Food-borne parasitic zoonosis: Distribution of trichinosis in Thailand

Trichinosis is among the most common food-borne parasitic zoonoses in Thailand and many outbreaks are reported each year. This paper investigates the distribution of the disease in regions of north, north-east, central and south Thailand. Between the earliest recorded of outbreak of trichinosis in Mae Hong Son Province in 1962 and 2006, there have been 135 outbreaks involving 7340 patients and 97 deaths in Thailand. The highest number of cases, 557, was recorded in 1983. Most infected patients were in the 35-44 year age group, and the disease occurred more frequently in men than women during 1962-2003, with no significant sex difference during 2004-2006. Outbreaks were most common in the northern areas, especially in rural areas where raw and under-cooked pork and/or wild animals are eaten. Human infections occur annually in northern Thailand during communal feasts celebrating the Thai New Year. Trichinosis causes have been reported every year, supporting the need for planning education programs.

Bio-control of Some Food-Borne Pathogenic Bacteria by Bacteriophage

In recent years, researchers tended to bring new alternative to biological protective systems used in conservation of food and production of safe food. Use of bacteriophage against to pathogen bacteria in food was the most hopeful system in these methods about bio-control. Controls of bacteriophage for each pathogen species and subspecies and determination of phage-host originality are important because efficient bio-control was achieved. Researches concentrated on some food-borne pathogen bacteria such as E. coli O157：H7, Campylobacter, Salmonella and Listeria. In a consequence of these studies made as in vitro and in vivo, first commercial production of phage which will be used in foods was made in Netherlands. Also, it has been informed that use of phage is cost-efficient alternative as compared with other preservatives. This review, discussed application of bacteriophages as bio-control agents in food and advantages and disadvantages about uses of bacteriophages by taking into account antimicrobial characteristics of them.

广西原发性肝细胞癌合并肝吸虫病患者的转录组测序分析

目的:利用转录组学数据探索肝细胞癌(HCC)合并肝吸虫病的分子机制与免疫环境特征。方法:收集2022年1月至2023年12月在广西医科大学第一附属医院接受手术切除的6例HCC患者(其中3例合并肝吸虫病,3例未合并肝吸虫病)的癌组织及其癌旁组织样本,进行转录组测序。比较合并与未合并肝吸虫病的HCC患者的基因表达谱,使用“Limma”包鉴定差异表达基因,并对这些基因进行功能富集(GO)分析以确定所涉及的生物学通路。使用Cibersort算法对HCC患者肿瘤微环境中的免疫细胞浸润模式进行精确量化,并构建蛋白—蛋白相互作用(PPI)网络,揭示这些差异表达基因之间的潜在相互作用和信号传导机制。结果:从合并肝吸虫病患者中鉴定出131个差异表达基因以及31个枢纽基因,它们均与代谢和炎症信号通路相关。免疫分析显示,HCC合并肝吸虫病患者肿瘤组织中静息的记忆CD4+T细胞浸润上调。结论:代谢途径的重编程、炎症信号通路的异常激活以及免疫微环境的改变可能共同构成了肝吸虫感染背景下HCC患者预后较差的潜在生物学基础。

Progress on the melanoidins produced by the Maillard reaction of fermented food and traditional Chinese medicine

FMs(Food-borne melanoidins)are brown high molecular weight polymers formed by the Mailiard reaction between carbohydrates and nitrogen-containing compounds during the processing of food or Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM),and are widely found in food-borne products such as TCM concoctions,bakery,brewing,soy sauce,ferment and other food-borne products.FMs not only have a variety of biological activities,such as antioxidant,antibacterial,immunomodulation,regulation of intestinal flora,etc.,and can change the color,aroma and taste of food.The diversity of its components has become a research hotspot at home and abroad in recent years,with a wide range of application prospects.Therefore,this paper summarizes the existing information on FMs at home and abroad,mainly describes their preparation process,physicochemical properties,structural characteristics and functional activity research progress.Typical FMs,such as coffee,biscuits,wine and soy sauce in daily food,and Polygonatum,Perilla oil,Black ginseng,and Red jujube in T,were highlighted.Summarising the current status of research between the chemistry and pharmacodynamics of relevant FMs and presenting challenges and future recommendations for melanoidin research.In future research on FMs,one should pay more attention to basic research,especially isolation and purification and generation mechanisms,to further demonstrate the biological activity of FMs in vivo and in clinical trials.Thus,the potential value of its existence is deeply exploited to meet the needs of technology,production and health.

安徽省食源性寄生虫病的种类与流行概况

加强健康教育，注意饮食卫生，控制食源性寄生虫病流行。

环介导等温扩增技术及其在食源性吸虫感染检测中的应用

随着人们生活水平的提高,土源性寄生虫病的感染率和发病率日趋下降,与之相反,食源性寄生虫病更加引人关注,而食源性吸虫病是其中的重要组成。据WHO统计,目前已知能感染人体的食源性吸虫有100多种,感染者超过4000万人,还有10%的人口面临感染食源性吸虫的风险。目前对于腔道内寄生的食源性吸虫通常采用病原学诊断方法,但对于深部组织内寄生的食源性吸虫则缺乏有效的诊断方法。环介导等温扩增(LAMP)技术是新近发展起来的一种方法,它具有简便快速、灵敏特异、经济实用、且易于普及等优点,有替代传统PCR之势。但国内对LAMP法的了解和应用不多,基于其在食源性吸虫感染方面的诊断价值,本文予以介绍,以供借鉴。

牛吸虫病和牛胎毛滴虫病的诊断与防治

主要介绍了牛血吸虫病、肝片形吸虫病、前后盘吸虫病、胰阔盘吸虫病、牛胎毛滴虫病等吸虫病和牛胎毛滴虫病的病原特点、发病症状、发病规律及防治措施,以期为广大兽医同仁提供参考。

常见食源性吸虫病及其诊治进展

食源性吸虫病是一类被忽视的热带病,据吸虫寄生的部位分为肝脏吸虫病、肺吸虫病及肠吸虫病。随着当前食物供应的全球化,食源性吸虫病呈现出感染人群数量增加和疾病分布区域面积增大的趋势。本文就常见食源性吸虫病及其诊治进展进行概述。

肝脏肺吸虫病的CT诊断

作者认为肺吸虫病发生在肝脏系少见病例，在ＣＴ认识和诊断上有待进一步提高，特别与肝结核、肝脏肿、肝包虫囊肿等鉴别诊断，仍存在一定的困难。临床上肺吸虫病多见脑部，肺，及皮下组织，我院病理科近十余年在肝脏发现肺吸虫病也是仅有一例，上述疾病ＣＴ表现均可出现低密度坏死区，不规则环状增强，斑点状钙化灶，单房及多房改变及大小不等的结节。组织学上的改变，肝细胞混浊肿胀，液化，变性，坏死，钙化，所不同处寄生虫病的病理组织学上可见夏科－雷登氏结晶，大量嗜酸性白细胞．本病与肝脓肿，肝结核的鉴别，在ＣＴ检查（包括动态ＣＴ）及肝动脉造影，Ｂ超检查，其它无更好方法鉴别。唯有病理检查证实，及职防部门专业鉴定。

肺吸虫病神经系统损害的临床及脑电图

作者总结了20例肺吸虫病神经系统损害的临床及其脑电图变化,神经系统受损者占同期肺吸虫病的30.3%。同时具有肺部、及皮下或肌肉的结节,临床表现有头痛、偏瘫、失语、癫痫发作,蛛网膜下腔出血,多颅神经损害,截瘫等。脑损害者脑电图异常率高达95.45%,病变范围及异常程度不一,以脑实质受损者重,脑膜受损者较轻。局限性肉芽肿形成的脑电图显示局灶性异常,动态观察脑电图变化可推测其病变的转归,对判断病情及有无脑损害有一定价值。

Isolation, serotype diversity and antibiogram of Salmonella enterica isolated from different species of poultry in India

Objective: To study the occurrence and serotype diversity of Salmonella isolates in different species of poultry(chicken, emu and duck) and determine their resistance pattern against various antibiotics of different classes.Methods: About 507 samples comprising 202 caecal contents and 305 fecal samples from chicken, emu and duck were processed for isolation of Salmonella enterica. Salmonellae were isolated and detected by standard protocol of ISO 6579 Amendment 1: Annex D. Genetic confirmation was also made by using 16 S r RNA genus specific PCR. Serotype specific PCR was also done to detect the most common serovars viz. Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Gallinarum. All obtained isolates were subjected to a set of 25 antibiotics to study their antibiogram by using Baeur-Kirby disk diffusion method.Results: Out of 507 samples processed, 32 isolates of Salmonella enterica(18 from caecal contents and 14 from faecal samples) were obtained, of which 24 belonged to 6 different serovars, 6 were untypeable and 2 were rough strains. Salmonella Enteritidis was the most predominant serotype(9), followed by Salmonella Typhimurium(5), Salmonella Virchow(4), Salmonella Gallinarum(3), Salmonella Reading(2) and Salmonella Altona(1). Antibiotic resistance pattern was maximum(100%) to oxacillin, penicillin and clindamycin, followed by ampicillin(68.75%), tetracycline(65.62%), nalidixic acid(56.25%) and colistin(46.87%). High sensitivity of isolates was recorded for chloramphenicol(96.87%) followed by meropenem(84.37%). Conclusions: Occurrence of high proportion of serovars in our study which can cause serious gastroenteritis in humans is a matter of concern. Salmonella Altona has been detected for the first time in India from poultry. This serotype is known to cause serious outbreaks of gastroenteritis in humans. Multidrug resistant isolates were recovered at high percentage which can be attributed to non-judicious use of antibiotics both in prophylaxis and treatment regimen. This observation draws serious attention as poultry serves as an important source of transmission of these multidrug resistant Salmonella serovars to humans.

Isolation and identification of Salmonella from curry samples and its sensitivity to commercial antibiotics and aqueous extracts of Camelia sinensis(L.) and Trachyspermum ammi(L.)

Objective:To isolate Salmonella from curry samples and to evaluate the drug sensitivity of the food-borne Salmonella and its susceptibility to specific plant extracts.Methods:Salmonella was isolated from the curry samples by standard microbiological methods and was confirmed by biochemical tests.The antibiotic susceptibility test was conducted by disc diffusion method using commercially available antibiotics such as ampicillin,tetracycline,chloramphenicol,kanamycin,and penicillin.In addition,the susceptibility of the food-borne Salmonella was also evaluated against the aqueous extracts of Camelia sinensis(L.) Theaceae(tea leaves) and the Trachyspermum ammi(L.) Apiaceae(ajwain or omum seeds).Results:Out of fifty curry samples,only seven samples were identified to have Salmonella contamination.The Salmonella isolates showed a significant drug resistance pattern except for kanamycin.The plant extracts showed a considerable antibacterial activity against the isolates,indicating the presence of antimicrobial principle which can be exploited after complete pharmacological investigations.Conclusions:The present study demonstrates the occurrence of Salmonella in the curry samples,and shows significant drug resistance against most of the commercially available antibiotics,except kanamycin.Antimicrobial effect of the plant extracts against the food-bone Salmonella suggests that dietary including medicinal herbs would be one strategy to manage food borne pathogens.

Quantum dot biosensor combined with antibody and aptamer for tracing food-borne pathogens

Due to the increasing number of food-borne diseases,more attention is being paid to food safety.Food-borne pathogens are the main cause of food-borne diseases,which seriously endanger human health,so it is necessary to detect and control them.Traditional detection methods cannot meet the requirements of rapid detection of food due to many shortcomings,such as being time-consuming,laborious or requiring expensive instrumentation.Quantum dots have become a promising nanotechnology in pathogens tracking and detection because of their excellent optical properties.New biosensor detection methods based on quantum dots are have been gradually developed due to their high sensitivity and high specificity.In this review,we summarize the different characteristics of quantum dots synthesized by carbon,heavy metals and composite materials firstly.Then,attention is paid to the principles,advantages and limitations of the quantum dots biosensor with antibodies and aptamers as recognition elements for recognition and capture of food-borne pathogens.Finally,the great potential of quantum dots in pathogen detection is summarized.

Deconvolution of the Error Associated with Random Sampling

In this work empirical models describing sampling error (Δ) are reported based upon analytical findings elicited from 3 common probability density functions (PDF): the Gaussian, representing any real-valued, randomly changing variable x of mean μ?and standard deviation σthe Poisson, representing counting data: i.e., any integral-valued entity’s count of x (cells, clumps of cells or colony forming units, molecules, mutations, etc.) per tested volume, area, length of time, etc. with population mean of μ?and;binomial data representing the number of successful occurrences of something (x+) out of n observations or sub-samplings. These data were generated in such a way as to simulate what should be observed in practice but avoid other forms of experimental error. Based upon analyses of 104 Δ?measurements, we show that the average Δ?() is proportional to ?(σx•μ-1;Gaussian) or ?(Poisson & binomial). The average proportionality constants associated with these disparate populations were also nearly identical (;±s). However, since ?for any Poisson process, . In a similar vein, we have empirically demonstrated that binomial-associated ?were also proportional to σx•μ-1. Furthermore, we established that, when all ?were plotted against either ?or σx•μ-1, there was only one relationship with a slope = A (0.767 ± 0.0990) and a near-zero intercept. This latter finding also argues that all , regardless of parent PDF, are proportional to σx•μ-1?which is the coefficient of variation for a population of sample means (). Lastly, we establish that the proportionality constant A is equivalent to the coefficient of variation associated with Δ?() measurement and, therefore, . These results are noteworthy inasmuch as they provide a straightforward empirical link between stochastic sampling error and the aforementioned Cvs. Finally, we demonstrate that all attendant empirical measures of Δ?are reasonably small (e.g., ) when an environmental microbiome was well-sampled: n = 16 - 18 observations with μ∼3?isolates per observation. These colony counting results were supported by the fact that the two major isolates’ relative abundance was reproducible in the four most probable composition observations from one common population.

Survival of some food-borne bacteria in kefir produced by microbial levan and pullulan

Kefir is a fermented milk product produced by kefir grains traditionally or lyophilized starter culture.Some quality characteristics of kefir produced at 22℃ and 30℃ using kefir grains after addition of microbial levan and pullulan were investigated for 14 days.Additionally,the survival of different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria strains which were inoculated before and after fermentation were investigated during storage.The pH and titratable acidity were in the ranges of 4.67–4.39 and 1.10–0.87%,respectively.The highest exopolysaccharide values(458.3–465.3 mg/kg)were found in the samples produced with the addition of 1%(w/v)of microbial levan at 30℃.Yeast counts were in the ranges of 6.73–5.11 log CFU/mL while the lactobacilli and lactic streptococci counts were in the ranges of 9.64–7.91 and 9.64–8.69 log CFU/mL,respectively.The microbial polysaccharide addition did not show any significant differences in the enumeration of lactic acid bacteria in kefir(p>0.05).All Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria grew/survived during fermentation however Listeria monocytogenes was the most susceptible test bacterium to metabolites during storage.The highest reduction in the counts of L.monocytogenes was determined as 2.39 log units after 24 h of fermentation at 30℃ in the samples which were inoculated before fermentation and produced with the addition of pullulan.Kefir samples produced at 30℃ without polysaccharide addition were considered as the best with respect to appearance,taste,consistency and overall acceptability.

Antimicrobial effects of carnosic acid,kaempferol and luteolin on biogenic amine production by spoilage and food-borne pathogenic bacteria

Antimicrobial effects of carnosic acid,kaempferol and luteolin on biogenic amine(BA)production by five spoilage(Photobacterium damselae,Proteus mirabilis,Enterobacter cloacea,Pseudomonas luteola and Serratia liquefaciens)and five food-borne pathogenic bacteria(Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29213,Enterococcus faecalis ATCC29212,Escherichia coli ATCC25922,Salmonella Paratyphi A NCTC13 and Yersinia enterocolitica NCTC 11175)were investigated.The formation of ammonia(AMN),trimethylamine(TMA)and BAs by all bacterial strains were observed using ornithine decarboxylase broth.BAs,AMN,and TMA were determined by using high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)method.The results showed that significant differences were observed(P≤0.05)in formation among spoilage and also food-borne bacteria.The impact of phenolic compounds on AMN,TMA and BAs production was dependent on bacterial strains.When total amount of cadaverine(CAD),putrescine(PUT),histamine(HIS)and tyramine(TYR)was considered,the phenolic compounds presented antimicrobial activity against fish spoliage bacteria and food-borne pathogens following the order;kaempferol>carnosic acid>luteolin.These phenolics have potential to be used as food preservatives.

Comparative prevalence of pathogenic and spoilage microbes in chicken sausages from Egypt and Greece

This study investigated the spread of foodborne pathogens: Listeria monocytogenes, Es-cherichia coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella in chicken sausage samples collected from retail markets in Greece and Egypt during 2006 and from Egypt through 2010. Other microbiological parameters;total viable count (TVC), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), pseudomonads (PS), staphylococci (STAPH), Brochothrix thermosphacta (BT), Enterobacteriaceae (EN), Escherichia coli (EC), yeasts and moulds (Y&M) were also counted. Egyptian chicken sausage samples were found to harbor L. mono- cytogenes, Staph. aureus and E. coli O157:H7;with frequencies equivalent to 24%, 60% and 26% of the total samples during 2006 and 37.87%, 64.44% and 41.11% of the total samples during 2010, respectively, while Greek samples were entirely free of theses pathogens. Enrichment techniques indicated the absence of Salmonella from both Greek and Egyptian samples. The obtained results may mobilize food producers and handlers in developing countries to take the due measures reducing food-borne pathogen risks and spoilage flora alongside the poultry chain.

Isolation of <i>Bacillus cereus</i>in a Facility Preparing School Meals

Food safety is a fundamental requirement in mass catering, as large numbers of meals are served each day to potentially vulnerable consumers, such as children. Food Business Operators implement plans for the microbiological monitoring of the meals prepared and served in the catering sector, and for the swab-sampling of surfaces. From January 2018 to June 2019, our laboratory analyzed both food and swab samples from four catering facilities. Considering the EFSA 2018 data, we specifically focused on samples analyzed for Bacillus cereus. Our data substantially showed episodic contamination due to a piece of equipment that is not usually subjected to microbiological control, thus suggesting that every aspect should be scrutinized in order to identify critical points. While Bacillus cereus is widespread in nature and common in soil, it is adapted for growth in the intestinal tracts of insects and mammals. It is often present in a variety of foods, and may cause an emetic or a diarrheal type of food-associated illness. B. cereus produces several toxins. Multiplex PCR enables seven toxin genes to be detected (hblC, hblD, hblA, nheA, nheB, nheC and cytK).

Antimicrobial Activity of Wild Plant Seed Extracts against Human Bacterial and Plant Fungal Pathogens

Five wild plant species belonging to different families (Chenopodium album, Plantago major, Elytrigia elongata, Filipendula ulmaria and Nigella sativa) widely spread in Russian Federation and the former USSR were evaluated for their ability to inhibit growth of two important human food-borne pathogens (Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes strain EGD-e) and eight plant pathogens (Alternaria alternata, Alternaria tenuissima, Bipolaris sorokiniana, Stagonospora nodorum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium culmorum and Phytophtora infestans). To isolate biologically active compounds from seeds, a step-wise procedure including extraction with hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and 10% acetic acid followed by reversed-phase HPLC was developed. Using disc-diffusion assay, the highest activity against E. coli O157:H7 was observed with extracts from F. ulmaria (hexane and ethyl acetate extracts and the unbound RP-HPLC fraction) and P. major (ethyl acetate extract and the unbound RP-HPLC fraction);E. elongate (the unbound RP-HPLC fraction) was less active. The extracts from P. major and E. elongate (the unbound RP-HPLC fractions) were equally highly active against L. monocytogenes, while those of F. ulmaria (the unbound RP-HPLC fraction) and N. sativa (hexane and ethyl acetate extracts) were less active against this pathogen. The dynamics of L. monocytogenes EGD-е and E. coli O157:H7 growth in the presence of two most potent extracts (RP-HPLC-unbound fractions of P. major and E. elongate and the hexane extract of F. ulmaria) was studied.

Grape Phenolic Extract Potentially Useful in the Control of Antibiotic Resistant Strains of <i>Campylobacter</i>

In this work, a grape phenolic extract obtained by methanol extraction has been demonstrated to be effective in inhibiting the growth of different strains and species of Campylobacter, one of the most important bacterial foodborne pathogens causing gastroenteritis worldwide. Noteworthily, it was particularly effective against several strains presenting multiple antibiotic resistances. In all cases, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was lower than 300 mg GAE/L, being of 60 mg GAE/L for one of the most resistant strains (C. coli LP2), while the others were between 120 mg GAE/L and 180 mg GAE/L. The analytical study of the main phenolic compounds in the grape extract revealed that it was mainly constituted by catechins (85.7%) and phenolic acids (13.7%). However, experiments developed using pure standards demonstrate that phenolic acids (such as gallic, p-hidroxibenzoic, vanillic, and homovanillic acids) were the most active, provoking a Campylobacter growth decrease between 6.7 and 7.6 log, while epicatechin was the only catechin with activity as pure compound (1 log of growth decrease).