Annual forage legumes are important components of livestock production systems in East Texas and the southeastern US. Forage legumes contribute nitrogen (N) to cropping systems through biological N fixation, and their...Annual forage legumes are important components of livestock production systems in East Texas and the southeastern US. Forage legumes contribute nitrogen (N) to cropping systems through biological N fixation, and their seasonal biomass production can be managed to complement forage grasses. Our research objectives were to evaluate both warm- and cool-season annual forage legumes as green manure for biomass, N content, ability to enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil N, and impact on post season forage grass crops. Nine warm-season forage legumes (WSL) were spring planted and incorporated as green manure in the fall. Forage rye (Secale cereale L.) was planted following the incorporation of WSL treatments. Eight cool-season forage legumes (CSL) were fall planted in previously fallow plots and incorporated as green manure in late spring. Sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum bicolor var. sudanense) was planted over all treatments in early summer after forage rye harvest and incorporation of CSL treatments. Sorghum-sudangrass was harvested in June, August and September, and treatments were evaluated for dry matter and N concentration. Soil cores were taken from each plot, split into depths of 0 to 15, 15 to 30 and 30 to 60 cm, and soil C and N were measured using combustion analysis. Nylon mesh bags containing plant samples were buried at 15 cm and used to evaluate decomposition rate of above ground legume biomass, including change in C and N concentrations. Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. [Wilczek]) had the highest shoot biomass yield (6.24 t DM ha<sup>-1</sup>) and contributed the most total N (167 kg∙ha<sup>-1</sup>) and total C (3043 kg∙ha<sup>-1</sup>) of the WSL tested. Decomposition rate of WSL biomass was rapid in the first 10 weeks and very slow afterward. Winter pea (Pisum sativum L. spp. sativum), arrow leaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi.), and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) were the most productive CSL in this trial. Austrian winter pea produced 8.41 t DM ha<sup>-1</sup> with a total N yield of 319 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> and total C production of 3835 kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>. The WSL treatments had only small effects on rye forage yield and N concentration, possibly due to mineralization of N from a large SOC pool already in place. The CSL treatments also had only minimal effects on sorghum-sudangrass forage production. Winter pea, arrow leaf and crimson clover were productive cool season legumes and could be useful as green manure crops. Mungbean and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) were highly productive warm season legumes but may include more production risk in green manure systems due to soil moisture competition.展开更多
Plants of the genus Arachis originated from South America and are cultivated worldwide.The genus Arachis contains 83 species and nine intrageneric taxonomic sections.The cultivated peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.)belongs t...Plants of the genus Arachis originated from South America and are cultivated worldwide.The genus Arachis contains 83 species and nine intrageneric taxonomic sections.The cultivated peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.)belongs to the Arachis section,the forage peanut(Arachis pintoi Krapov.&W.C.Greg.)belongs to the Caulorrhizae section,and the perennial peanut(Arachis glabrata Benth.)belongs to the Rhizomatosae section.These three peanut species have been developed for use as fodder crops.This review summarizes the forage value of Arachis species.Forage and perennial peanuts can be intercropped with forage species to feed livestock.The cultivated peanut vines and peanut by-products,such as peanut skins and peanut meal,are also high-quality fodder used to feed sheep,cattle,and poultry.A major limiting factor in terms of adopting forage and perennial peanuts as forage crops is their limited resistance to frosts,resulting from their low winter hardiness.Therefore,the feeding value of cultivated peanuts is higher compared to forage and perennial peanuts.This review suggests that Arachis is a suitable forage crop,focusing on their nutritional properties and breeding to increase their performance under cultivation and feeding value.展开更多
文摘Annual forage legumes are important components of livestock production systems in East Texas and the southeastern US. Forage legumes contribute nitrogen (N) to cropping systems through biological N fixation, and their seasonal biomass production can be managed to complement forage grasses. Our research objectives were to evaluate both warm- and cool-season annual forage legumes as green manure for biomass, N content, ability to enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil N, and impact on post season forage grass crops. Nine warm-season forage legumes (WSL) were spring planted and incorporated as green manure in the fall. Forage rye (Secale cereale L.) was planted following the incorporation of WSL treatments. Eight cool-season forage legumes (CSL) were fall planted in previously fallow plots and incorporated as green manure in late spring. Sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum bicolor var. sudanense) was planted over all treatments in early summer after forage rye harvest and incorporation of CSL treatments. Sorghum-sudangrass was harvested in June, August and September, and treatments were evaluated for dry matter and N concentration. Soil cores were taken from each plot, split into depths of 0 to 15, 15 to 30 and 30 to 60 cm, and soil C and N were measured using combustion analysis. Nylon mesh bags containing plant samples were buried at 15 cm and used to evaluate decomposition rate of above ground legume biomass, including change in C and N concentrations. Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. [Wilczek]) had the highest shoot biomass yield (6.24 t DM ha<sup>-1</sup>) and contributed the most total N (167 kg∙ha<sup>-1</sup>) and total C (3043 kg∙ha<sup>-1</sup>) of the WSL tested. Decomposition rate of WSL biomass was rapid in the first 10 weeks and very slow afterward. Winter pea (Pisum sativum L. spp. sativum), arrow leaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi.), and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) were the most productive CSL in this trial. Austrian winter pea produced 8.41 t DM ha<sup>-1</sup> with a total N yield of 319 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> and total C production of 3835 kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>. The WSL treatments had only small effects on rye forage yield and N concentration, possibly due to mineralization of N from a large SOC pool already in place. The CSL treatments also had only minimal effects on sorghum-sudangrass forage production. Winter pea, arrow leaf and crimson clover were productive cool season legumes and could be useful as green manure crops. Mungbean and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) were highly productive warm season legumes but may include more production risk in green manure systems due to soil moisture competition.
基金Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,Grant/Award Numbers:ZR2019QC017,ZR2023QC069Start-up Foundation for High Talents of Qingdao Agricultural University,Grant/Award Number:665/1120012Peanut Seed Industry Project in Shandong Province,Grant/Award Number:2022LZGC007。
文摘Plants of the genus Arachis originated from South America and are cultivated worldwide.The genus Arachis contains 83 species and nine intrageneric taxonomic sections.The cultivated peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.)belongs to the Arachis section,the forage peanut(Arachis pintoi Krapov.&W.C.Greg.)belongs to the Caulorrhizae section,and the perennial peanut(Arachis glabrata Benth.)belongs to the Rhizomatosae section.These three peanut species have been developed for use as fodder crops.This review summarizes the forage value of Arachis species.Forage and perennial peanuts can be intercropped with forage species to feed livestock.The cultivated peanut vines and peanut by-products,such as peanut skins and peanut meal,are also high-quality fodder used to feed sheep,cattle,and poultry.A major limiting factor in terms of adopting forage and perennial peanuts as forage crops is their limited resistance to frosts,resulting from their low winter hardiness.Therefore,the feeding value of cultivated peanuts is higher compared to forage and perennial peanuts.This review suggests that Arachis is a suitable forage crop,focusing on their nutritional properties and breeding to increase their performance under cultivation and feeding value.
