童粪便组(30例)和非腹泻成人粪便组(94例)。采用疱肉培养基增菌并转血平板厌氧培养,分离并鉴定产气荚膜梭菌。从各组中随机选取部分产气荚膜梭菌进行多位点序列分型(MLST)。结果腹泻儿童粪便组产气荚膜梭菌检出率为36.5%(38/104);腹泻儿童肛管组产气荚膜梭菌检出率为16.2%(11/68);非腹泻儿童粪便组产气荚膜梭菌检出率为46.7%(14/30);非腹泻成人粪便组产气荚膜梭菌检出率为53.2%(50/94)。非腹泻人群(包括成人和儿童)产气荚膜梭菌检出率[51.6%(64/124)]比腹泻人群高[23.8%(41/172)],差异有统计学意义(P=0.02)。34株产气荚膜梭菌共分为31种序列(ST)型,以ST210最多,占8.82%,共发现18种新ST型,占52.92%。结论广州地区产气荚膜梭菌在腹泻和非腹泻人群粪便的检出率较高,且检测出不溶血型菌株。MLST分型为产气荚膜梭菌病原学溯源提供可靠依据。

2017—2023年营口市鲅鱼圈区餐饮业食物中毒情况分析

目的:分析2017—2023年营口市鲅鱼圈区餐饮业食物中毒情况。方法:回顾性收集2017年1月—2023年6月营口市鲅鱼圈区餐饮业食物中毒事件资料,并对相关数据进行分析。结果:2017—2023年营口市鲅鱼圈区餐饮业共发生食物中毒事件77起,中毒人数678人,死亡人数3人,不同年份中毒人数具有显著差异(P <0.05)。2017—2023年营口市鲅鱼圈区餐饮业食物中毒场所主要为食堂,食物中毒类型主要为酒类及其制品,食物中毒致病因素主要为植物性致病因素,食物中毒时间主要为夏季,食物中毒地区主要为乡镇,食物中毒人群主要为女性、18~59岁、本地人。结论:2017—2023年营口市鲅鱼圈区餐饮业发生食物中毒事件起数及中毒人数呈逐渐降低趋势。强化食品安全监管,积极落实相关制度,有利于降低食物中毒发生风险。

夏季建筑工地食堂食物中毒调查及危险因素的Logistic回归分析

目的:调查夏季营口市鲅鱼圈区2处建筑工地食堂食物中毒事件,查找该事件发生原因及致病因素,为制定防控措施提供科学依据。方法:按照国家有关食品安全标准与调查技术规范,对营口市鲅鱼圈区建筑工地食堂进行食物中毒筛查,对发生食物中毒工地的相关人员进行流行病学调查,并对病例、食堂留样食物开展相关病原菌分离培养,记录实验室检测信息。结果:2处建筑工地食堂就餐274人,共计209人发生食物中毒。食物中毒符合点源暴露模式,病例临床主要表现为恶心、头晕、呕吐;通过回顾性队列研究和Logistic回归分析发现,荤素包子与梅菜扣肉为食物中毒事件的可疑食品。结论:综合分析流行病学调查结果、现场卫生学调查及病例临床症状等,确定此次事件是因细菌引起的食物中毒事件,荤素包子与梅菜扣肉为最终致病食品。

24重荧光real-time PCR技术在食物中毒快速检测中的应用

目的:应用24重荧光real-time PCR检测技术快速筛检食物中毒病原菌,结合国家标准中的培养法探讨24重荧光real-time PCR检测技术符合性和应用价值。方法:采用高灵敏度、高特异性的24重荧光real-time PCR检测技术作为中毒病原菌的初筛方法,国标方法进行细菌分离培养,并对分离出的病原菌进行生化鉴定。结果:5份食物中毒患者肛拭子在增菌前检出4份霍乱弧菌核酸(非O1/非O139群,24重荧光real-time PCR),9份患者肛拭子在增菌后检出5株霍乱弧菌(非O1/非O139群,国标培养法),其中包含4份PCR技术初筛阳性样品,两个方法的符合率为80%。所有样本均未检出沙门氏菌、志贺菌、副溶血性弧菌、致泻性大肠埃希菌以及金黄色葡萄球菌。结论:应用24重荧光real-time PCR检测技术同时检测24种常见致病病原菌,能高效锁定中毒病原菌。将其与国标培养法相结合,对临床治疗和食物中毒快速处置能起到积极作用,值得应用和推广。

云南省勐腊县2020—2022年食用野生蘑菇中毒事件分析

目的了解云南省勐腊县食用野生蘑菇中毒事件的流行病学特征,为制定有效的预防控制措施提供科学依据。方法对勐腊县2020—2022年“食源性疾病暴发报告系统”上报的食用野生蘑菇中毒事件进行描述分析。结果勐腊县共报告野生蘑菇中毒事件18起,中毒人数61例,死亡0例;5—8月为报告中毒起数和人数的高峰,分别占总数的83.33%和83.61%。农村食用野生蘑菇中毒的危害更严重,事件构成比为77.78%,中毒人数占81.97%。农村家庭是食用野生蘑菇中毒的高发场所,事件报告数占总报告数的77.78%。食用野生蘑菇中毒事件中只有31.15%的中毒患者采取过自救措施,中毒发病后到就医的间隔时间中位数为2小时。结论自行采摘和加工不当是野生蘑菇中毒的主要因素;高发季节前应结合新形势下的防控策略和措施提前预警,针对高发地区和场所应加强监测和科普宣教。

Transfer of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins via Marine Food Chains:A Simulated Experiment

Objective To study the transfer of paralytic shellfish toxins （PST） using four simulated marine food chains： dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense→Artemia Artemia salina→Mysid shrimp Neomysis awatschensis; A. tamarense→N. awatschensis; A. tamarense→A, salina→Perch Lateolabrax japonicus; and A. tamarense→L, japonicus. Methods The ingestion of A. tamarense, a producer of PST, by L. japonicus, N. awatschensis, and A. salina was first confirmed by microscopic observation of A. tamarense cells in the intestine samples of the three different organisms, and by the analysis of Chl.a levels in the samples. Toxin accumulation in L. japonicus and N. awatschensis directly from the feeding on A. tamarense or indirectly through the vector of A. salina was then studied, The toxicity of samples was measured using the AOAC mouse bioassay method, and the toxin content and profile of A. tamarense were analyzed by the HPLC method. Results Both A. salina and N. awatschensis could ingest A. tamarense cells. However, the ingestion capability of A. salina exceeded that of N. awatschensis. After the exposure to the culture of A. tamarense （2 000 cells·mL^-1） for 70 minutes, the content of Chl.a in A. salina and N. awatschensis reached 0.87 and 0.024 μg.mg^-1, respectively. Besides, A. tamarense cells existed in the intestines of L. japonicus, N. awatschensis and A. salina by microscopic observation. Therefore, the three organisms could ingest A. tamarense cells directly. A. salina could accumulate high content of PST, and the toxicity of A. salina in samples collected on days 1, 4, and 5 of the experiment was 2.18, 2.6, and 2.1 MU.g^-1, respectively. All extracts from the samples could lead to death of tested mice within 7 minutes, and the toxin content in anemia sample collected on the 1st day was estimated to be 1.65×10 ^5 μg STX equal/individual. Toxin accumulation in L japonicus and N. awatschensis directly from the feeding on A. tamarense or indirectly from the vector ofA. salina was also studied. The mice injected with extracts from L japonicus and N. awatschensis samples that accumulated PST either directly or indirectly showed PST intoxication symptoms, indicating that low levels of PST existed in these samples. Conclusion Paralytic shellfish toxins can be transferred to L. japonicus, N. awatschensis, and A. salina from A. tamarense directly or indirectly via the food chains.

Features of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning Cases in Hong Kong 2004-2007

Ohjective To review the clinical features and laboratory investigations of ciguatera patients in Hong Kong between 2004 and 2007 in order to show the timely sampling of implicated fish from ciguatera victims and application of validated mouse bioassay for confirming suspected clinical cases of ciguatera. Methods Diagnosis of the ciguatera victims was based on history of coral fish consumption and clinical presentations stated in official guidelines for clinical diagnosis of ciguatera fish poisoning in Hong Kong. Food remnants of coral fish samples were collected swiftly from ciguatera victims between 2004 and 2007 for ciguatoxins （CTXs） analysis. Results Major clinical symptoms in ciguatera patients included gastrointestinal and neurological effects including limb numbness and diarrhoea, which developed at 0.5 to 15 hours after consumption of fish. In most cases, neurological symptoms were more common than gastrointestinal symptoms. A broad range of attack rate （10%-100%） was observed in each ciguatera outbreak. Validated mouse bioassay on ether extracts of the food remnant samples confirmed that all were CTXs-positive （〈0.5 - 4.3 MU/20 mg ether extract） and directly linked to the corresponding ciguatera cases. Conclusion Consistency between clinical and laboratory analysis for ciguatera poisoning illustrates the application of laboratory mouse bioassay in a timely fashion for confirming ciguatera poisoning cases and implementing effective public health measures. With further improvement in laboratory techniques, features of ciguatera fish poisoning cases can be better defined, Further studies are needed to determine the risk of each class of CTXs （Pacific-, Indian- and Caribbean-CTXs） in Hong Kong.

基于液相色谱-高分辨质谱非靶向筛查技术的食物中毒应急检测

目的对1起食物中毒样品中可疑致病因子进行应急筛查,并定性、定量测定。方法可疑物样品经提取净化处理后,采用液相色谱-高分辨质谱联用技术,基于质谱一级全扫描数据和二级扫描数据对样品进行筛查,发现可疑化合物后,利用标准物质进行确证,外标法定量测定。结果利用气相色谱质谱联用仪扫描得到SCAN图谱,通过NIST标准谱库定性检索,未见其他可疑致病化合物。液相色谱-高分辨质谱筛查技术在自制酱料、制成菜和病例呕吐物中检出可疑化合物为蟾蜍色胺,用液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱技术定量检测,该3类样品中蟾蜍色胺质量浓度分别为56.7、49.4、0.59μg/kg。结论液相色谱-高分辨质谱非靶向筛查技术可用于应急样品中可疑化合物的发现和确证,为现场处置提供实验室证据支持。

细菌性食物中毒病原学及微生物检验分析

目的:分析细菌性食物中毒病原学及微生物检验情况。方法:选取2017年1月—2021年12月苏州工业园区疑似食物中毒事件中流行病学调查的286例细菌性食物中毒患者作为研究对象。分析患者的临床特征、病因菌检出情况、细菌血清型分布情况。结果:286例患者食物中毒后的临床特征以恶心呕吐最为常见,其次为发热和腹痛。分析286例患者病原菌检出情况,以副溶血性弧菌最为常见,其次为致泻性大肠埃希杆菌、沙门菌、金黄色葡萄球菌。结论:对细菌性食物中毒患者实施微生物检验,能判断血清类型、病原菌菌属,不仅能为患者后期治疗提供依据,还能对污染源进行控制。