The Application of Big data Mining in Risk Warning for Food Safety

Comprehensive evaluation and warning is very important and difficult in food safety. This paper mainly focuses on introducing the application of using big data mining in food safety warning field. At first,we introduce the concept of big data miming and three big data methods. At the same time,we discuss the application of the three big data miming methods in food safety areas. Then we compare these big data miming methods,and propose how to apply Back Propagation Neural Network in food safety risk warning.

Operation safety risk analysis method of hydropower project considering time-dependent effect

In order to consider the time-dependent characteristic of risk factors of hydropower project,the method of stochastic process simulating structure resistance and load effect is adopted.On the basis of analyzing the structure characteristics and mode of operation,the operation safety risk rate assessment model of hydropower project is established on the comprehensive application of the improved analytic hierarchy process,the time-dependent reliability theory and the risk rate threshold.A scheme to demonstrate the time-dependent risk rate assessment method for an example of the earth-rock dam is particularly implemented by the proposed approach.The example shows that operation safety risk rate is closely related to both the service period and design standard;considering the effect of time-dependent,the risk rate increases with time and the intersection of them reflects the technical service life of structures.It could provide scientific basis for the operation safety and risk decision of the hydropower project by predicting the trend of risk rate via this model.

Effect of Food Safety Training on Achieving Good Hygiene Practices in Restaurants in the Emirates of Dubai

Food safety,specifically in restaurants,is becoming a key public health priority because of the increased number of meals eaten outside the home.Foodborne illness prevention thus is a significant concern and a public health priority in the United Arab Emirates,particularly Dubai,because of the extensive tourism industry.The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using demonstrations in training sessions to improve food safety knowledge and practices amongst food handlers.A descriptive and quantitative approach has been applied to collect the quantifiable information related to the research study.This has been further analyzed using the correlation tests to gather the required data.On comparison of the pre-test scores between the intervention and the control group,the t-test analysis showed significant difference in the level of food safety knowledge between the two groups.Pre-test score for the control group was 78.33 and post-test score was 104.66.In the case of the intervention group,pre-test score was 91.37 and post-test score was 130.75.The scores of food handlers’food safety practice for control group:pre-treatment score was 470 and post-treatment score was 646.For intervention group:pre-test score was 723 and post-test score was 1,056.The study concluded that training with demonstration techniques is an effective way of improving compliance with food safety guidelines.It has been understood that training helps in improving the performance of the employees while reducing the foodborne diseases and maintaining hygiene in the food.The study recommends every restaurant needs to provide regular trainings to the employees so that the restaurants can maintain hygiene and food safety practices.

Food safety management and regulation:International experiences and lessons for China

China is experiencing rapid urbanization, changes in diets, and modernization of food retailing and production. In this context, food safety can become a greater concern for a variety of reasons. The purpose of this article is to review the international experiences and lessons regarding food safety management, regulation, and consumer behavior, with the goal of identifying how to improve food safety in middle income countries such as China. International experience in addressing food safety provides two general kinds of lessons. First, a middle-income country such as China needs to develop the capacity to carry out risk analysis in order to better focus public resources on the most important risks. Second, it will be important to leverage market incentives so as to make the best use of limited public capacity to enforce standards. Inter- national experiences show that food safety management is feasible where market incentives exist, and that public-private partnerships can support the process of improving food safety management. Market incentives require effective consumer or buyer demand, mechanisms to identify and reward quality, and supply chain coordination. Public efforts can be targeted to supporting these market developments for the risks that are the greatest burden to public health.

The Benefit Risk Assessment of Consumption of Marine Species Based on Benefit-Risk Analysis for Foods(BRAFO)-tiered Approach

Objective To assess the net health effect caused by the consumption of specific marine species based on Benefit-Risk Analysis for Foods （BRAFO）-tiered approach. Methods Twenty species were collected from the Zhoushan Archipelago, China. Concentrations of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, methyl mercury （MeHg）, and dioxin-like compounds （DLCs） in the samples were analyzed for benefit risk assessment based on BRAFO-tiered approach. Results Based on the BRAFO-tiered approach, reference scenario （no intake） and alternative scenario （intake of specific species of 200 g/week） were determined. The exposure to MeHg/DLCs via alternative scenario of all studied species did not exceed provisional tolerable weekly/monthly intake. However, the adult population with high DLCs exposure in China would significantly exceed the upper limit of DLCs via an additional alternative scenario of some species such as Auxis thazard. The results of deterministic computation showed that alternative scenario of all studied species generated clear net beneficial effects on death prevention and child IQ gain. Conclusion The alternative scenario of all studied species could be recommended to population with average DLCs exposure, and the reference scenario of species with relatively high DLCs concentration could be recommended to population exposed to high DLCs.

Risk Analysis of Big Data Based on Cloud Computing for the Inspection and Testing of Toxic and Hazardous Substances in Meat Products

Large-scale data emerge in food safety inspection and testing industry with the development of Internet technology in China.This paper was aimed at designing toxic and hazardous substance big data risk analysis algorithm in food safety inspection and testing based on cloud computing^([1]).Cloud computing platform was set up to store the massive extensive data with geographical distribution,dynamic and high complexity from the Internet,and MapReduce^([2]) computational framework in cloud computing was applied to process and compute parallel data.The risk analysis results were obtained by analyzing 1000000 meat products testing data collected from the laboratory management information system based on web.The results show that food safety index IFS < 1,which proves that the food safety state is in good condition.

Risk Analysis of Sulfites Used as Food Additives in China

This study was to analyze the risk of sulfites in food consumed by the Chinese people and assess the health protection capability of maximum-permitted level （MPL） of sulfites in GB 2760-2011. Sulfites as food additives are overused or abused in many food categories. When the MPL in GB 2760-2011 was used as sulfites content in food, the intake of sulfites in most surveyed populations was lower than the acceptable daily intake （ADI）. Excess intake of sulfites was found in all the surveyed groups when a high percentile of sulfites in food was intaken. Moreover, children aged 1-6 years are at a high risk to intake excess sulfites. The primary cause for the excess intake of sulfites in Chinese people is the overuse and abuse of sulfites by the food industry. The current MPL of sulfites in GB 2760-2011 protects the health of most populations.

Risk Communication： Survey on Quality of Safety Data Sheets of Agricultural Substances

Manufacturers of chemicals are responsible for setting up a list of tools, including labels and safety data sheets, in order to provide adequate information about dangerous properties being labels and safety data sheets the main instruments for the immediate advice about dangerous substances and preparations for general public and workers. While correct labelling gives the possibility to general public to recognise the risks arising from handling and use of dangerous chemicals, safety data sheets are provided for professionals in order to allow safe handling and storage of dangerous chemicals in work places. Information contained in safety data sheets are also designed to suggest safety measures to be taken for the protection of workers as well as precaution measures and adequate actions to be taken in the case of accident. This project has critically revised the information contained in a list of safety data sheets of active ingredients provided for plant protection products, in order to assess the quality and the consistency of the data contained. Reported data have been then compared to published data. Considerable deficiencies/mistakes/inconsistencies have been found in the data reported along the safety data sheets of the examined substances, showing an urgent need of improving the enforcement related to a systematic recognition in this field as well as training of people involved in compilation of safety data sheets by producer side.

Emergence and Development of Health Risk Communication Networks Among Street-Level Health Bureaucrats During the COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis in Myanmar

Street-level health bureaucrats have actively contributed to implementing the COVID-19 prevention,control,and treatment policies of the Myanmar government.However,the need for bureaucrats on the frontlines of policy implementation to maintain a safe distance from others to prevent the spread of COVID-19 has posed challenges for the sharing and exchange of information related to health risks.In this context,this study examined what health risk communication patterns have emerged and developed among streetlevel health bureaucrats during the COVID-19 pandemic,and how this risk communication has been affected by streetlevel health bureaucrats'perceptions of client meaningfulness and willingness to implement COVID-19 policies.The results reveal that street-level health bureaucrats in the health risk communication network are embedded in reciprocally or transitively connected discussion relationships that sustain their health risk communication over time.Moreover,when specific healthcare staffmembers perceive more benefits of COVID-19 policies for their patients and are more willing to care for patients,other healthcare staffavoid them to protect themselves from COVID-19 infection.Due to their higher level of understanding of the adopted measures,healthcare staffmembers who are highly willing to implement COVID-19 policies are frequently approached by other staffmembers to communicate about COVID-19 issues.This study empirically contributes to the literature on street-level bureaucrats in times of pandemic crisis by examining the formation of health risk communications in the context of street-level health bureaucrats'responses to and participation in public healthcare policy implementation processes.

Safety of Dams： A Pathological Approach of Qualitative and Quantitative Risks

Dams are critical and essential elements in any infrastructure and, in front of accidents occurred in many countries, it is extremely important to know the risk of these structures. Inserted in this context, it was found in the technical literature, methods and tools capable of measuring the exposure value by means of indicators. In the study, the highlights were 12 methods of qualitative, semiquantitative and quantitative risk analysis, representing an overview of risk analysis methods available in the literature with potential use in dams, that it has been done into electronic spreadsheets. The case study is performed on a sample of concrete dam and earth/rockfill built and operated by Eletrobr^s Furnas Company, supported by documentary research, projects, field inspections and interviews with experts. After applying the methods and the analysis thereof, has been prepared the Eletrobras Fumas dam risk analysis method which is characterized by adapting the criteria analyzed to the reality of the company＇s dams and it was also performed the portfolio risk analysis of 18 dams. In spite of the variety and subjectivity of qualitative and semiquantitative methods, the results show that they tend to converge on the analysis of dam based on risk. The application methodology demonstrates the feasibility assessment stage, covering the preliminary analysis for portfolio dams, followed by formal and individual risk analyzes for the most critical structures. These results confirm the applicability of risk analysis techniques, contributing to the consolidation of this toot as fundamental in the dam safety.

Pedestrian risk analysis at uncontrolled midblock and unsignalised intersections

Transportation is defined as port to port transfer of person or goods by a medium which can be a vehicle or a person. Pedestrians being the most neglected mode of transportation in terms of safety and facility, face difficult situations while crossing near intersections and midblock crossings. It becomes more of a risk when the place of crossing is uncontrolled.But if behaviour of pedestrians while crossing is analysed in such conditions, it might be possible to create suitable solution to lessen the risk and ensure safety. In most of the cities, accepting suitable gaps between vehicles in uncontrolled midblock and intersection crossings pose threat to pedestrians＇ safety. The present study examines the safety of pedestrian crossing behaviour at midblock and unsignalised intersection crossings.Crossing time, speed, stages of crossing, number of interruptions while crossing, and the type of vehicles for which pedestrians accept the gap were extracted from the video. The tendency to show rolling gap behavior was observed and examined for different age and gender groups to analyse the risk involved in such type of crossings. The risks analysed from the study in correlation with the pedestrian demand in such uncontrolled crossings will help in design of safer pedestrian facilities. It was observed that the size of the vehicle has a significant influence on gap acceptance and crossing behaviour of pedestrians. Male pedestrians take more risks than female pedestrians in crossing unsignalized intersections. Middle aged pedestrian category poses 60.1% more chances of interrupted crossing than the other elder and young age categories of pedestrians. Male pedestrian category and the middle aged pedestrian category are more tended to accept the smallest gap between the vehicles showing a risky nature of crossing.

Are social embeddedness associated with food risk perception under media coverage?

Traceability system has received wide attention in solving food safety issues, via which food information could be tracked back to producer/farmers. Consumers need to obtain this information from producers or social networks, trust in the information,and consequently assess perceived risks, especially when food scandals are exposed to the media. In this study, we introduce the social embeddedness theory to understand how consumers’ social activities affect their risk perceptions on traceable food. Specifically, we investigate how risk perceptions are predicted by the interpersonal relationships, organizational level and social-level relationships. Results show that the interpersonal relationships were associated with lower levels of risk perceptions, while organizational and social relationships impacted consumer’s risk perceptions at middle and higher levels,respectively. Results also show that the "ripple effect" extended to effect of risk events with negative information, however,did not exist for the group exposed to positive information. Potential food safety implications have been proposed to identify for effective risk mitigation under media coverages.

MIND THE GAP: TOWARDS AND BEYOND IMPACT MESSAGING TO ENHANCE TROPICAL CYCLONE RISK COMMUNICATION

Traditionally, meteorological agencies collect, analyse, and share technical information about natural hazards with emergency services organisations and community members; often sending different warning products to each of these groups. For the general public, effective risk communication requires that technical information be translated to first gain attention and build understanding of risk, and then continue to be exchanged by all parties. The World Meteorological Organization and its partner agencies have recognised this need for translated information by moving away from warnings describing risks solely in terms of meteorological parameters and towards clearer messaging emphasizing significance and potential impacts. While the move towards more relatable weather warning messaging is a positive one, risk communication is a complex, dynamic and interactive process that is highly dependent on audience psychology, knowledge, skills, and capabilities; presenting at once difficulties and opportunities for agencies. Over recent years, advertisers, politicians and public safety advocates have all improved their messaging through the use of big data, psychology, social networking and behavioural economics principles, yet the links between these elements and weather risk communication are still relatively immature. This report aims to build links between weather forecasters, social scientists and related industries by outlining three conceptual models social scientists have developed to meet different challenges in the field of risk communication; the mental models approach, risk information seeking and processing, and the protective action decision making model. Recent issues and successes in the communication of tropical cyclone risk will then be examined and compared to these models, and future opportunities will be discussed.

Levels of Genotoxic and Carcinogenic Ingredients in Plant Food Supplements and Associated Risk Assessment

The present study describes the selection, analysis and risk assessment of genotoxic and carcinogenic ingredients of botanicals and botanical preparations which can be found in food and plant food supplements (PFS). First an inventory was made of botanical ingredients that are of possible concern for human health because of their genotoxic and/or carcinogenic properties. In total, 30 botanical ingredients were selected and subsequently judged for their actual genotoxic and/or carcinogenic potential. Among the 30 compounds considered, 18 compounds were judged to be both genotoxic and carcinogenic. Interestingly, the majority of these compounds belong to the group of alkenylbenzenes or unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Subsequently, based on available carcinogenicity data and estimated daily human exposure that was determined focusing on the intake from PFS, the Margin of Exposure (MOE) was calculated for the alkenylbenzenes estragole, methyleugenol, safrole and β-asarone. Calculating the MOEs for intake estimates of these alkenylbenzenes from PFS resulted in MOE values that were generally lower than 10,000 and often lower than 100. In some cases the MOE was even below 10 meaning that the estimated daily intake is in the range of dose levels causing malignant tumors in experimental animals. This result indicates that the use of PFS containing the genotoxic carcinogens estragole, methyleugenol, safrole or β-asarone might raise a potential concern for human health and would be of high priority for risk management.

A Framework for Modern Risk-Informed Root Cause Analysis Process

The paper discusses the framework for a risk-informed root cause analysis process.Such process enables scaling of the analysis performed based on the risk associated with the undesired event or condition,thereby creating tiers of analysis where the greater the risk,the more sophisticated the analysis.In a risk-informed root cause analysis process,a situation is normally not analyzed at a level less than what actually occurred.However,a situation may be investigated as though the consequence were greater than actually happened,especially if only slight differences in circumstances could result in a significantly higher consequence.While operational events or safety issues are normally expected to result only with negligible or marginal actual consequences,many of those would actually have certain potential to develop or propagate into catastrophic events.This potential can be expressed qualitatively or quantitatively.Risk-informing of root cause analysis relies on mapping the event or safety issue into a risk matrix which,traditionally,is a two-dimensional probability-consequence matrix.A new concept employed in the risk matrix for root cause analysis is that,while the probability reflects the observed or expected range of values(retaining,thus,its“traditional”meaning),the consequence reflects not only the observed or materialized impact(such as failure of equipment)but,also,its potential to propagate or develop into highly undesirable final state.The paper presents main elements of risk-informed root cause analysis process and discusses qualitative and quantitative aspects and approaches to determination of risk significance of operational events or safety issues.

Food safety in Vietnam:where we are at and what we can learn from international experiences

Food-borne diseases are attracting a lot of attention in Vietnam as a result of repeated episodes of adulterated and unsafe food.In this paper,we provide some perspectives on food safety in Vietnam from the point of view of an international research institution working on food safety with partners in the country.We argue that one of the key issues of food safety in Vietnam is that certain food value chain stakeholders lack ethics,which leads to the production and trading of unsafe foods in order to make profits irrespective of adverse health effects on consumers.In turn,the shortfall in ethical behaviours around food can be attributed to a lack of incentives or motivating factors.Although food safety causes panic in the population,it is unclear how much contaminated food contributes to the burden of food-borne diseases and food poisonings in Vietnam.However,globally,the biggest health problem associated with food are infections from consuming food contaminated with viruses,bacteria or parasites.A major food safety challenge is the inappropriate way of communicating food risks to the public.Another key constraint is the inherent difficulty in managing food in wet markets and from smallholder production.On the other hand,local foods,and local food production and processing are an important cultural asset as well as being essential to food safety,and these aspects can be put at risk if food safety concerns motivate consumers to purchase more imported foods.In this paper,we also discuss good experiences in food safety management from other countries and draw lessons learnt for Vietnam on how to better deal with the current food safety situation.

Critical role of risk management in ground engineering and opportunities for improvement

Green mining is concerned with mining in a sustainable manner, such that the needs of the present are met without compromising future generations. The achievement of this objective depends on balancing social, environmental and economic objectives and has to have regard to both active mining operations and legacy issues associated with mine closure. Ground engineering has a critical role in achieving green mining objectives but its contribution is characterised by pervasive uncertainty. Uncertainty equates to risk. This means that ground engineering should be practiced within a risk management framework that aims to both prevent unwanted outcomes and to mitigate their consequences to an acceptable level. This keynote address presents the fundamentals of risk management and demonstrates its effectiveness by reference to improvements in the safety performance of the NSW coal sector over the past three decades.Nevertheless, ground control remains a mix of art and science, relying heavily on judgements which should be premised on knowledge, skill and experience(that is, competence). Risk management has now been enshrined in mining legislation and operating practice in Australia for over two decades.Notwithstanding this, near-hit and accident and incident investigations, commissions of inquiry and legal proceedings almost invariably identify deficiencies and opportunities for improvements necessary to achieve the objectives of sustainable mining. Three of the more important opportunities which have global application in relation to ground engineering are discussed. These relate to the vexing issue of defining competency in ground engineering; the criteria for undertaking rigorous risk assessment; and the need for ground engineers to become involved in mine rehabilitation and closure planning over the full life cycle of a mine, commencing at the prefeasibility stage.

Statistical Safety Analysis of Maintenance Management Process of Excavator Units

Within this paper, the process of statistical safety analysis has been presented, which involves the following steps： formulation of basic principles of statistical safety analysis, initial events analysis, accident sceneries progress analysis, risk calculation, and risk calculation results analysis. On this basis, it has been concluded that the bucket wheel excavator SRs 1200×24/4×0（400 kW）＋VR safety criteria is the mechanism for the hoist of rotor＇s arrow failure modes, because in that case whole bucket wheel excavator failure would necessarily happen （excavator falling down on counterweight）. Therefore, excavator units statistical safety analysis is accomplished preventively to obtain its effective maintenance management.

Risk Assessment,Management and Application in Nuclear Power Plant Operation

To introduce the basic concepts of technical specification of nuclear power plant,a risk assessment and management technique based on the probabilistic safety analysis( PSA) method was proposed. The risk-informed method was used,and an example was given to show how to use some specific risk metrics like CDF / LERF /ICDP / ILERP to analyze and manage the risk associated with activities in nuclear power plant operation. The advantage of this technique can be concluded from this paper,and this technique should be used more widely and deeply in nuclear industry.

Application of Risk Index to Risk-Based Decision-Making in Vessel Traffic Service System

The applications of risk index to risk estimation, risk acceptability, and cost-benefit analysis for planning vessel traffic service （VTS） system were analyzed. An example of Wuhan Port shows that its application is easily implemented and can be helpful in a comprcbensive and scientific decision-making. Especially aiming to the difficult problems with respect to risk prediction, risk acceptability and cost-benefit assessment, this article put forward some new solutions based on risk-index, such as the trendline estimation, ALARP （as low as reasonably practicable） matrix and weighted cost-benefit analysis, with a fairly good operability and comparability.