The third-party regulation on food safety in China:A review

Stakeholders in the field of food safety management in China can be classified into three categories, government, food producers （farmers and enterprises）, and the third-party regulatory bodies. The third-party regulation has experienced rapid development in past twenty years, and recently received considerable attention from consumers and the central government. This paper provides a review about the development, problems and future trend of the third-party regulation on food safety in China. To be specific, five forms of the third-party regulation are assessed, including media exposure, the third-party certification, regulation by consumer associations, social movements promoted by non-governmental organiza- tions （NGOs）, and regulation by industry associations. The study concludes that media and consumer associations are the major players in the third-party regulation and are highly repudiated among customers. The food certification industry has developed rapidly, but is now facing crises of confidence among consumers because of its lack of self-regulation. NGOs and industry associations still remain in the early development stages of food safety management, and therefore, are of little importance in current regulatory bodies.

Food safety management and regulation:International experiences and lessons for China

China is experiencing rapid urbanization, changes in diets, and modernization of food retailing and production. In this context, food safety can become a greater concern for a variety of reasons. The purpose of this article is to review the international experiences and lessons regarding food safety management, regulation, and consumer behavior, with the goal of identifying how to improve food safety in middle income countries such as China. International experience in addressing food safety provides two general kinds of lessons. First, a middle-income country such as China needs to develop the capacity to carry out risk analysis in order to better focus public resources on the most important risks. Second, it will be important to leverage market incentives so as to make the best use of limited public capacity to enforce standards. Inter- national experiences show that food safety management is feasible where market incentives exist, and that public-private partnerships can support the process of improving food safety management. Market incentives require effective consumer or buyer demand, mechanisms to identify and reward quality, and supply chain coordination. Public efforts can be targeted to supporting these market developments for the risks that are the greatest burden to public health.

New food sources and production systems:a comparison of international regulations and China’s advancements in novel foods with synthetic biology

The global shift towards sustainable food systems has sparked innovations in food sources and production systems,including cell-based meat,plant-based food products,precision fermentation,and 3D food printing.These advancements pose regulatory challenges and opportunities,with China emerging as a critical player in adopting and regulating new food technologies.This review explores the international landscape of new food sources and production systems(NFPS),focusing on China’s role and regulatory approaches compared to global practices.Through this comparative analysis,we aim to contribute to the ongoing dialogue on food safety regulation,offering insights and recommendations for policymakers,industry stakeholders,and researchers engaged in the global food system’s evolution.This comprehensive overview underscores the dynamic nature of regulatory frameworks governing NFPS,highlighting the international efforts to ensure food safety,consumer protection,and the sustainable evolution of the food industry.

Food safety regulatory systems in Europe and China:A study of how co-regulation can improve regulatory effectiveness

Food safety has received a great deal of attention in both developed and developing countries in recent years. In China, the numerous food scandals and scares that have struck over the past decade have spurred significant food safety regulatory reform, which has been increasingly oriented towards the public-private partnership model adopted by the Europe Union＇s （EU） food safety regulatory system. This paper analyzes the development of both the EU＇s and China＇s food safety regu- latory systems, identifies the current challenges for China and additionally considers the role of public-private partnership. The success of co-regulation in the food regulatory system would bring significant benefits and opportunities for China. Finally, this paper recommends additional measures like training and grants to improve the private＇s sector effectiveness in co-regulating China＇s food safety issues.

The Animal Health Law-Regulation EU 2016/429 and the Future of Food Safety and Free Commerce in Europe

The aim of this study was to analyze the contents of Reg.(EU)No.429/2016,and to assess its role in guaranteeing the efficient application of the disease prevention and control rules into member state.Furthermore,the authors evaluated the impact of the abovementioned Regulation on the legislation on public health and food safety already in force in Europe(Regulations EC No.178/2002,No.882/2004,No.853/2004)and considered the global impact of the new rules on the effective functioning of the internal market.The study pays attention also to the TFEU(treaty of lisbon on the functioning of the European union)procedure to delegate to the commission the power to adopt non-legislative acts of general application that supplement or amend certain non-essential elements of a legislative act.

Private- Sector Standards Regulation with Food Safety in China：Can It Learn Anything from WTO？

It is predicted that in the near future,private- sector standard will,like Tesco,Wal- Mart,Carrefour,still exit. China should modify its current legal regal disciplines' to make the private entities with regards food safety. Probably the mechanism of government-private entities collaboration governance would be a best choice.

Pesticide food safety standards as companions to tolerances and maximum residue limits

Allowable levels for pesticide residues in foods, known as tolerances in the US and as maximum residue limits （MRLs） in much of the world, are widely yet inappropriately perceived as levels of safety concern. A novel approach to develop scientifically defensible levels of safety concern is presented and an example to determine acute and chronic pesticide food safety standard （PFSS） levels for the fungicide captan on strawberries is provided. Using this approach, the chronic PFSS level for captan on strawberries was determined to be 2 000 mg kg-1 and the acute PFSS level was determined to be 250 mg kg-1. Both levels are far above the existing tolerance and MRLs that commonly range from 3 to 20 mg kg-~, and provide evidence that captan residues detected at levels greater than the tolerance or MRLs are not of acute or chronic health concern even though they represent violative residues. The benefits of developing the PFSS approach to serve as a companion to existing tolerances/MRLs include a greater understanding concerning the health significance, if any, from exposure to violative pesticide residues. In addition, the PFSS approach can be universally applied to all potential pesticide residues on all food commodities, can be modified by specific jurisdictions to take into account differences in food consumption practices, and can help prioritize food residue monitoring by identifying the pesticide/commodity combinations of the greatest potential food safety concern and guiding development of field level analytical methods to detect pesticide residues on prioritized pesticide/commodity combinations.

Eating at Ease New regulation details rules under the Food Safety Law

The State Council, China’s cabinet,promulgated the Regulation on the Implementation of the Food Safety Law on July 8.

Food quality,food-borne diseases,and food safety in the Brazilian food industry

INTRODUCTION:In the recent decades,a global effort from food suppliers,industries,and governments has ensured that food production would meet the high quality required by the sanitary authorities,minimizing public health implications and economic losses caused by food-borne diseases.BACKGROUND:Several programmes and initiatives have been developed worldwide both by government agencies and the private sector to achieve this goal.Food-borne diseases,caused by pathogens,natural toxins,and chemical contaminants,remain a global public health challenge,since new threats are continuously emerging while others are being controlled.Also,in many countries,the consumption of food prepared outside the home increases the exposure to the risks posed by poor hygiene in food service.In this context,a reliable sanitary surveillance system is urgently needed to identify potential hazards,conduct risk analysis,and control food-borne diseases outbreaks worldwide.BRAZILIAN SAFETY POLICIES AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS:Brazil national agencies are tasked with controlling the hazards in the food chain by means of federal regulations based on a set of global sanitary authorities’guidelines.CONCLUSION:The occurrence of food-borne diseases,control measures,policies,and regulatory frameworks in Brazil drawn to ensure the quality and safety of food are presented in this paper.

China's Food Safety Institutional Reform: Evaluation Issues

China’s compartmentalized food safety supervision and administration system has long been blamed for recurring food safety incidents. In response, the State Council launched a major institutional reform that aimed to realize whole-chain-based food safety supervision and administration, to strengthen grassroots capacity and to adapt to a society that is complex, risk prone, open and pluralistic. According to the State Council’s mandate, the institutional restructuring at various local levels should have been completed by the end of 2013. However, there have been no systematic, open evaluations that have examined progress, effectiveness or effects. This study attempts to explore issues concerning evaluation of the institutional reform： how to understand the role of evaluation in the policy cycle？ What are important evaluation questions in different phases of the policy cycle？ How to identify evaluation priorities？ Specifically, a target group effectiveness evaluation framework was established and applied in Guangzhou city to assess how local government departments responded to the three principal mandates of the State Council’s reforms： integration of mechanisms and functions, integration of resources, and the enhancement of regulatory capability. The results show that such an evaluation framework is a valid way to examine the main goals and components of the reform, but that the indicators and evaluation criteria need be made more context-specific.

Regulation of Genetically Modified Food Use in the Russian Federation

Practical application of new methods of а plant genome transformation resulted in the need for strict regulation of the safety assessment process of genetically modified organisms of plant origin, intended for use in food. The devise of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) of plant origin safety assessment system, which is currently valid in the Russian Federation, was initiated in 1995-1996. Not only does the system accumulate all domestic and foreign experience, it also includes the latest scientific approaches, based on achievements of fundamental science. In the present article authors focused on issues of the basic legislative regulations of plant biotechnology in the Russian Federation, and approaches to the safety assessment of GM food and control over such food. GMO safety assessment is carried out at the stage of State registration. The subject of registration is novel food products derived from GMO, manufactured in the Russian Federation, as well as food products, entering the Russian Federation for the first time. In the system of medical and biological assessment of the GMO safety, along with general toxicological research, the study of specific types of toxicity in in vivo experiments takes a prominent place. In accordance with established research practice, which uses an integrated approach, and provides with the most complete and reliable information on potential reprotoxic, genotoxic, immunotoxic and allergenic effects of GMO, as well as enables to reveal possible unintended effects of genetic modification. From 1999 to 2016 22 GM lines passed the entire cycle of medical-biological investigations. By 2016 there had been amassed scientific foundation on GMO safety, which includes the analysis of result of research, carried out within the framework of GMO state registration in the Russian Federation, as well as domestic and international data, presented by scientific literature on the problem of biotechnological food safety, at both registration stage and post-registration monitoring stage. To sum up, in the Russian Federation the most essential issues, allowing to use GMO for food purpose have been resolved: 1) legislation, normative and methodical foundations, regulating safety assessment and control over GMO turnover, as well as ensuring customer awareness about presence of GMO in food products, have been created;2) scientifically proven evidence on the lack of negative effects for human health, i.e. GMO safety has been amassed;3) the possibility of control over GMO turnover throughout the food market of the country has been sustained.

Developments in genetic modification of cattle and implications for regulation, safety and traceability

Genetic modification techniques,in particular novel gene editing technologies,hold the yet unfulfilled promise of altering genetic traits in farm animals more efficiently than by crossbreeding,allowing for a more rapid development of new cattle breeds with distinct traits.Gene editing technologies allow for the directed alteration of specific traits and thereby have the potential to enhance,for instance,disease resilience,production yield and the production of desired substances in milk.The potential implications of these technological advancements,which are often combined with animal cloning methods,are discussed both for animal health and for consumer safety,also with consideration of available methods for the detection and identification of the related products in the food supply chain.Finally,an overview is provided of current regulatory approaches in the European Union(EU)and major countries exporting beef to the EU,for products from animals bred through established practices as well as modern biotechnologies.

“智慧+食品监管”:发展历程、应用现状与未来方向

大食物观为食品产业的未来发展提出了新的需求。随着食品产业的扩大和升级,影响食品安全的因素将变得越来越复杂,因而带来更为艰巨的食品安全风险防控任务。只有保障业态安全,食品产业才能健康和顺利发展。当前,有限的监管资源和力量与食品产业中繁重复杂的监管任务之间的矛盾日益凸显,传统的监管手段和方式难以满足食品产业的高质量发展需求。数据驱动下的计算机科学和智能技术为食品监管提供了技术切入点。在食品产业链中,实时采集各种信息形成“数据智能”,发展食品行业的智慧监管技术,有助于建设规范有序、协同高效的食品产业生态环境,为食品行业高质量发展提供保障。介绍了食品产业中智慧监管从初始到繁荣的发展历程,分析了智能技术在食品全产业链和食品监管体系数字化建设中的应用,指出了以安全为底线,以品质监测、营养分析、风味评估为新导向的食品智慧监管未来发展方向,探讨了食品行业智慧监管面临的机遇和挑战,希望为食品监管的智能化和高质量发展提供技术参考。

高校食堂食品安全管理存在的问题及对策研究

近年来,高校食堂食品安全事件频发,引起了社会的广泛关注。当前,国家不断出台校园食品卫生安全规范,深入开展校园食品安全排查整治行动,已取得显著成效,但现阶段我国尚未形成完备的校园食品安全管理体系,高校食堂依然是食品安全事故高发的重点领域。鉴于此,本文研究了高校食堂食品安全管理存在的问题及对策,为我国高校食堂食品安全共治共建共享新格局的建立提供参考。

Inspections and Information Disclosure： Quality Regulations with Incomplete Enforcement

The weak enforcement and monitoring systems employed in China （e.g., insufficient inspection resources and negligible fines for noncompliance） are widely blamed for the growing unrest over food safety in the country. Given this development, we consider a model where quality inspection performed by agencies is a means of disclosing information on product quality. We analyze the price-quality equilibrium scheme and show that a higher probability of inspection leads to lower price premiums attached to qualified products. We further investigate the welfare effect of minimum quality standards and inspection efforts and show that they should be complementary. We finally suggest that a state dependent inspection strategy, such as not inspecting those firms that have previously been found to be noncompliant, will enhance social welfare.

激励抑或约束:政绩考核压力如何影响食品安全监督抽检效率

监督抽检是食品安全监管的首要环节,有效提高食品安全监督抽检效率是全面提升我国食品安全监管水平的核心和关键。文章从食品安全监督抽检的目标宗旨和落实情况出发,把中央政府政绩考核初衷和地方政府监督抽检行为纳入同一个分析框架,理论分析政绩考核压力与食品安全监督抽检效率之间的逻辑关系与作用机理,并利用2017—2020年全国30个省(区、市)的面板数据进行实证检验。结果显示,在以“监督抽检合格率”和“监督抽检批次”为政绩考核指标的前提下,政绩考核压力是制约地方政府食品安全监督抽检效率提高的重要因素。采用变量替换法进行稳健性检验,相关结论依然成立。因此,建议中央政府在考核地方政府食品安全监管工作时,优化政绩考核指标、建立考核追评机制、拓展考核参与主体,为有效提高地方政府食品安全监督抽检效率创造有利条件。

基于机器学习对食品安全的调控与分析

民以食为天,食以安为先。食品质量及其安全性关系到国计民生。随着中国经济的发展和人民生活质量的提高,食品行业的规模也逐年壮大,社会和消费者对食品生产的质量及其本身安全性有了更加严格的要求。但是,食品质量安全事件时有发生,使得食品质量安全的管理成为了改善民生的重要任务。机器学习已在食品质量与安全领域被广泛应用,它具有自主学习能力强、非线性拟合能力好、建模快速等特点,其中的神经网络模型和监督学习方法能够准确、快速的对食品在生产过程中进行质量检测与过程控制。本文将着重阐述机器学习在食品质量与安全领域中的研究进展,以食品质量检验、食品过程追溯、食品安全预警3个方向进行论述。以期阐明机器学习算法在食品调控环节中的侧重点、优缺点和未来发展方向,为保障食品质量与安全的智能化发展提供理论支持与技术指导。

新媒体参与的网络食品安全监管四方演化博弈研究

“互联网+”背景下网络食品交易具有的虚拟性、规模性、隐蔽性和网络性特征,加剧了监管者与利益相关者之间的信息不对称,网络食品经营者利用信息优势生产、销售伪劣和变质食品使得网络食品安全问题日益严峻。基于网络食品相关利益主体的信息差异性和有限理性的假设条件,构建“网络食品经营者-网络食品交易第三方平台-政府监管部门-消费者”多元主体的SD四方演化博弈模型,分析网络食品利益相关者的行为策略对网络食品安全的影响。结果表明:网络食品市场监管的缺位是导致网络食品交易市场混乱的关键所在,政府监管部门、网络食品交易第三方平台和消费者等博弈主体参与网络食品安全监管受成本的制约,增强政府监管部门和网络食品交易第三方平台监管力度、提高消费者的辨识能力和新媒体曝光概率和作用力均能弱化网络食品经营者提供低质量产品的动机,但是混合博弈策略的演化过程呈周期循环趋势;网络食品经营者生产和销售低质量食品的综合收益低于品牌和声誉损失时,能抑制其提供低质量产品的意愿。

代糖添加剂安全监管困境及治理对策探析

随着人们对“减糖控糖”健康饮食的日益关注,代糖添加剂在食品中的应用越来越广泛。然而,代糖添加剂的安全监管仍面临诸多挑战,包括政策标准笼统、监管力度疲软、社会监督参与度低等问题。本文分析了代糖添加剂的使用现状和潜在安全风险,并探讨了监管困境的成因。为完善代糖添加剂监管,本文提出了构建和完善行业分类监管及安全标准制度体系、加强和落实食品生产经营企业监管力度及失职追责机制、形成和巩固代糖添加剂信息共享及社会监管合力机制等对策建议,旨在促进代糖添加剂的合理使用,保障食品安全和公众健康。

新时代危害食品安全的刑法规制研究

尽管我国《刑法》中的危害食品安全类犯罪属于典型的行政犯,但其中“食品”的范畴远超行政法上的范围,且在该类罪中,两个具体罪名中的“食品”范畴也不一致;构成生产、销售不符合安全标准的食品罪,应以足以造成严重食物中毒事故等危险为基础,需仔细甄别病死、死因不明的动物肉类制品是否具有刑事违法的危险性,而生产、销售有毒有害食品罪中的“有毒、有害的非食品性原料”,应限定为法律法规禁止添加、使用的物质,只有实施了“掺入、掺有”行为,才应成立该罪。