Review of Food Safety Supervision for the Wholesale Market of Chinese Agricultural Products

With the continuous improvement of living standards, there is an increasingly concerned about food quality and safety issues. Especially in recent years,food safety incidents, breaking out frequently, have become the focus of people＇s attention, putting forward new demands on the regulation of food safety. This paper reviewed the Food Safety Supervision in China from food safety supervision mode,regulatory system defects and circulation supervision system, and also proposed the future research trends of food safety regulations for the wholesale market of Chinese agricultural products.

No country is an island in regulating food safety:How the WTO monitors Chinese food safety laws through the Trade Policy Review Mechanism(TPRM)

Established within the framework of the World Trade Organization （WTO）, the Trade Policy Review Mechanism （TPRM） reviews periodically the trade policies of all WTO Members. The review includes many aspects of food safety regulation. China＇s trade policy is reviewed every two years. This paper analyses in detail the reviews of China＇s trade policy in 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014. It focuses in particular on food safety laws and types of standards, alignment of domestic standards with international standards, the role of different domestic institutions, transparency and notification of food safety measures under the WTO agreements on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures （SPS） and on Technical Barriers to Trade （TBTAgreement）, import and export, and geographical indications （GIs）. It concludes that the WTO TPRM can contribute, within its mandate, to reform of Chinese food safety laws and improvement of food safety in China. it notes that China has already undertaken substantial reforms of its system for regulating food safety. It recommends that China should continue to participate actively in the TPRM, follow its own path with regard to alignment and learn selectively from other WTO Members.

Water quality, agriculture and food safety in China:Current situation, trends, interdependencies, and management

Water quality in China is becoming a severe challenge for agriculture and food safety, and it might also impact health of population via agriculture and food. Thus, it is causing widespread concern. Based on extensive literatures review and data mining, current situation of water pollution in China and its effects on food safety were analyzed. The 2nd National Water Resource Survey in China show that the surface water all over the country was under slight pollution and about 60% of groundwater is polluted. Drinking water quality is basically guaranteed in urban area but it is worrisome in rural areas. In addition, China is the largest consumer of fertilizer and pesticide in the world and the amounts of application still show increasing trends. Fertilizers and pesticides are the most important sources of pollution, which affect human health as persistent organic pollutants and environmental endocrine disruptors. Eutrophication of surface water and nitrate pollution of groundwater are serious threats to drinking water safety. Sewage irrigation is becoming a pollution source to China＇s water and land because of lacking of effective regulations. Although, with the advance in technology and management level, control of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions and reducing water pollution is still a major challenge for China.

Food safety controls in different governance structures in China's vegetable and fruit industry

Food safety issues constitute an international topic discussed by many scholars. Although there is an extensive body of literature on comparisons of food safety control practices across different governance structures, these studies have been conducted mainly in terms of qualitative and descriptive analysis. In addition, little attention has been given to family farms. This study addresses the food safety control practices adopted by firms with different governance structures in China. Food safety control is expressed by the following aspects, i.e., pollution-free, green, organic, and/or geographical indication prod- ucts certification, establishment of production records, and pesticide residue testing. Three types of governance structures that engage in agricultural production are distinguished： farmer cooperatives, agricultural companies, and family farms. The food safety control practices of various governance structures are investigated based on a database that comprises 600 vegetable and fruit enterprises in Zhejiang, China. The results show that （1） pesticide residue testing is adopted by the most firms, followed by products certification, and production records are adopted by the fewest firms, and （2） agricul- tural companies adopt more food safety control practices than family farms, while farmer cooperatives adopt the fewest food safety control practices. Governance structure features of a cooperative in terms of ownership, decision-making, and income distribution are the main reasons for the low level of food safety control in the cooperative.

The Food Safety and Consumer Behavior

Food is becoming increasingly a world problem. Determining factors in food consumption are price, income, culture, desires, preferences, and food safety. Price and income are main factors but not the only guide for consumers. Food safety is becoming an equal factor in importance just as price and income in food consumption. Many individuals consider that potential risk of food consumption is too high compared to health benefits that they may provide. In recent times, because of food-related health crises, consumers are losing their confidence. Consumer confidence is lost and in order to regain the lost confidence, governments are setting high food standards, however, millions of people fall ill and economic cost is high. This article intends to provide an overview of the current food safety and consumer behavior, based on reviews of the existing literature.

Food Safety & Standards

An increasing number of people have realized that food safety is an important issue for public health. It not only concerns public health and safety, but also has direct influence on national economic progress and social development. The development and implementation of food safety standards play a vital role in protecting public health, as well as in standardizing and facilitating the sound development of food production and business. After China became a WTO member, food safety standards, which have been indicated by Application Agreement of Sanitary and Phtosanitory Measurements (SPS Agreement) of WTO as the sanitary measurement for food import and export, have a special and great influence on Chinese food industry and trade. The development and revision of food safety standards have drawn great concerns from all stakeholders including the government, food industries and consumers.

Implementing SO 22000 Certification Standards to Strengthen Food Safety Management

This paper deals with the currentfood safety situation,the requirementsof ISO 22000 standards,and ISO 22000standards management certification.It detailsthe implementation of ISO 22000 standardsmanagement certification for the purposeof establishing a food safety managementsystem.

Evaluating the Impacts of Food Safety Policies on Japan's Rice Imports Based on the Simultaneous Buy and Sell System

This study evaluated the impacts of food safety policies on Japan's Simultaneous Buy and Sell rice imports through measuring tariff equivalents of food safety policies.In order to construct an estimated model,a Japanese consumer's utility function is introduced and developed with consumer's preference parameters and elasticity of substitution.In the empirical study part,Japan's positive list system and rice traceability were analyzed and assessed as critical food safety policies.Results showed that after the implementation of the positive list system,consumers'preference for foreign rice and the substitution elasticity diminished.This decreasing tendency was quite similar to the results after the enforcement of rice traceability.The tariff equivalents of food safety policies on imported rice fluctuated around ¥50 yen/kg from fiscal year 2000 to 2005 and decreased because of the global grain price hike after 2006.The tariff equivalents soared in 2010,which was induced by the traceability regulation,and then dulled during Japan's earthquake and tsunami in 2011.Subsequently,after the recovery from natural disasters,the tariff equivalents of food safety policies became higher.Therefore,food safety policies had made imported rice less attractive,weakened the competitive power of rice exporting countries,and had statistically significant impacts on Japan's rice importation.

Analysis on the Water-saving Irrigation Technique Based on the Perspective of Food Safety

The paper analyzed the important role of water saving in protecting the food safety,introduced the present development of agricultural water-saving technique,pointed out the potential risks of water resources,and proposed the future development of water-saving irrigation.

Impact of Food Safety Standards on Food Export

This article research the food quality standards covered global and international regulations on food safety and quality, and public and private standards. The effect of global character of food safety and quality standardization shows that the important effect is increasing marginal costs of certification and accreditation, which puts pressure on export company profits in different countries. Main conclusions yield insights into the key following points： Increased food safety has been associated with higher income. Consumers and governments can afford to focus more on reducing food-borne safety risks once basic quantity needs for foods have been met or are in the process of being met. This suggests that policies focused on increasing income are the surest path to improving food safety in all countries. Food safety regulations should be designed to meet the food safety demands of consumers in rich countries and, at the same time, further the interests of both consumers and producers in poor countries.

Spatio-Temporal Agricultural Drought Quantification in a Rainfed Agriculture, Athi-Galana-Sabaki River Basin

This study employs a quantitative approach to comprehensively investigate the full propagation process of agricultural drought, focusing on pigeon peas (the most grown crop in the AGS Basin) planting seasonal variations. The study modelled seasonal variabilities in the seasonal Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Agricultural Drought Index (SADI). To necessitate comparison, SADI and SPI were Normalized (from −1 to 1) as they had different ranges and hence could not be compared. From the seasonal indices, the pigeon peas planting season (July to September) was singled out as the most important season to study agricultural droughts. The planting season analysis selected all years with severe conditions (2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2017 and 2022) for spatial analysis. Spatial analysis revealed that most areas in the upstream part of the Basin and Coastal region in the lowlands experienced severe to extreme agricultural droughts in highlighted drought years. The modelled agricultural drought results were validated using yield data from two stations in the Basin. The results show that the model performed well with a Pearson Coefficient of 0.87 and a Root Mean Square Error of 0.29. This proactive approach aims to ensure food security, especially in scenarios where the Basin anticipates significantly reduced precipitation affecting water available for agriculture, enabling policymakers, water resource managers and agricultural sector stakeholders to equitably allocate resources and mitigate the effects of droughts in the most affected areas to significantly reduce the socioeconomic drought that is amplified by agricultural drought in rainfed agriculture river basins.

Thoughts on Establishment of the Agricultural Products Quality and Safety(Standards) Cooperation Center in Asia-Pacific Region

The establishment of agricultural products quality and safety cooperation mechanism and the research demonstration center in the Asia-Pacific reg coordinating each other, is not only of great ening cooperation with countries in Asia-Pacific region and for agricultural production safety of those countries in Asia- Pacific region, but also very necessary for our country to build a responsible image in the quality and safety of agricultural products, protection of the benefit of agriculture-related enterprises, increasing exports, ensuring imported food safety and China＇s national food security, as Well as nice exploration of establishing the global agricultural＇ products quality and safety cooperation center.

Private- Sector Standards Regulation with Food Safety in China：Can It Learn Anything from WTO？

It is predicted that in the near future,private- sector standard will,like Tesco,Wal- Mart,Carrefour,still exit. China should modify its current legal regal disciplines' to make the private entities with regards food safety. Probably the mechanism of government-private entities collaboration governance would be a best choice.

基于农产品进出口贸易视角的农业机械化发展研究

为推进全程全面绿色高效农业机械化发展,基于农产品进出口贸易的视角分析农业机械化存在的短板弱项问题。目前我国农业存在贸易逆差逐年增加、主要农产品贸易逆差扩大、劳动密集型农产品比较优势逐渐消失、主要农产品自给率较低等发展现状。在农业机械化方面,小农经济及二元经济结构现状制约着适度规模经营的发展进度,农业规模化种植的生产效益还未充分体现;全程全面高质高量农业机械还不充分;全程农业机械化种植农艺技术推广应用还需加强。农业机械化发展应立足于保障粮食安全与提高农业经营主体经济效益的基本定位,关键在于提高农产品生产效率,改善农产品质量,提高农产品国际竞争力。基于上述分析,提出推进适度规模经营、推动短板弱项农业装备创新发展、优化农业机械化支持政策、推进先进适用农艺技术推广应用、强化农产品初加工装备研发及推广等发展建议。

我国重要农产品供需变化趋势与供给保障能力提升策略

基于对我国重要农产品生产、消费和进口历史变化情况的分析,以及对2035年前变化趋势的预测,认为我国重要农产品供给保障面临国内增产边际效应递减和利用国际市场风险增大的双重挑战,应从统筹国内和国际两个大局、发展和安全两件大事出发,谋划好现代化新征程重要农产品供给保障思路。一方面,应从供需两侧入手扩产能、控消费,构建农业综合生产能力内在增长机制,针对农民务农种粮和地方重农抓粮逻辑采取差异化扶持政策,推进节粮减损、倡导节约消费;另一方面,应实施农产品进口多元化战略,提高海外供应链稳定性可靠性;此外,还应推动建立统一、联动的全国农产品大市场,完善农产品储备调节制度。

农业新质生产力发展与大国粮食安全保障——兼论“靠什么种粮”“怎样种粮”“谁来种粮”

农业是新质生产力发展的重要领域,大国粮食安全保障需要通过生产力的跃升解决未来“靠什么种粮”“怎样种粮”“谁来种粮”问题。必须基于大国农业劳动对象、劳动资料和劳动者的实际状况,结合农业产业特性和粮食安全保障的要求,重构农业科技创新体系和现代农业产业体系,推动农业新质生产力形成和发展。新时代大国粮食安全仍面临诸多挑战,对耕地和种子、关键核心技术和科技创新能力、农业劳动者的知识和技能都提出了更高的要求。确保大国粮食安全需要牢牢把握高质量发展首要任务,以科技创新和产业创新补齐发展中的短板,促进农业劳动对象、劳动资料和劳动者发生质的跃升,推动形成农业新质生产力以构建保障大国粮食安全的长效机制。为此,要不断深化、拓展和提升农业劳动对象,以机械化、数字化、智能化对农业劳动资料进行适宜性、革命性改造,打通农业发展的堵点卡点,让农业新质生产力发展成为解决“靠什么种粮”“怎样种粮”“谁来种粮”问题的关键力量。

福建富硒红壤区土壤硒含量特征及作物对硒的吸收

在调查我国南方红壤区土壤及农产品中硒含量状况的基础上,分析了富硒红壤中硒的分布特征及其所产农产品中硒含量的变化规律。结果表明:我国南方富硒红壤面积较大,但在地理空间分布上具有一定破碎度;土壤中的硒虽伴生一定量的重金属和稀土等元素,但与重金属或稀土元素的相关性不大;在富硒土壤上生产的农作物总体表现为可食部位的硒含量低于非可食部位的,并且农作物中的硒含量与土壤有效态硒含量相关性显著。依据我国南方富硒红壤区土壤自身特性,可以通过调控富硒红壤区农田土壤的酸碱度、水分含量、施肥种类、施用调理剂等来提高土壤硒的有效性,达到农产品中硒含量增加的目的;同时,对外源补硒的技术和相应农产品硒的健康效应,需进一步研究与规范。

地方农业本科院校省级一流专业的综合改革与实践——以食品质量与安全专业为例

仲恺农业工程学院食品质量与安全专业于2021年入选省级一流专业建设点。围绕新型应用型农业人才培养,介绍了专业的定位和特色、综合改革的途径和成效、师资队伍和基层教学组织的建设、专业教学质量保障体系的建设及毕业生的培养质量等,以期为地方农业院校的一流本科专业建设提供一定的参考。