In ancient China, Daoist philosophers developed the concepts of qi(energy), Wu Xing(five elements), and yin(feminine, dark, negative) and yang(masculine, bright, positive) opposite forces between 200 and 600 BCE. Base...In ancient China, Daoist philosophers developed the concepts of qi(energy), Wu Xing(five elements), and yin(feminine, dark, negative) and yang(masculine, bright, positive) opposite forces between 200 and 600 BCE. Based on these philosophies, Zhen Jiu(acupuncture), Ben Cao(materia medica), and the practice of Qi Gong(energy optimization movements) evolved as the three interrelated therapeutic regimens of Chinese medicine(Note 1). Since the time of Zhang Qian, who discovered China's western regions in the 1st century BCE, Hai Yao(the exotic elements of materia medica from the maritime Silk Road countries), had been transmitted from the ancient land and maritime routes of the Silk Road to China in the past two millennia(Note 2). Since the late 17th century, the English East India Company, later called the British East India Company, introduced Yang Yao(opium) to the Manchu Qing Empire to balance a growing trade deficit for tea export from China to the British Empire. After the First Opium War ended in 1842, enterprising expatriate chemists and druggists in the treaty ports imported Xi Yao(modern medicines from the Western world) for sale to the merchant navy and the local market. From the second half of the 19th century onwards, both Hai Yao and Xi Yao have become a fully integrated part of modern China's armamentarium for the Chinese medicine and Western hospitals and retail pharmacy sectors. This paper articulates the journey of adoption of exotic elements of materia medica from the ancient land and sea routes of the Silk Road, including the western regions and the rest of the world in the past two millennia. Opium traders, ship surgeons, medical and pharmaceutical missionaries, enterprising traders, and policymakers together transformed Ben Cao into Xi Yao during the late Manchu Qing dynasty and the early Nationalist Era.展开更多
The Greek pharmacologist Dioscorides’s De Materia Medica is one of the greatest works in the history of Greek-Arabic Traditional Medicine, and also is an essential medical textbook and pharmacological standard in Eur...The Greek pharmacologist Dioscorides’s De Materia Medica is one of the greatest works in the history of Greek-Arabic Traditional Medicine, and also is an essential medical textbook and pharmacological standard in Europe. This paper studied the historical background, academic characteristics, editions, and significant contributions to traditional medicine of De Materia Medica and Dioscorides. It was concluded that the book has substantial scientific importance and remarkable cultural attributes. De Materia Medica of Dioscorides has both nourished world traditional medicine and promoted the communication and development of medicinal knowledge worldwide. It is significant for us to explore further the related understanding of traditional medicine, history, society, and culture.展开更多
This paper tests the hypothesis that the commentary trend of the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing(Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica)arises alongside the fashionable philology of the time,or the aversion against the Jin...This paper tests the hypothesis that the commentary trend of the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing(Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica)arises alongside the fashionable philology of the time,or the aversion against the Jin-Yuan medical philosophy.After surveying 12 major commentaries,it is concluded that the situation is more complicated than a simple assertion.The seemingly opposite philosophy and philology approaches have been used eclectically to innovate the understanding of ancient traditional Chinese medicine texts.展开更多
Introduction: The aim was to identify the etiologies of generalised pruritus sine materia and to determine the associated factors in Parakou. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study conducted from Januar...Introduction: The aim was to identify the etiologies of generalised pruritus sine materia and to determine the associated factors in Parakou. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study conducted from January 2011 to June 2022. The patients included were of all ages and both sexes in whom the sine materia nature of the pruritus was noted after clinical examination. These patients had an etiological assessment available or not, complete or partial. For each patient, socio-demographic, socio-cultural, socio-economic and clinical data were collected using a pre-established survey form. They were then processed and analysed using Epi Data 3.1 and SPSS version 21 software respectively. Results: The incidence of generalised pruritus sine materia was 0.89% (73 cases/8214 consultants). The predominant etiologies were aquagenic pruritus (16.4%) and intestinal parasitosis (12.3%). After a bi-variate analysis, two risk factors were identified: frequency of towel change greater than 1 month (OR = 3.02;CI<sub>95%</sub> = 0.98 - 9.31;P = 0.0486) and use of cold water for bath (OR = 3.28;CI<sub>95%</sub> = 1.09 - 9.81;P = 0.0274). Conclusion: The etiologies and associated factors of generalised pruritus sine materia found in Parakou are varied but are linked to lifestyle. There is an urgent need to raise public awareness of the need to improve lifestyle in order to reduce the frequency of pruritus sine materia. .展开更多
文摘In ancient China, Daoist philosophers developed the concepts of qi(energy), Wu Xing(five elements), and yin(feminine, dark, negative) and yang(masculine, bright, positive) opposite forces between 200 and 600 BCE. Based on these philosophies, Zhen Jiu(acupuncture), Ben Cao(materia medica), and the practice of Qi Gong(energy optimization movements) evolved as the three interrelated therapeutic regimens of Chinese medicine(Note 1). Since the time of Zhang Qian, who discovered China's western regions in the 1st century BCE, Hai Yao(the exotic elements of materia medica from the maritime Silk Road countries), had been transmitted from the ancient land and maritime routes of the Silk Road to China in the past two millennia(Note 2). Since the late 17th century, the English East India Company, later called the British East India Company, introduced Yang Yao(opium) to the Manchu Qing Empire to balance a growing trade deficit for tea export from China to the British Empire. After the First Opium War ended in 1842, enterprising expatriate chemists and druggists in the treaty ports imported Xi Yao(modern medicines from the Western world) for sale to the merchant navy and the local market. From the second half of the 19th century onwards, both Hai Yao and Xi Yao have become a fully integrated part of modern China's armamentarium for the Chinese medicine and Western hospitals and retail pharmacy sectors. This paper articulates the journey of adoption of exotic elements of materia medica from the ancient land and sea routes of the Silk Road, including the western regions and the rest of the world in the past two millennia. Opium traders, ship surgeons, medical and pharmaceutical missionaries, enterprising traders, and policymakers together transformed Ben Cao into Xi Yao during the late Manchu Qing dynasty and the early Nationalist Era.
文摘The Greek pharmacologist Dioscorides’s De Materia Medica is one of the greatest works in the history of Greek-Arabic Traditional Medicine, and also is an essential medical textbook and pharmacological standard in Europe. This paper studied the historical background, academic characteristics, editions, and significant contributions to traditional medicine of De Materia Medica and Dioscorides. It was concluded that the book has substantial scientific importance and remarkable cultural attributes. De Materia Medica of Dioscorides has both nourished world traditional medicine and promoted the communication and development of medicinal knowledge worldwide. It is significant for us to explore further the related understanding of traditional medicine, history, society, and culture.
文摘This paper tests the hypothesis that the commentary trend of the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing(Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica)arises alongside the fashionable philology of the time,or the aversion against the Jin-Yuan medical philosophy.After surveying 12 major commentaries,it is concluded that the situation is more complicated than a simple assertion.The seemingly opposite philosophy and philology approaches have been used eclectically to innovate the understanding of ancient traditional Chinese medicine texts.
文摘Introduction: The aim was to identify the etiologies of generalised pruritus sine materia and to determine the associated factors in Parakou. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study conducted from January 2011 to June 2022. The patients included were of all ages and both sexes in whom the sine materia nature of the pruritus was noted after clinical examination. These patients had an etiological assessment available or not, complete or partial. For each patient, socio-demographic, socio-cultural, socio-economic and clinical data were collected using a pre-established survey form. They were then processed and analysed using Epi Data 3.1 and SPSS version 21 software respectively. Results: The incidence of generalised pruritus sine materia was 0.89% (73 cases/8214 consultants). The predominant etiologies were aquagenic pruritus (16.4%) and intestinal parasitosis (12.3%). After a bi-variate analysis, two risk factors were identified: frequency of towel change greater than 1 month (OR = 3.02;CI<sub>95%</sub> = 0.98 - 9.31;P = 0.0486) and use of cold water for bath (OR = 3.28;CI<sub>95%</sub> = 1.09 - 9.81;P = 0.0274). Conclusion: The etiologies and associated factors of generalised pruritus sine materia found in Parakou are varied but are linked to lifestyle. There is an urgent need to raise public awareness of the need to improve lifestyle in order to reduce the frequency of pruritus sine materia. .
文摘目的:探讨在生物信息学方法指导下骨质疏松症(osteoporosis,OP)不同病因病机的治疗要点。方法:以滋补肝肾、益气健脾、活血化瘀代表药物为搜索词,在中药系统药理数据库检索活性成分及预测靶点,借助Cytoscape 3.7.2软件构建药物与靶点之间的网络图。通过基因表达数据库(gene expression omnibus database,GEO)相关芯片分析差异基因,结合疾病数据库获取OP所有疾病靶点并构建药物与疾病的关键靶点韦恩图。通过DAVID数据库对关键靶点进行基因本体及京都基因与基因组百科全书富集,以探讨不同病因病机下OP的防治要点。结果:滋补肝肾、益气健脾及活血化瘀组分别筛选出146个、126个及117个靶点,GEO数据库筛选出1173个差异基因,疾病数据库筛选出靶点336个,去重整合后共获得OP靶点1469个。滋补肝肾、益气健脾组映射出25个相同靶点,活血化瘀组映射出21个关键靶点。基因可视化分析发现肝肾亏虚及脾胃虚弱型OP的治疗要点,且主要集中在肿瘤坏死因子通路、核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体通路等方面;气血瘀阻型的治疗要点主要在血管内皮生长因子通路、缺氧诱导因子1通路等方面。结论:OP具有复杂的病因病机,在对症治疗时,肝肾亏虚及脾胃虚弱型更应注重控制体内炎症水平,气血瘀阻型更应注意体内局部血管构建及纠正缺氧状态。同时,众多病因病机之间存在着相似病理过程,也应注重全面调控及防治。
